ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Explain the manufacture of nitrogen and ammonia gas in the laboratory!

Answer :
a. Manufacture of Nitrogen Gas in the laboratory
 On a laboratory scale, nitrogen gas can be made by heating an azide compound.
This heating produces nitrogen gas and sodium metal. For example:
2NaN3(s) heated 2Na(s) + 3N2(g)
 Aside from heating from azide compounds, nitrogen can also be produced by
slowly heating ammonium nitrite (NH4NO2).
b. Formation of nitrogen gas in industry
Making nitrogen gas is done in conjunction with making oxygen gas because
the source is also the same, namely air. Air containing 78% nitrogen gas, cooled to
obtain liquid nitrogen and oxygen. Furthermore, the liquid is distilled at -195.8 oC.
Liquid nitrogen will evaporate and separate with liquid oxygen. This nitrogen vapor,
then accommodated. In addition, the manufacture of ammonia gas in the Laboratory
can also be made by heating the NH4OH solution. Gas which is ammonia gas, in
order to obtain enough ammonia gas, the system must be isolated, where the gas must
be connected to the hose and made so that no gas can escape. The reaction is:

heated
NH4OH(aq) NH3(g) + H2O(aq)

2. Explain the chemical properties of nitrogen!Answer:

 In the case of nitrogen, all oxidation states from +1 to +4 tend to disproportionate

in acid solution. For example,
3HNO2 → HNO3 + H2O + 2NO
 Nitrogen is restricted to a maximum covalency of 4 since only four (one s and
three p) orbitals are available for bonding. The heavier elements have vacant d
orbitals in the outermost shell which can be used for bonding (covalency) and
hence, expand their covalence as in PF–6.
 At high temperature nitrogen can form compound through the biological activity
which can act catalyst.
 Reactivity with oxygen, nitrogen form NO2 as well as nitric acid. Nitrogen are
purely acidic.
 Reactivity with halogen, These elements react to form of halides: EX 3. Nitrogen
does not form pentahalide due to non-availability of the d orbitals in its valence
shell. Pentahalides are more covalent than trihalides. All the trihalides of these
 elements except those of nitrogen are stable. In case of nitrogen, only NF 3 is
known to be stable. Trihalides except BiF3 are predominantly covalent in nature.
 Nitrogen react with metal, these elements react with metals to form their binary
compounds exhibiting –3 oxidation state, such as, Ca3N2 (calcium nitride) and
Zn3Sb2 (zinc antimonide).
3. Write all the reactions in this experiment!
Answer :

a. Experiment I :
NaNO2(aq) + NH4Cl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(aq) + N2(g)
b. Experiment II :
2NaNO2(aq) + H2SO4(aq → Na2SO4(aq) + 2NO2(g) + H2(g)
2NO2-(aq) + 2I-(aq) + 2H2SO4(aq) → I2(aq) + 2NO(g) + 2SO42-(aq) + 2H2O(aq)
c. Experiment III :
2NO3-(aq) + 4H2SO4(aq) + 6Fe2+(aq) → 6Fe3+(aq) + 2NO(g) + 4SO42-(aq) + 4H2O(l)
Fe2+(aq) + NO(g) → [Fe(NO)]2+(aq)
d. Experiment IV :
FeS(s) + 2HCl(aq) → FeCl2(aq) + H2S(g)
NH4OH(aq) + H2S(g) → NH4HS(aq) + H2O(l)
e. Experiment V :
NH4Cl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(s) → CaCl2(l) + NH3(g) +H2O(l)
NH3(g) + HCl(aq) → NH4Cl(g)
f. Experiment VI :
NH4OH(aq) + ½ O2 (g) → NH3 (g) + H2O(g)
NH3(g) + HCl(aq) → NH4Cl(g)
HIn(aq) ⇄ H+(aq) + In–(aq)

H+ (aq) +
↔

4. Mention the use of ammonium!Answer :

 Can be used to make nitrogen gas (concentrated ammonium).
 NH4Cl compound in industry, used as a solder material and in textile printing and as
a component for making dry cell batteries.
 Ammonia is used as a cooling gas, for the purification of water supplies, and in the
manufacture of plastics, explosives, textiles, pesticides, dyes and other chemicals.
This is found in many households and industrial strength cleaning solutions.
Household ammonia cleaning solutions are produced by adding ammonia gas to
water and can be between 5 and 10% ammonia.
 Ammonia for industrial use can be 25% or higher and corrosion.
 Liquid ammonia can be used as a solvent for both inorganic and organic compounds
and as a reaction medium in synthesis.