LEGAL AND ETHICAL

ISSUES IN MEDIA AND

INFORMATION
 INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY
Intellectual property (IP) refers to
creations of the mind, such as
inventions; literary and artistic
works designs and symbols,
names and images used in
commerce.
 COPYRIGHT
A legal device that gives the creator of a
literary, artistic, musical, or other creative
work the sole right to publish and sell
that work. Copyright owners have the
right to control the reproduction of their
work, including the right to receive
payment for that reproduction. An author
may grant or sell those rights to others,
including publishers or recording
companies. Violation of a copyright is
called infringement
 COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT

Copyright Infringement occurs when a

copyrighted work is reproduced, distributed,
performed, publicly displayed, or made into a
derivative work without the permission of the
copyright owner.
 REPUBLIC ACT 8293
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
COPYRIGHT VALIDITY PERIOD

Literary Works During the lifetime of the author

plus 50 years after death
Art 25 years from the years of
creation
Photographic Work 50 years from publication

Audio-Visual Work 50 years from publication

Sound Recording 50 years from year recording took

place
Broadcast Recording 20 years from date of broadcast

Trademark Validity 10 years and may be

renewed for periods of 10 years
Invention Patent Valid for 20 years from filing date
application
 PLAGIARISM
An act or instance of using
or closely imitating the
language and thoughts of
another author without
authorization; the
representation of that
author's work as one's own,
as by not crediting the
original author.
 TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
Sources Not Cited
1. The Ghost Writer -The writer turns in another’s
work, word-for-word, as his or her own.
2. The Photocopy- The writer copies significant
portions of text straight from a single source,
without alteration.
3. The Potluck Paper- The writer copies from several
different sources, tweaking the sentences to make
them fit together while retaining most of the original
phrasing.
 TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
Sources Not Cited
4. The Poor Disguise- The writer has altered the
paper’s appearance slightly by changing key words
and phrases.
5. The Labor of Laziness - The writer takes the time
to paraphrase most of the paper from other
sources and make it all fit together.
6. The Self-Stealer- The writer “borrows” generously
from his or her previous work.
 TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
Sources Not Cited (BUT STILL PLAGIARIZED)
1. The Forgotten Footnote - The writer mentions an
author’s name for a source, but neglects to include specific
information on the location of the material referenced.
2. The Misinformer - The writer provides inaccurate
information regarding the sources, making it impossible to
find them.
3. The Too-Perfect Paraphrase- The writer properly cites a
source, but neglects to put in quotation marks on text that
has been copied word-for-word, or close to it.
 TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
Sources Not Cited (BUT STILL PLAGIARIZED)

4. The Resourceful Citer- The writer properly cites all

sources, paraphrasing and using quotations appropriately.
The catch? The paper contains almost no original work!

5. The Perfect Crime- The writer properly quotes and cites

sources in some places but goes on to paraphrase other
arguments from those sources without citation.
 FAIR USE
Fair use means you can use copyrighted
materials without license only for certain
purposes.
These include:
❖ Commentary
❖ Criticism
❖ Reporting
❖ Research
❖ Teaching
 Guidelines for Fair Use

Guidelines for Fair Use

❖A Majority of the content you create
must be your own
❖Give credit to the copyright holder
❖Don’t make money off of the
copyrighted work
Responsible
Digital
Citizenship
 Responsible Digital Citizenship

Digital citizenship refers to having the

appropriate knowledge and skills to
effectively use digital technologies to
communicate with others, participate
in society and create and consume
digital content.
 Netiquette
Netiquette, or network etiquette,
is a set of socially constructed rules
and norms for behaving and
communicating responsibly in an
online environment.
 Netiquette
Rule 1: Remember the human -
remember that the receiver on the other
side of your computer or phone is another
human person capable of understanding,
feeling, and getting hurt. Putting yourself in
others’ place can put everything in the right
perspective.
 Netiquette
Rule 2: Adhere to the same standards
of behavior online that you follow in
real life - Good netiquette is derived from
the same standards set in real life. While it
can be argued that standards of behavior
may be different in the virtual world, they
certainly should not be any lower.
 Netiquette
Rule 3: Know where you are in
cyberspace -The Internet may be as
vast as the earth’s oceans or the
outer space with parts least visited,
not discovered, and some deemed
even dangerous.
 Netiquette
Rule 4: Respect other people's time and
bandwidth - whenever you post something
online or send a message to someone, you’re
taking up a few precious minutes from the
already limited time of another. On the other
hand, the word "bandwidth" is sometimes used
synonymously with time, but it's really a different
thing.
 Netiquette
Rule 5: Make yourself look good online
- In the real world, other people’s
immediate judgment of you would be
based off of your physical appearance,
your demeanor, how you speak, how you
carry yourself, or even how you dress.
 Netiquette
The following tips in mind:
❖ Always check for spelling and grammar
errors
❖ Verify the truth of what you are posting or
sharing
❖ Know what you're talking about and state it
clearly
❖ Be pleasant and polite
 Netiquette
Rule 6: Share expert knowledge - The
strength of the Internet is the extent of
the information it offers and various
sources these information come from.
Sharing your knowledge on something
doesn’t count as one. So do your part
share what you know.
 Netiquette
Rule 7: Help keep flame wars under
control - "Flaming is what people do
when they express a strongly held
opinion without holding back any
emotion." (Shea, 1994).
 Netiquette
Rule 8: Respect other people's privacy -
privacy is a human right. Much like how
you do not want your phone opened just by
anyone or your messages read by
someone without your permission, other
people value their privacy as well.
 Netiquette
Rule 9: Don't abuse your power - Just
like in the real world, people in cyberspace
have their own influence and power –
some with power greater than others.
These people are the technology wizards,
experts with years of experience, and
system administrators, among others.
 Netiquette
Rule 10: Be forgiving of other
people's mistakes - Not everyone
has the same amount of experience
working in the virtual world. And not
everyone knows the rules of
netiquette.