21st CENTURY Literature

 It is new that created within the last decade.

 Imaginative writing and deals with current themes and reflect the technological culture.
 It teaches us about life, we learn important lessons and value. Literature teaches us humanity. To be
sensitive and empathetic towards others.

Two forms of literature (Prose and poetry)

Prose is a from of written or spoken language that typically exhibit a natural flow of speech and grammatical
structure.

Division of prose

Narrative prose – tells story

Descriptive prose – highlights or give qualities of people, event, place etc. we’re just describing the specific scene.

Expository prose – express an idea or an emotion even both.

Argumentative prose – fights, defend or stand, issue

Dramatic prose – acting, perform on stage with dialog

Poetry is a style of writing that uses a formal organization and that is often divided up into lines and stanzas.

Division of poetry

Descriptive poetry – describe the world that surrounds the speaker

Narrative poetry – tells a story, its structure resembles the plot line of a story

Lyric poetry – meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a lyre.

Literature genres

Illustrated novel – story though text and illustrated images.

Graphic novel – narrative in comic book format.

Digi-fiction – (triple media literature) a literary experience combined three media. Book, movie, or video and
internet.

Manga – used in English speaking word as a generic term of all comic book and graphic novels. Originally publish in
Japan.

Doodle fiction – author incorporates doodle drawing and hand written graphics in a place of traditional font.

Chick-lit – address the issue of modern women hood

Flash fiction – extreme brevity

Speculative fiction – supernatural fiction etc. [i.e 2012 movie]

Spoken poetry – oral art that focuses on the aesthetics or word play and intonation and voice inflection.
Oral Communication

Communication comes from the latin words “communicare” which means “to impart” , “to share” , “to make
common”.

 Transmission of ideas and emotions between or among persons.

 With the use of verbal and non verbal cues.
 Helps people to adapt to or survive in the place they live in.

Communication is transfer of information from one person to another – G.G Brown

Communication is the intercourse by words letters or messages – Fred G. Meyer

Elements of Communication

 Messages – idea or concept that sender wants to convey

 Sender – encodes the message
 Receiver – Accepts and decode the message
 Feedback – given by the receiver when responding to the message

Noise – causes of breakdown in communication. Barrier or hindrance

Types of Noise

 Physical Noise – Actual Noise such as load music etc.

 Physiological Noise – When the body becomes hindrance. [ex. Toothache]
 Psychological Noise – thinking deeply about something or suffering from an emotional condition.
[ex. Confusion, depression, sadness]

Communicative Situation

Physical Location is usually chosen for the purpose it will serve.

Psychological setting depends on the participants.

Aristotle Model of communication

 The most common Model of communication

 More on public speaking
 Focus mainly on the speaker and speech

Shannon and Weaver Communication

 Concept of Noise
 Known as Telephone Model

Schramm Model of Communication

 Explains why communication breakdown occur

 Overlap between the field of experience
 Person’s background or experiences are factors that impact interpretation
 Decoding and encoding are the most essential process of an effective communication
 Communication is incomplete without the feedback
Field of experience – Everything that makes a person unique.

Whites Model of Communication

 Recognize feedback as a part of the communication process

 Tell us that communication is circular model
 Described the process as sequential and cyclical

Dimensions of communication – Are the number of ways an idea can be communicated; ways to interact.

Communication – occurs between or more people.

Miscommunication – Can lead to a total cessation of interaction. When the words contradict action.

NON-VERNAL DIMENSION – The facial expressions, the gestures and the body movements.

VEBAL DIMENSION – The use of sounds and words to express yourself

ORAL DIMENSION – spoken communication that imparts the message with use of proper delivery.

WRITTEN DIMENSION – Transcription of Thoughts and ideas.

FORMAL DIMENSION – Meticulous observation of appropriateness in dress, language and setting.

INFORMAL DIMENSION – It uses a more casual approach with no regard for the formalities.

INTENTIONAL DIMENSION – The reason itself why people want to communicate.

UNINTENTIONAL DIMENSION – Misunderstood by the receiver

Paralanguage – non-verbal communication that emphasize body language. Expressing thoughts and ideas. We use
paralanguage when we gasp, sigh, clear our throats etc.

Language of flowers known as floriography

Language of Colors have certain meaning based on the dictates of culture and gender.

Language of time known as Chronemics

Language of space known as Proxemics how close or far the people are.

Proxemics – use space and arrangement

Distance – the extent or degree of separation
Social distance – pertains to the most appropriate distance. Example Teachers and students.
Language of touch known as haptics most powerful type of nonverbal communication. Another important nonverbal
communication behavior.

Language of Gestures includes the movement of head, hand, arms and shoulder to convey or emphasizes the
message.

Emphasizing – gestures that punctuate what we want to highlight.

Illustrating/regulating – gestures to show distance, height or size.

Enables – are gestures associated with specific meanings.

Postures and appearance – provide a great deal of information. Our choice of clothing, hairstyle and other
appearance factors are also considered a means of nonverbal communication.

Verbal Miscommunication

1. People – Their physical infirmities

2. Opinions and Beliefs
3. Topic
4. Communicative situation
F.P.L

Akademiya – tinuturing na isang insitusyon ng mga kilala at respitadong tao.

Akademiko – May kaugnayan sa edukasyon

Malikhain at mapanuring pag iisip – paggamit ng kaalaman, kakayahan, pagpapahalaga at talino.

Akademikong gawain – ginagabayan ng katotohanan, ebidensya, pagpapahalaga at balanseng pag susuri.

Di Akademikong gawain – ginagabayan ng karanasan, kakayahan at commom sense.

AKADEMIKO
LAYUNIN: magbigay ideya at imormasyon.
PARAAN O BATAYAN NG DATOS: obseryasyon,
pananaliksik at pagbabasa.
AUDIENCE: iskolar, mag-aaral at guro
ORGANISASYON AT IDEYA: planado, may
pagkakasunod-sunod at pag kakaugnay ang mga
pahayag.
PANANAW: obhetibo
DI AKADEMIKO
LAYUNIN: Magbigay ng sariling opinion
PARAAN O BATAYAN NG DATOS: sariling karanasan,
pamilya at komunidad.
AUDIENCE: ibat ibang publiko
ORGANISASYON AT IDEYA: hindi malinaw ang
estraktura at di kailangan ng kaugnayan sa ideya.
PANANAW: subhetibo

Cummins (1979) – pinag iba niya ang kasanayang akademiko at di akademiko.

Mabini 2002 ang pagsulat ay pagpapahayag na kahit kailan ay di maglalaho sa isipan ng bumasa at babasa sapagkat
ito ay maaring magpasalin-salin sa bawat panahon.

Royo 2001 malaki ang naitutulong ng pagsaulat sa paghubog ng damdamin at isipan ng to dahil higit niyang nakikilala
ang kanyang sarili.

URI NG PAGSULAT

1. Malikhaing Pagsulat (Creative writing) – maghatid ng aliw at makapukaw ng damdamin.

2. Teknikal na pagsulat (Technical writing) – pagaralan ang isang proyekto o bumuo ng isang pagaaral na lulutas sa
suliranin.
3. Propesyonal na pagsulat (Creative writing) – para lamang sa mga tiyak na larangan, propesyon o bakasyon ng
isang tao.
4. DYORNALISTIC NA PAGSULAT (Journalistic writing) – May kaugnayan sa mga sulatin sa pamamahayag
5. Akademikong pagsulat (Academic writing) – nakatutulong sa pagtaas ng antas ng kaalaman ng tao sa ibat-ibang
larangan.

AKADEMIKONG SULATIN

 Abstrak – Maikling buod ng artikulo, ulat at pag-aaral. Siksik na bersyon ng sulatin.

 Sintesis – pagsasama-sama ng ibat-ibang akda upang makabuo ng sulating maayos at malinaw.
 Bionote – nagbibigay ng impormasyon ukol sa isang indibidwal.
 Memorandun – maipabatid ang impormasyon ukol sa gaganaping pagpupulong.
 Agenda – naglalaman ng listahan ng mga pag-uusapan sa pag-pupulong.
 Panukalang-proyekto – detalyadong ng mga akatibidad na naglalayong maresolba ang isang tiyak na problema.
 Talumpati – pagsasalita sa harap ng mga tagapakinig o audience
 Katitikan ng pulong – opisyal na record ng pulong. Nakasaad ang mga napagusapan at napag-desisyunan.
 Posisyong papel – nagpapaliwanag, nagmamatuwid o nagmumungkahi ng isang partikular na kurso ng pagkilos.
 Replektibong sanaysay – repleksyon o pagmumuni-muni tungkol sa isang tiyak na paksa.
 Pictorial essay – nagpapahayag ng kahulugan sa pamamagitan ng mga larawang sinusundan kapsiyon.
 Lakbay sanaysay – makapag babalik tanaw sa paglalakbay na ginawa ng manunulat.

KALIKASAN NG AKADEMIKONG PAGSULAT

1. KATOTOHANAN – nakakagamit ng kaalaman at metodo ng disiplinang makatotohanan.

2. EBINDENSYA – gumagamit ng mapagkakatiwalaang ebidensya upang masuportahan ang katotohanang sinabi.
3. BALANSE – haka , opinyon at argumento ay kailangang walang pag kiling

KATANGIAN NG AKADEMIKONG PAGSULAT

 Kompleks – gramatika
 Pormal – di ginagamitan ng kolokyal at balbal na salita
 Tumpak – ang mga datos ay nailalahad ng walang labis at walang kulang
 Obhetibo – malinaw, may pananagutan at may paninindigan
 Eksplisit – pagkakaugnay-ugnay ng ng teksto sa isat-isa
 Wasto – paggamit ng salita
 Responsible – paglalahad ng ebidensya o patunay ukol sa isang argumento
 Malinaw na layunin – matugunan ang mga taong kaugnay ng isang bansa
 Malinaw na pananaw – magipakita ang sariling pag iisip hingil sa paksa ng argumento
 May pokus – bawat pangungusap at bawat talata ay dapat sumusuporta sa pahayag
 Malinaw na suporta – kinapapalooban ng facts at figures
 Lohikal na organisasyon – may sinusundan na standard o organisasyong hulwaran
 Malinaw at kompletong eklpanasyon – matulungan ang mga mambabasa tungo sa ganap na pagunawa
 Epektibong pananaliksik – maipamalas ang intelekwal na Karapatan gamit ang hinangong impormasyon
 Iskolarling estito ng pagsulat – maiwasan ang pagkakamali sa grammar, ispeling atbp.

Layunin ng akademikong pagsulat

1. Mapanghikayat na layunin
2. Mapanuring layunin
3. Impormatibong layunin

Tungkulin o Gamit ng akademikong pagsulat

1. Lumilinang ng kahusayan sa wika

2. Lumulinang ng mapanuring pag iisip
3. Lumilinang ng mga pagpapahalagang pantao
4. Paghahanda sa propesyon

Mga dapat iwasan sa akademikong pagsulat

 Maling paglalahad – paglalahat o tinatawag na stereotyping

 Pagtalon sa konklusyon – walang kaukulang batayan
 Maling pagpapakahulugan – walang kinalaman sa future happenings or mga bagay na opinyon lang
 Kaswal na pagkakamali – walang kinalaman ang nangyari dati sa nangyari ngayon
 Pagatake sa personalidad – pagpuna na maaring makasira sa personalidad ng iba
 Paulit-ulit na pangangatwiran – ginagawa para kaawaan. May point pero pointless
Abstrak – isa itong maikling buod ng pananaliksik, artikulo, tesis atbp.

Layunin ng Abstrak na magbigay ng malinaw na nilalaman ng pananaliksik (W’H QUESTION) at magbigay ng

mahahalagang konklusyon o bagong mga katanungang nabuo matapos ang pananaliksik.

Nilalaman ng Abstrak

 Kaligiran at suliranin – tinatalakay kung kailan, paano at saan nagmula ang suliranin
 Layunin – dahilan ng pagsasagawa ng pag aaral at paano ito makatutulong sa paglutas ng suliranin
 Pokus – ibinabahagi nito ang paksang bibigyang diin sa pananaliksik
 Metodolohiya – Maikling paliwanag ukol sa paraan na gianamit sa pagsulat ng pananaliksik
 Kinalabasan at konklusyon – datos na nakalap. Quantitative o Qualitative man, matagumpay man o hindi

KATANGIAN NG ABSTRAK

 Binubuo ng 200-250 na salita

 Gumagamit ng simple at malinaw na pangungusap
 Walang impormasang hindi nabanggit sa pag-aaral