MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY 2ND QUARTER POINTERS AND REVIEWER

TOPICS INCLUDED IN THE EXAM

1. Media and Information Sources

a. Information Sources
b. Evaluating Information Sources
c. How to spot fake news
2. Genre, Codes and Conventions
3. Intellectual Property, Fair Use and Creative Commons
4. Digital Citizenship, Netiquette, Digital Footprints and Digital Issues
5. Plagiarism
6. Opportunities, Challenges, and Power of Media and Information
7. People as Media

Exam is Multiple choice. 50 items. Mostly situational questions.

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MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCES

Indigenous Knowledge – Also known as Local knowledge is knowledge that is unique to a given culture or society.
Library - a building or room containing collections of books, periodicals, and sometimes films and recorded music
for people to read, borrow, or refer to.

TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES:

1. Books
2. Articles (Journals, Publications, Magazines)
3. Newspaper
4. Internet

EVALUATION INFORMATION SOURCES

1. Accuracy – content is grammatically correct, verifiable and cited when necessary
2. Author – Defines who created the content, the individual or group’s credentials/expertise and provides
contact information
3. Currency – Information is current and updated frequently
4. Fairness – content is balanced, presenting all sides of an issue and multiple points-of-view
5. Relevance – Content is relevant to your topic or research

HOW TO SPOT FAKE NEWS

1. Consider the source – Click away from the story to investigate the site, its mission and its contact
information.
2. Read beyond – Headlines can be outrageous in an effort to get clicks. Learn the whole story.
3. Check the author – do a quick search on the author. Are they credible? Are they real?
4. Supporting Sources – Determine if the information given actually supports the story.
5. Check the Date – Reposting old news stories doesn’t mean they’re relevant to current events.
6. Is it a joke? – If it’s too outlandish, it must be satire. Research the site and author to be sure.
7. Check your biases –Consider if your own beliefs could affect your judgement
8. Ask the experts – ask a librarian, or consult a fact-checking site.

GENRE, CODES AND CONVENTIONS

Genre – comes from the French word meaning ‘type’ or ‘class’

Codes – are systems of signs, which create meaning
Conventions – are the generally accepted ways of doing something

TYPES OF CODES
1. Technical – ways in which equipment is used to tell the story (camera techniques, framing, depth of fields
2. Symbolic – Show what is beneath the surface of what we see (objects, setting, body language, clothing,
color, etc)
3. Written – use of language style and textual layout (headlines, captions, speech bubbles, language style,
etc.)
BASIC CAMERA MOVEMENTS
Pan – moving the camera lens from left to right or vice versa
Tilt – moving the camera upwards or downwards.
Truck – moving the camera physically from left to right or vice versa whilst remaining perpendicular.

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY – FAIR USE AND CREATIVE COMMONS

Piracy – The unauthorized reproduction or use of a copyrighted book, recording, television program, patented
invention, trademarked product, etc.

Intellectual Property - refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and
symbols, names and images used in commerce

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) is the global forum for intellectual property services, policy,
information and cooperation. It is the UN agency responsible for treaties involving copyright, patent, and
trademark laws.

Republic Act 8293 – The Intellectual Property Code

Types of Intellectual Property

1. Copyright
2. Patent
3. Trademarks
4. Industrial Design
5. Geographical Origin

1. Copyright - is a legal term used to describe the rights that creators have over their
literary and artistic works. Works covered by copyright range from books, music,
paintings, sculpture and films, to computer programs, databases, advertisements,
maps and technical drawings.
Invention – Something that has never been made before, or the process of creating something that has never been
made before.

2. Patent - an exclusive right granted for an invention;provides the patent owner with
the right to decide how - or whether - the invention can be used by others

Examples of Patent Applications

3. Trademarks - is a sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one

enterprise from those of other enterprises. Trademarks date back to ancient
times when craftsmen used to put their signature or "mark" on their products.

TM means the owner of the mark has common law rights even though the mark
has not been registered while the ®, on the other hand, is only used for marks
that have been granted registration.

4. Industrial Design - constitutes the ornamental or aesthetic aspect of an article. An industrial design may consist
of three-dimensional features, such as the shape or surface of an article, or of two-dimensional features, such as
patterns, lines or color.

An industrial design right protects only the appearance or aesthetic features of a product, whereas a patent
protects an invention that offers a new technical solution to a problem. In principle, an industrial design right does
not protect the technical or functional features of a product. Such features could, however, potentially be
protected by a patent.
5. Geographical Indications and Appellations of Origin - signs used on goods that have a specific geographical origin
and possess qualities, a reputation or characteristics that are essentially attributable to that place of origin. Most
commonly, a geographical indication includes the name of the place of origin of the goods.

FAIR USE - Fair use means you can use copyrighted material without a license only for
certain purposes. These include:

 Commentary
 Criticism
 Reporting
 Research
 Teaching

CREATIVE COMMONS - is an American non-profit organization devoted to expanding

the range of creative works available for others to build upon legally and to share. The
organization has released several copyright-licenses known as Creative Commons
licenses free of charge to the public.
 Digital Citizenship, Netiquette, Digital Footprintsand Digital Issues in
the Philippines
Digital Citizenship – is the norms of appropriate, responsible technology use

NINE ELEMETS OF DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP

1. Digital Etiquette
2. Digital Access
3. Digital Law
4. Digital Literacy
5. Digital Communication
6. Digital Commerce
7. Digital Rights and Responsibility
8. Digital Safety (Security)
9. Digital Health and Welfare

Netiquette – set of rules for behaving properly online. Good Manners and Right Conduct on the internet.
Digital Footprint – a trail of data you create while using the internet.

Plagiarism – the act of using another person’s words or ideas without giving credit to that person; the practice of
taking someone else’s work or ideas and passing them off as your own.

Types of Plagiarism:
SOURCES NOT CITED
1. The Ghost writer - The writer turns in another’s work, word-for-word, as his or her own
2. The Photocopy - The writer copies significant portions of text straight from a single source, without
alteration.
3. The Potluck Paper - The writer copies from several different sources, tweaking the sentences to make
them fit together while retaining most of the original phrasing.
4. The Poor Disguise - The writer has altered the paper’s appearance slightly by changing key words and
phrases.
5. The Labor of Laziness - The writer takes the time to paraphrase most of the paper from other sources
and make it all fit together.
6. The Self-Stealer - The writer “borrows” generously from his or her previous work.

SOURCES CITED (BUT STILL PLAGIARIZED)

1. The Forgotten Footnote - The writer mentions an author’s name for a source, but neglects to include
specific information on the location of the material referenced.
2. The Misinformer - The writer provides inaccurate information regarding the sources, making it
impossible to find them.
3. The Too-perfect Paraphrase - The writer properly cites a source, but neglects to put in quotation marks
on text that has been copied word-for-word, or close to it.
4. The Resourceful Citer - The writer properly cites all sources, paraphrasing and using quotations
appropriately. The catch? The paper contains almost no original work!
5. The Perfect Crime - The writer properly quotes and cites sources in some places, but goes on to
paraphrase other arguments from those sources without citation.

OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND POWER OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION

Cybercrime – the use of computer to further illegal ends; criminal activity or a crime that involves the internet, a
computer system, or computer technology

Phishing - A deceitful practice of trying to get confidential information such as passwords andusernames, and
credit card details by making it appear as if it comes from a trustworthy source.

Computer Fraud - It is defined as any dishonest misrepresentation of fact intended to let another to do or refrain
from doing something which causes loss

Pharming - involves modifying DNS entries, which causes users to be directed to the wrong website when they visit
a certain Web address.
Cyberextortion - This occurs when a website, e-mail server, or computer system is subjected to or threatened with
repeated denial of service or other attacks by malicious hackers.These hackers demand money in return for
promising to stop the attacks and to offer "protection".

Trojan Horse - A form of a malicious software (malware), fronting to perform a good task, but covertly performs,
undesirable function with the intention of entering the computer without the user’s
consent.

Cyberterrorism - This is the use of the Internet to conduct violent acts that result in, or threaten, loss of life or
significant bodily harm, in order to achieve political gains through intimidation.

Computer Virus - A program that duplicates itself and then infects the computer.

PEOPLE AS MEDIA

People Media - refers to persons that are involved in the use, analysis, evaluation and production of media and
information

People as Media - People who are well-oriented to media sources and messages and able to provide information
as accurate and reliable as possible.

People in Media - Media practitioners who provide information coming from their expert knowledge or first-
hand experience of event.

People as Media – Opinion Leaders, Citizen Journalism, Social Journalism, Crowdsourcing

People in Media – Media practictioners. Ex. Journalists.

Type of Journalists by Medium
1. Print Journalists
2. Photo Journalists
3. Broadcast Journalists
4. Multimedia Journalists