Media Information Literacy Reviewer where you send and receive

messages (McLean, 2005)

MEDIA The physical objects used to
7. Context - the communication
communicate with, or mass
interaction involves the setting,
communication through physical
scene, and expectations of the
objects such as radio, television, films
individuals involved (McLean,
and more.
2005)
INFORMATION A broad term that can
cover data; knowledge derived from
study, experience, or institution; 8. Interference - anything that
signals, or symbols. blocks or changes the source’s
intended meaning of the
COMMUNICATION •It is the act of
message (McLean, 2005)
transferring information from one
place, person, or group to another
(SkillsYouNeed,2020). •It is the HAROLD LASSWELL’S
process of sending and receiving COMMUNICATION MODEL It shows a
messages through verbal or nonverbal one-way transmission of information
means, including speech, or oral and simply illustrates how
communication. communication starts from a sender
who transmits their message through a
Components of Communication
channel to an intended receiver,
1. Source - A person, group, or consequently with a corresponding
entity that forms, creates, effect.
sends, or forwards a message
or information.
2. Message - The stimulus or
meaning produced by the
source for the receiver or
audience (Mclean, 2005)
3. Channel - It is the tool or
manner in which the messages
will be carried through from the
source to the receiver.
4. Receives the message from the
source, analysing, and
interpreting the message in
ways both intended and SHANNON AND WEAVER’S
unintended by the source COMMUNICATION MODEL Much like
(McLean, 2005). in Lasswell, this model also indicates
5. Feedback - The message or how communication starts with the
information source who then sends a
response of the receiver which
message with the use of a transmitter
is sent back to the source.
(channel). The signals that are sent
6. Environment – The atmosphere,
and received can vary depending on
physical and psychological,
the method of communication.
However, the difference of the models
comes from the incorporation of the
“noise.” Noise refers to anything that
may interfere – stop or alter – the
message being carried.
Forms of Communication
INTRAPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION - It is a form of
communication with oneself using
internal vocalization or reflective
thinking (Communication in the Real
World, 2010).
INTERPERSONAL
COMMUNICATION - It is a form of
communication between two different
people who may or may not have a
direct relationship with each other but
are mutually and actively part of the
communication process.
GROUP COMMUNICATION - It is a
type of communication between three
or more people interacting to achieve a
specific objective or certain goal.
PUBLIC COMMUNICATION- This is a
sender-focused form of communication
in which one person is typically
responsible for conveying information
to an audience.
MASS COMMUNICATION - Public
communication becomes mass
communication when it is transmitted
to many people through print or
electronic media.
HOW COMMUNICATION IS
INFLUENCED BY MEDIA AND
INFORMATION
1. It makes the world a smaller
place. ✓Today, the world
seemed like a smaller place that
before, as through digital media,
a person can be connected to
anyone else in the word at any
given time.
2. It makes communication
convenient. ✓In the past,
communicating to someone
from far away meant sending
telegrams and snail mails and
people need to wait months or
even years before their
intended receivers obtain their
message
3. It shapes public opinion.
✓Maxwell McCombs explained
that mass media shapes
opinion through its wide reach,
not to mention the perceived
credibility of the media, they can
sway the opinion of their
audience according to the
message they convey.
Literacy - Ability to identify,
understand, interpret, create,
communicate, and compute using
printed and written materials
associated with varying context.
(UNESCO).
Involves a wide range of learning,
wherein individuals are able to develop
their knowledge and skills, achieve
their goals, and participate fully in their
community and wider society.
Media Literacy - The ability to access,
analyze, evaluate, and create media in
a variety of forms. It aims to empower
citizens by providing them with the order to participate and engage in
competencies (knowledge and skills) personal, professional and societal
necessary to engage with traditional activities”.
media and new technologies.
MEDIA AND INFORMATION
MEDIA LITERATE - In essence, a LITERATE Being media and
media literate person can think information literate means being able
critically about what they see, hear, to know where and how to access
and read in books, newspapers, sources of information; to analyze the
magazines, television, radio, movies, meaning and importance of
music, advertising, video games, the information we come across; to
Internet, and new. emerging evaluate the value, truthfulness, and
technology. credibility of such information; to
create, produce, and share media
INFORMATION LITERACY The ability
products knowing fully well your
to recognize when information is
responsibility to your audience.
needed, and to locate, evaluate, and
effectively communicate information in Benefits of Media and Information
its various formats. Literacy
INFORMATION LITERATE An 1. It teaches you how to verify
information literate individual is able to: information and acknowledge
others’ perspectives.
• Access the needed information
2. It encourages audiences to
effectively and efficiently.
think critically.
• Evaluate information and its sources 3. It promotes responsible
critically. information sharing and
dissemination.
• Use information effectively to 4. It helps you identify and
accomplish a specific purpose. understand the media’s role in
TECHNOLOGY LITERATE - Being our culture.
tech literate means that you can use 5. It teaches you to think and
the correct technology tools with ease decide objectively, factually,
and know where to look for them. This and reasonably
includes knowing which sites are safe 6. It encourages you to actively
to view for underage viewers or participate in public affairs as a
knowing which settings to select on citizen.
social media platforms. 7. It teaches you to create your
own content responsibly.
MEDIA AND INFORMATION 8. It makes you better appreciate
LITERACY UNESCO defines Media media products.
and Information Literacy as “a set of
competencies that empowers citizens Responsible Use of Media and
to access, retrieve, understand, Information
evaluate and use, to create as well as INFORMATION DISORDER It refers
share information and media content in to the many ways our information
all formats, using various tools, in a environment is polluted – content are
critical, ethical and effective way, in fake, used out of context, or
weaponized to attack certain
individuals or groups of people.
CATEGORIES OF INFORMATION
DISORDER
1. Misinformation – it refers to
information that is false, but the person
sharing or disseminating it
unknowingly perceives it as something
true.
a. False connection - when headlines
or visuals do not support the content
b. Misleading content - by cropping
photos or choosing quotes or statistics
selectively.
2. Disinformation – it refers to content
that contains false information with the
deliberate intention to mislead or
deceive the audience.
a. False context - when genuine
content is recirculated out of its original
context
b. Imposter content - persons’ bylines
used alongside articles they did not
write, or organizations’ logos used in
videos or images they did not create.
c. Manipulated context - when genuine
content is manipulated to deceive.
d. Fabricated content - fabricated
“news sites” or fabricated visual.
3. Mal-information – it refers to
information that is based on reality but
is used to inflict harm
Examples: a. Leaks to the press of
private information for personal or
corporate interest (e.g. revenge porn)
b. Using a picture (e.g. of a dead child,
with no context or false context) in an
effort to ignite hatred of a particular
ethnic group.
EFFECTS IF YOU USE MEDIA
IRRESPONSIBLY
a. Distraction and loss of productivity
b. Addiction
c. Stress and mood - Flame war -
FOMO (Fear of Missing Out)
d. Social Isolation
Flame War ▪ a series of angry, critical,
or disparaging comments exchanged
by two or more people in an ongoing
online argument.
FOMO (Fear of Missing Out) ▪ The fear
of missing out (FOMO) is an emotional
response to the belief that other
people are living better, more
satisfying lives or that important
opportunities are being missed.
WAYS TO USE SOCIAL MEDIA
RESPONSIBLY
1. Turn off notification while doing
something important
2. Limit your screen time
3. Note the quality of your online
interactions
4. Go for more offline interaction
5. Always check the source, data and
the author
6. Be aware of what you post and
share online.
7. Give credit where credit is due.
8. Avoid sharing raw and unverified
information -Raw and unverified
information are those that has not yet
to be examined of confirmed.
9. Think about who can see what you
have shared - Always assume that
anything that you see online can be
seen by other people – people who
may be influenced by your words or
opinions or people who may disagree.
Moreover, always be aware of how
your message may be interpreted.
10. Be open to learning and
constructive criticisms -Some people
may share our view while some will
disagree. Thus, it is important to keep
an open mind to contrasting opinions
and constructive suggestions.
11. Respect other people’s privacy -
Do not share information that friends,
or family entrusted you to keep
confidential or information that is
private in nature especially without
their consent.
12. Always be respectful ✓Being
respectful should be your default
manner, whether talking to a friend or
dealing with someone professionally.
✓Being respectful includes accepting
constructive criticism, politely
disagreeing and never resorting to
bullying or personal attacks.
13. Share expert knowledge ✓ The
internet is a great platform for sharing
good information. However, it can also
be used to spread misinformation and
distortions
Plagiarism - is presenting someone
else’s work or ideas as your own, with
or without their consent, by
incorporating it into your work without
full acknowledgement.
DIFFERENT TOOLS USED IN
VARIOUS ERAS IN THE HISTORY
OF COMMUNICATION
1. Pre-Industrial Age - Before
1700 - People discovered fire,
developed paper from plants,
and forged weapons and tools
with stone, bronze, copper and
iron.
 Cave paintings (also known as
“parietal art”) are numerous
paintings and engravings found
on cave walls or ceilings around
35 000 BCE
 Clay tablets are used a writing
medium especially for writing in
cuneiform. - one of the oldest
forms of writing.
 Papyrus is made form pith of
papyrus plant. It is used as
writing surface to designate
documents written on its sheets,
rolled up to scrolls
 Acta Diurna (130 BC) were daily
Roman official notices, a sort of
daily gazette. They were carved
on stone or metal and
presented in message boards in
public places like the Forum of
Rome. They were also called
simply Acta
 Dibao in China (2nd Century)
was a type of publication issued
by central and local
governments in imperial China.
They have been called "palace
reports" or "imperial bulletins".
 Codex in the Mayan Region
(5th Century) the codices were
used to set dates for rituals,
often by linking them to
astronomical events.
 Printing Press using wood
blocks (220 AD) Woodblock
printing (or block printing) is a
technique for printing text,
images or patterns used widely
throughout East Asia and
originating in China in antiquity
as a method of printing on
textiles and later paper.
2.Industrial Age - 1700s – 1930s -
People used the power of steam,
developed machine tools,
established iron production, and later, he made the first ever
the manufacturing if various telephone call to his partner,
products (including books through Thomas Watson.
printing press)  Motion Picture Photography
(1890) In 1890 Dickson
Industrial Age started with England
unveiled the Kinetograph, a
and other European Countries in
primitive motion picture camera.
the 18th Century. This period
In 1892 he announced the
started to shift from agricultural and
invention of the Kinestoscope, a
handicraft economy to one that is
machine that could project the
dominated by machines and
moving images onto a screen.
machine manufacturers.
In 1894, Edison initiated public
Communications were developed
film screenings in recently-
like telegraph, and telephone.
opened "Kinetograph Parlors.”
 Printing press is typically used
3.Electronic Age - 1930s – 1980s -
for texts. It is a device that
The invention of the transistor
applies pressure to an inked
ushered in the electronic age.
surface resting upon a print
People learned to produce and use
medium (like paper or cloth).
transistor radio, electronic circuits,
 Telegraph is used for long-
and the early computers.
distance communication by
transmitting electrical signals
over a wire laid between
stations.
 Motion picture (also known as
film or movie) is series of still
photos on film, projected in
rapid succession on a screen by
means of light.
 Newspaper The London
Gazette is one of the official
journals of record of the British 4. New Age or Information Age -
government, and the most The internet paved the way for
important among such official faster communication and the
journals in the United Kingdom creation of social network.
 Typewriter (1800) It is a Personal computers, mobile
mechanical or devices and wearable
electromechanical machine for technology were invented on
writing characters like those this age
produced by printer's movable
Functions of Communications of Media
type.
 Telephone (1876) On March 7, 1. Monitoring Function. This is to
1876, Alexander Graham Bell inform the citizens on what is
successfully received a patent happening around them.
for the telephone and secured 2. Information Function. This is to
the rights to the discovery. Days educate the audience on the
 meaning and significance of the
facts.
3. Option Function. This is to
provide a platform for public
political discourse. It is used to
facilitate public opinion and
expression of dissent.
4. Watchdog Role of Journalism. It
denounces the wrongdoing of
the government and private
which leads to increasing of
accountability and
spearheading positive changes.
5. Channel for Advocacy of
Political Viewpoints.
Types of media
MEDIA • The physical objects used to
communicate with, or mass
communication through physical
objects such as radio, television, films
and more. • Channels or ways we use
to transmit or communicate messages.
PRINT MEDIA • It refers to media
consisting of paper and ink,
reproduced in a printing process that is
traditionally mechanical. • Printing
started in Asia, in China by the end of
the 2nd century AD. • The first major
role of printing was the reproduction of
books to spread literary works and
general information.
EXAMPLES OF PRINT MEDIA •
BOOKS • BUSINESS CARDS •
BROCHURES • COUPONS • ADS IN
MAGAZINES • ADS IN
NEWSPAPERS • ADS ON
BILLBOARD • NEWSLETTERS •
JOURNALS • COMICS • TEXTILES •
WALLPAPER • PRODUCT
PACKAGING
KINDS PRINT MEDIA 1. Printed Text
Media - a simple and flexible format for
conveying ideas, whether handwritten
or printed. 2. Printed Visual Media -
pictures, photos, images, and graphics
used to channel communication using
the sense of sight.
TYPOGRAPHY • It refers to the art
and technique of arranging the visual
component of the written word. • It
features textual designs with optical
illusions to improve readability and
help convey meaning.
Types of Visual Media
Ideogram – these are graphical
symbols that represent ideas such as
logos, signs, and symbols.
Statistical Visualization – refers to the
study and creation of data using visual
representation such as charts and
graphs.
Picture – it is used widely by people to
express their ideas, opinions, and
sentiments such as photography,
painting, and drawing
Graphic Design – this refer to art of
combining text and pictures to
communicate information.
Infographics, posters, and graphic ads
are considered as graphic design.
Video – if graphic design is the
combination of text and pictures, video
is the combination of motion picture, or
of motion and audio.
BROADCAST MEDIA • It refers to
media that reaches target audiences
using airwaves as the transmission
medium such as radio and television.
BROADCASTING It is the
transmission of radio and television
programs that are intended for general
public reception.
More than a century after films were
developed, audience are now amazed
with the action and creative
movements provided by films which
are highlighted in science fiction and
action movies. Television, on the other
hand, has also gone a long way
providing the latest news, both local
and international in real time while the
news is happening. Radio is more
popular in rural areas because there
are battery-operated radios that people
can be carried to the field to listen to
news, music and radio dramas.
KINDS OF BROADCAST MEDIA
a. Audio Media – uses audio or voice
recording as a medium in the delivery
of information to appeal to the auditory
sense. b. Multimedia – concerned with
computercontrolled integration of
different media types where every
information can be stored,
communicated, and handled digitally.
NEW MEDIA • Also referred as
“INTERNET”. • It is the term used to
integrate the different technologies
emerging on one digital platform to
organize and distribute content.
INTERNET • It is a global system of
interconnected computer networks that
use the standard Internet Protocol
Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of
users worldwide. • It is a network of
networks consists of millions of private,
public, academic, business and
government networks of local to global
scope that are linked by a broad array
of electronic and optical networking
technologies.
NEW MEDIA EXAMPLES ✓Websites
✓Blogs ✓Vlogs ✓Social media
platforms ✓Social networks ✓Text
messaging ✓Wikis ✓Email ✓Online
newspapers ✓Podcasts
MEDIA CONVERGENCE • the co-
existence of traditional and new media
• the co-existence of print media,
broadcast media (radio and television),
the internet, mobile phones, as well as
others, allowing media content to flow
across various platforms • the ability to
transform different kinds of media into
digital code, accessible by a range of
devices (ex. from the personal
computer to the mobile phone)
creating a digital communication
environment.
MEDIA CONVERGENCE • The
merging of different equipment and
tools for producing and distributing
news digitization and computer
networking. • It is the blending of
multiple media forms into one platform
for purposes of delivering a dynamic
experience.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
PRIMARY: Unedited, firsthand access
to words, images, or objects created
by persons directly involved in an
activity or event.
SECONDARY: Commentary upon, or
analysis of, events, ideas, or primary
sources.
TERTIARY: Tertiary sources offer a
summary of a topic, event or condition
and include primary and secondary
sources. Indexes that guide users to
specific locations within a book or
source are also considered tertiary.
INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE
According to Warren (1991), it is the
knowledge that is unique to a given
culture or society. It may contrast with
the international knowledge system
generated by universities, research
institutions and private firms. • IK is
owned, controlled and managed by
indigenous peoples in order for them
to develop and produce culturally
appropriate information in the
languages understood by the
community by utilizing indigenous
materials and resources, reflecting
community needs and interests,
visions and aspirations, and
independent from vested interest
groups (Indigenous Media, Freedom of
Expression and Right to Information:
ASEAN Scenario, 2014)
Ex Folktales, Folk Songs, Folk Dances
Forms of Media
. LIBRARY It is a place in which
literary, musical, artistic, or reference
materials (such as books, manuscripts,
recordings, or films) are kept for use
but not for sale. • It was existed
because of the birth of the printing
press. And expected to select and
provide content that area easy to
access. • Its main role is to organize
and provide you access information.
And labelled as “steward of good
information”.
Types of Library
1. School libraries - It serves
students from Kindergarten to
Grade 12.
2. Academic libraries - It serves
colleges and universities
3. Public libraries - It serves cities
and towns of all types.
4. Special libraries – These are in
specialized environments, such
as hospitals, corporations,
museums, the military, private
business, and the government.
INTERNET It is a global computer
network providing a variety of
information and communication
facilities, consisting of
interconnected networks using
standardized communication
protocols.
• Unlike similar information found in
newspapers or television
broadcasts, information available
on the Internet is not regulated for
quality or accuracy; therefore, it is
particularly important for the
individual Internet user to evaluate
the resource of information
EVALUATING THE INFORMATION
FOUND IN THE INTERNET
AUTHORSHIP •It is critical to relate
the ideas you find at a site to a
particular author, organization, or
business
PUBLISHING BODY •Anyone with an
Internet Service Provider (AT&T,
UP.net, NMU, etc.) can put up a Web
page. As a result, you need to have
some idea whether the group claiming
responsibility for the information on the
Web site is legitimate.
ACCURACY AND VERIFIABILITY •A
source of information is known to be
scholarly when it provides references
to the information presented. In this
way, the reader can confirm whether
the information is accurate or the
author's conclusions reasonable.
CURRENCY • Some information is
very time sensitive. For example, a
page talking about the top rate Web
search engines in 1997 is going to be
horribly out of date in 2000. There
have been incredible changes in
search engine technology and new
developments appear almost monthly.
However, a page discussing the Civil
War is likely still relevant today even if
the page was created in 1996 and has
not been updated.’
APAC
A Authorship : The source of the
information
P Publishing body : Legitimacy of the
information
A Accuracy and Verifiability : Reliability
and correctness of the information
C Currency : The timeliness of the
information
SKILLS IN DETERMINING THE
RELIABILITY OF INFORMATION
1. Check the Author
2. Check the Date of Publication or of
update 3. Check for Citations
4. Check the Domain or owner of the
site/page. .com .edu .mil .gov .org
Skills in determining the accurate
information.
Look for facts Cross-reference with
other source for consistency
Determine the reason for writing and
publishing the information Check for
advertising. Advertisers may use
related information to market their
product
RAVAT
THE KEY SKILLS TO BETTER GET
THE RIGHTFUL INFORMATION
Reliability of information - Information
is said to be reliable if it can be verified
and evaluated.
Accuracy of information - Accuracy
refers to the closeness of the report to
the actual data. Measurement of
accuracy varies, depending on the
type of information being evaluated.
Value of information - Information is
said to be of value if it aids the user in
making or improving decisions.
Authority of the source - Much of the
information we gather daily do not
come from a primary source but are
passed on through secondary sources
such as writers, reporters, and the like.
Timeliness - Reliability, accuracy, and
value of information may vary based
on the time it was produced or
acquired. While a piece of information
may have been found accurate,
reliable, and valuable during the time it
was produced, it may become.
MEDIA AND INFORMATION
LANGUAGES
Languages It is a system of arbitrary,
local symbols that permit all people in
a given culture, or other people who
have learned the system of that culture
to communicate or interact.
(Finnocioro, cited in Jiang, 2010)
MEDIA LANGUAGES • It is describe
as the codes, conventions, formats,
symbols and narrative structures that
indicate the meaning of media
messages to an audience. • It is what
helps you understand the meaning
behind different media formats
because that is what the producer of
particular media output wants you to
feel, understand, interpret or to learn
from that particular media product.
GENRE ✓ It is a French word which
means “Kind” or “Class”. The original
Latin word is “genus” and mean class
of things that can be broken down into
subcategories. ✓ A film’s genre
category will be based on where most
of the content lands
NEWS ✓ These are stories that have
critical importance to community and
national life. News stories are also told
following the basic structure of
beginning, middle and end
ENTERTAINMENT ✓It is derived from
the French word “entretenir” which
means “to hold the attention, keep
busy, or amused.
ACTION MOVIES They are usually
about a clear hero and a clear villain.
Action movie stakes are huge, like
saving the world or the universe. ✓
They're often bombastic and move
quickly.
ADVENTURE MOVIES Adventure
movies are usually built around a
quest. ✓ Many adventures may be
period pieces, although more
contemporary adventure stories are
coming back to the forefront. They can
be swashbucklers or treasure hunts.
COMEDY ✓ Comedy films usually are
written with a few laughs a scene. The
stakes are usually much smaller or
interpersonal.
DRAMA ✓ Drama is regularly mashed
up with other genres because most
movies and tv rely on character-driven
stories to keep the audience involved.
HORROR FILM Horror film focuses on
adrenaline rides for the audience that
dial in the gore, scares and creative
monsters. ✓ \ ✓ Horror is always re-
inventing old classics, like adding fast
zombies, and CGI creatures
ROMANCE MOVIES ✓ Romance
movies are about people coming
together, falling apart, and all the
hurdles in between. Love is a universal
language.
THRILLER MOVIES Thriller movies.
What would you do when you were
over your head? This is usually linked
with horror, action, and drama, but
thrillers are about exciting situations
that have constant danger.
WAR/CONFLICT MOVIES
War/Conflict movies are about POVs,
men in foxholes, tanks, and planes.
CODES ✓These are system of signs
that when put together create
meaning.
Types of Codes
Technical Codes ✓ The way in which
equipment is used to tell the story
THE GRAMMAR OF THE CAMERA
CAMERA SHOTS These are
techniques to show the amount of
space in a scene.
CAMERA SHOTS 1. Full Shot 2.
Medium Close-up Shot 3. Extreme
Long Shot 4. Long Shot 5. Medium
Shot 6. Close-up Shot 7. Reaction
Shot 8. Point of View Shot
FULL SHOT ✓ It shows the entire
object or character intended to place
some relationship between characters
and environment.
MEDIUM CLOSE-UP SHOT (over-the-
shoulder shot) ✓ Shows a subject
down to his or her chest with a space
above to his or her head.
EXTREME LONG SHOT ✓ it sets up
the context for a scene by showing
large amount of landscape to establish
general setting.
LONG SHOT ✓A view of situation or
setting from a distance
MEDIUM SHOT ✓ Shows a subject
down to his or her waist with a space
above to his or her head.
CLOSE UP ✓A full screen shot of a Mise en Scene ✓ It is a French term
subject face that means everything within the
frame’. In media terms it has become
REACTION SHOT ✓It is a short shot
to mean the description of all the
of a character’s response to an action.
objects within a frame of the media
POINT-OF-VIEW ✓ Also known as product and how they have been
POV shot, is an angle that shows what arranged.
a character is looking at. Typically
ACTING ✓ Actors portray characters
POV shots are placed in between a
in media products and contribute to
shot of a character looking at
character development, creating
something.
tension or advancing the narrative.
Camera angles It focuses on the
COLOUR ✓ Colour has highly cultural
viewers’ position to understand the
and strong connotations. When
relationship of the characters, objects
studying the use of colour in a media
and environment.
product there are different aspects to
BIRD’S EYE ANGLE It is usually used be looking at
for establishing shot, it is an angle that
Written Codes These are the formal
looks down on a scene.
written language used in a media
HIGH ANGLE It is used to product. It can be used to advance a
demonstrate to the viewers the narrative, communicate information
perspective of a character. By making about a character or issues and
the camera to look down on a themes.
character, the subject may look
vulnerable, small or weak.
EYE-LEVEL ANGLE It is the most
commonly used camera angle, it
makes the viewers comfortable with
the characters.
LOW ANGLE The camera is looking
up to the character, this makes the
character look more powerful and may
make the audience feel vulnerable or
small in the presence of that character.
Symbolic Codes It shows what is CONVENTION ✓These are the
beneath the surface of what we see. accepted ways of using media codes.
These are closely connected to the
SETTING ✓ When discussing setting, audience expectations of a media
you can describe the setting of the product
whole story or just a specific scene. A
setting can be as big as the outback or Types of Convention
space, or as small as a specific room. Form Convention These are the
Setting can even be a created certain ways we expect types of
atmosphere or frame of mind. media’s codes to be arranged. ✓ For
instance, an audience expects to have
a title of the film at the beginning, and
then credits at the end. Newspapers
will have a masthead, the most
important news on the front page and
sports news on the back page.
Story Convention These are common
narrative structures and
understandings that are common in
story telling media products.
Genre Convention ✓ It points to the
common use of tropes, characters,
settings or themes in a particular type
of medium. Genre conventions are
closely linked with audience
expectations.
LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES IN
MEDIA AND INFORMATION
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
Intellectual property (IP) refers to
creations of the mind, such as
inventions; literary and artistic works
designs and symbols, names and
images used in commerce.
COPYRIGHT A legal device that gives
the creator of a literary, artistic,
musical, or other creative work the
sole right to publish and sell that work.
Copyright owners have the right to
control the reproduction of their work,
including the right to receive payment
for that reproduction. An author may
grant or sell those rights to others,
including publishers or recording
companies. Violation of a copyright is
called infringement
Copyright Infringement occurs when a
copyrighted work is reproduced,
distributed, performed, publicly
displayed, or made into a derivative
work without the permission of the
copyright owner.
PLAGIARISM An act or instance of
using or closely imitating the language
and thoughts of another author without
authorization; the representation of
that author's work as one's own, as by
not crediting the original author
TYPES OF PLAGIARISM
Sources Not Cited
1. The Ghost Writer -The writer turns
in another’s work, word-for-word, as
his or her own.
2. The Photocopy- The writer copies
significant portions of text straight from
a single source, without alteration.
3. The Potluck Paper- The writer
copies from several different sources,
tweaking the sentences to make them
fit together while retaining most of the
original phrasing.
4. The Poor Disguise- The writer has
altered the paper’s appearance slightly
by changing key words and phrases.
5. The Labor of Laziness - The writer
takes the time to paraphrase most of
the paper from other sources and
make it all fit together.
6. The Self-Stealer- The writer
“borrows” generously from his or her
previous work.
Sources Not Cited (BUT STILL
PLAGIARIZED)
 1. The Forgotten Footnote - The writer
mentions an author’s name for a
source, but neglects to include specific
information on the location of the
material referenced.
2. The Misinformer - The writer
provides inaccurate information
regarding the sources, making it
impossible to find them.
3. The Too-Perfect Paraphrase- The
writer properly cites a source, but
neglects to put in quotation marks on
text that has been copied word-for-
word, or close to it.
4. The Resourceful Citer- The writer
properly cites all sources,
paraphrasing and using quotations
appropriately. The catch? The paper
contains almost no original work!
5. The Perfect Crime- The writer
properly quotes and cites sources in
some places but goes on to
paraphrase other arguments from
those sources without citation.
FAIR USE Fair use means you can
use copyrighted materials without
license only for certain purposes.
These include: ❖ Commentary ❖
Criticism ❖ Reporting ❖ Research ❖
Teaching
Guidelines for Fair Use Guidelines for
Fair Use ❖A Majority of the content
you create must be your own ❖Give
credit to the copyright holder ❖Don’t
make money off of the copyrighted
work
Responsible Digital Citizenship Digital
citizenship refers to having the
appropriate knowledge and skills to
effectively use digital technologies to
communicate with others, participate in
society and create and consume digital
content.
Netiquette Netiquette, or network
etiquette, is a set of socially
constructed rules and norms for
behaving and communicating
responsibly in an online environment.
Rule 1: Remember the human -
remember that the receiver on the
other side of your computer or phone
is another human person capable of
understanding, feeling, and getting
hurt. Putting yourself in others’ place
can put everything in the right
perspective.
Rule 2: Adhere to the same standards
of behavior online that you follow in
real life - Good netiquette is derived
from the same standards set in real
life. While it can be argued that
standards of behavior may be different
in the virtual world, they certainly
should not be any lower.
Rule 3: Know where you are in
cyberspace -The Internet may be as
vast as the earth’s oceans or the outer
space with parts least visited, not
discovered, and some deemed even
dangerous.
Rule 4: Respect other people's time
and bandwidth - whenever you post
something online or send a message
to someone, you’re taking up a few
precious minutes from the already
limited time of another. On the other
hand, the word "bandwidth" is
sometimes used synonymously with
time, but it's really a different thing.
Rule 5: Make yourself look good
online - In the real world, other
people’s immediate judgment of you
would be based off of your physical
appearance, your demeanor, how you
speak, how you carry yourself, or even
how you dress. The following tips in
mind: ❖ Always check for spelling and
grammar errors ❖ Verify the truth of
what you are posting or sharing ❖
Know what you're talking about and
state it clearly ❖ Be pleasant and
polite
Rule 6: Share expert knowledge - The
strength of the Internet is the extent of
the information it offers and various
sources these information come from.
Sharing your knowledge on something
doesn’t count as one. So do your part
share what you know.
Rule 7: Help keep flame wars under
control - "Flaming is what people do
when they express a strongly held
opinion without holding back any
emotion." (Shea, 1994).
Rule 8: Respect other people's
privacy - privacy is a human right.
Much like how you do not want your
phone opened just by anyone or your
messages read by someone without
your permission, other people value
their privacy as well.
Rule 9: Don't abuse your power - Just
like in the real world, people in
cyberspace have their own influence
and power – some with power greater
than others. These people are the
technology wizards, experts with years
of experience, and system
administrators, among others.
Rule 10: Be forgiving of other people's
mistakes - Not everyone has the same
amount of experience working in the
virtual world. And not everyone knows
the.
DIGITAL DIVIDE • Digital Divide is an
inequality or disparity between
demographic groups in terms of
access to, use of, or knowledge of ICT.
Different segments have varying levels
of knowledge and access to digital
developments due to a number of
factors which include, but not limited
to: race, age, education, income,
socioeconomic status, and
geographical location.
THE DIGITAL NATIVE AND THE
DIGITAL IMMIGRANTS
• The people born in the Internet and
digital technology age are who we call
as digital natives.
• The term is often used synonymously
with ‘Millennial’, though not all digital
natives are millennials and not all
millennials are digital natives.
• Digital natives are those that are
immersed in digital technology growing
up making them more knowledgeable
and comfortable in the digital age.
Digital immigrants, on the other hand,
are those born before the widespread
adoption of computers and the Internet
and has had to adopt digital
technology later in life. Due to the gap
in generations, not excluding other
factors, digital immigrants are
considered to be less technically able
than digital natives.
THE DIGITAL RICH AND THE
DIGITAL POOR
• A huge part of the digital divide,
especially in developing countries such
as the Philippines, is the differences in
socioeconomic status of social groups.
• The financial capacity of an
individual affects his ability to purchase
a gadget and a reliable Internet
access.
• Learning materials and resources
may now be conveniently accessed
online, technology has also paved way
for advancements in medicine and
healthcare, transportation is now made
more convenient and comfortable. place using electronic. This occurrence
While many are able to enjoy and can trigger traumatic experiences for
adapt to all these developments, sadly, the victims just like bullying in real life.
a lot more are struggling to keep up Cyberbullies post or send hateful and
mean messages as well images which
THE DIGITAL SKILLED AND THE
are deliberately meant to mock,
DIGITAL UNSKILLED
ridicule, embarrass, hurt, or attack a
• Lack of digital skills may stem from person.
an individual’s socioeconomic status.
As a conscientious person and a
A person belonging to a family falling
responsible media consumer and
below poverty line would most
producer, it is your unspoken duty to
probably have less to no access to
refrain from and denounce
digital devices and stable Internet
cyberbullying. Moreover, to further
connection. In effect, he will fall behind
avoid cyberbullying, you can promote
on updated information, up-to-date
proper netiquette to your peers, foster
learning resources, and even on job
mutual respect and courtesy by
openings. This limited access to
avoiding flame wars, and be vigilant
information would also limit his door of
against people’s intention to harm
opportunities to learn and improve his
other netizens.
skills.
INTERNET ADDICTION It is the
excessive or poorly controlled
preoccupations, urges, behaviors
regarding computer use and internet
access that lead to impairment or
distress
Internet addiction may be developed
due to several factors like stress,
anxiety, depression, other forms of
addiction, lack of social support, or
lack of parental guidance, or inactivity
CYBERBULLYING It is the use of
information technology to harm or
harass other people in deliberate,
repeated, and hostile manner.
Online violence, cyber bullying and
digital harassment affect over 70
percent of young people globally,
according to the United Nations
Children’s Fund (UNICEF), as it called
on internet users to “be kind online”
and prevent this form of violence.
Cyberbullying is a type of offensive
action toward another which takes