RWS
Discourse – is about communication
and the way language is used to
convey meaning within a specific
context. It can encompass both
formal and informal modes of
communication and involves
understanding not only the words
used but also the broader social and
cultural context in which
communication takes place.
- Comes from the Latin
“Discursus” which stands
for “conversation, speech”.
Exchange of thoughts and
ideas
Text as connected discourse
Text has a distinct feature.
Considered as written material,
especially longer pieces of writing
as in a book.
Factors affecting discourse
1. Culture
2. Social environment – how
we are taught creates bias.
3. Personal experience –
depends on the person’s
personal experience about
the topic, which will create
interpretation.
Forms of written discourse
Expository writing – that is written
to explain something or provide
information about the issue. Simply
provide information.
Descriptive writing – describes a
certain subject through sensual
Narrative writing – typically tells a
story in chronological order that
includes beginning body and end.
Argumentative writing – that is
meant to persuade someone with a
particular idea or to argue a certain
point of view.
Academic discourse – academic
discourse refers to the specialized
language and communication used
within academic or scholarly
contexts. It encompasses the writing
and speaking sites employed by
researches, scholars, and academics
when engaging with their peers
- To convey information,
present arguments, and
contribute to the existing
body of knowledge in a
particular field. It is often
used to discuss research
findings, theories,
methodologies and
scholarly ideas.
- Tends to be formal,
objective and analytical. It
relies on clear, precise
language and is often
 characterized by a neutral technique where individuals or a
tone. group of people gather to generate a
- Follows specific large number of ideas in a short
conventions such as citing amount of time. The goal is to
sources, using a encourage free thinking and the
standardized reference expression of diverse thoughts
style. without immediate evaluation or
criticism.
Literary discourse – literary
discourse refers to the language and The emphasis is on quantity
communication styles found in over quality initially, as the intention
literature, including fiction, poetry, is to generate a broad image of
drama, and creative non-fiction. It ideas. Afterward the group can
encompasses the artistic and evaluate and refine the ideas
imaginative use of language to generated during the brainstorming
convex ideas, emotions, and process.
experiences
- Aims to entertain, express Mind mapping – A mind map is a
emotions, and explore visual representation of ideas,
human experiences, it often concepts, and information. It usually
uses creative and starts with a central idea or topic and
imaginative language to tell branches out into related subtopics.
stories, evoke feelings, and
convey deep feelings. Flow charts – A flow chart is a
- More expressive and diagram that represents a process,
artistic. May use figurative showing the steps or activities in a
language, symbolism, and logical sequence. Each step is
creative techniques to represented by a shape, and arrows
engage readers emotionally indicate the flow of the process.
and intellectually.
- There is often more Outlining – Outlining involves
flexibility for structuring information
experimentation with form hierarchically, typically using
and style. headings and subheadings to show
the relationship between different
Brainstorming – is a creative ideas and their levels of importance.
problem-solving or idea generation
Chronological order –
Chronological order organizes
information in the order in which
events occurred, based on a timeline
or sequence of time.

Topical order – Topical order

organizes information based on
specific topics or categories,
grouping related ideas together.