Topic: The topic is what the paper is about.
The information will be revealed if the writer
Text: Original words and form of a written or printed
work an edited or emended copy of an original work a
work containing such text.
Informative: providing knowledge
Persuasive: Making someone believe on a particular
thing or idea
Argumentative: Expressing opposite stand on a given
topic
Structure: The way in which the elements or parts of a
text are organized
Chronological: Following the order in which the series
of events happened.
Claims: Belief or opinion that a writer intends to
defend in his or her argumentative essay. This claim
needs to be something that other people might not
agree with.
1. TOPIC- It has a specific subject or topic.
2. PURPOSE- It has a specific purpose: to persuade; to
inform; to argue.
3. AUDIENCE- It addresses a specific audience.
TYPES OF AUDIENCE
EXPERT READERS - group of professionals who can
understand texts with minimum textual cues,
sometimes none, and a use of highly technical
vocabulary that only an expert of the subject matter
can understand.
SEMI-EXPERT READERS - are readers who may not
necessarily be part of the academic and professional
circle, who understand texts with some textual cues,
like giving some examples and explanations for
emphasis and for clarification.
NON-EXPERT READERS - a reader who needs full
assistance in understanding the text.
4. POINT OF VIEW
FIRST PERSON - It uses first person pronoun such as
(I, we, me, etc). The readers see the text through the
speaker or writer’s eyes since he/she experience it.
SECOND PERSON - Generally, only used in
instructional writing. It is told from the perspective of
“you”. Uses the pronouns “you” and “your”.
THIRD PERSON-LIMITED - The author tells the text
in third person such as (they, she, he, it etc.) Limited
means that the POV is limited to only one character.
Which means that the narrator only knows what that
character knows.
THIRD PERSON-OMNISCIENT - The author tells the
text in third person such as (they, she, he, it etc.) The
narrator knows everything. The narrator isn’t limited
by what one character knows, sort of like the narrator
is god.
chooses to.
5. WRITER’S KNOWLEDGE
It requires a writer to possess critical thinking skills.
6. STYLE
PERSUASIVE - convince the audience or reader to
believe on something or certain issue or topic.
INFORMATIVE - provide substantial information on
certain subject.
ARGUMENTATIVE - showing disagreement on certain
topic.
7. TONE - It uses appropriate and formal language.
ACADEMIC LANGUAGE - It should be clear and
concise in order to communicate its contents in the
best way.
Persuasive Texts are nonfiction texts used to convince
the reader to agree with the author's perspective about
the issue.
Reading these types of academic texts improves critical
thinking, promotes research skills to validate
arguments, and encourages readers to perform an
action aligned with the writer’s objectives. Examples of
these are position paper and concept paper among
others.
✔ Appeal to credibility – the writer should establish
himself as the authority of the subject matter.
✔ Appeal to logic the writer must present substantial
and tangible evidence to affirm his claims.
✔ Appeal to emotion – the writer should convince the
audience and get their sympathy to address their
knowledge and feelings about the subject matter.
Argumentative Text purpose of these texts is to elicit a
response that matches the author’s own or to affect the
reader, invoking feelings of rejection or sympathy for
the subject matter. Based on the argumentation text’s
emphasis on addressing the audience’s doubts,
concerns, wishes, or sentiments, this is carried out.
Argumentative text is based on:
1. Claim of fact- must be specific as to time, place,
people involved, and situation
Example: The capital of the Philippines is Manila.
2. Claim of value- involve judgments, appraisals, and
evaluations (art, literature, music, film, food etc.)
Example: Hundred Islands is the most famous tourist
spot in our country.
3. Claim of policy- often presents conditions and
rules.Example: People should + always follow the
health protocol.
Communication - The process of disseminating
information to another location, person, or group.
Message - A significant concept that someone is
attempting to communicate using verbal, nonverbal,
visual and written form.
Syntax - Refers to a language’s grammatical rules on
how to arrange words in sentences so that their
meanings are clear.
Grammar - The study or application of the principles
governing how words change shape and mix with other
words to convey meaning
Jargons - Specialized terms associated with a
particular field or field of activity.
Clichés -These are old and overused expressions
Passive voice - A sentence construction in which the
subject of the sentence is acted on by the verb.
• Primary- of chief importance; principal.
• Secondary- coming after, less important than, or
resulting from someone or something else that is
primary.
• Resources- a stock or supply of money, materials,
staff, and other assets that can be drawn on by a
person or organization in order to function effectively.
• Facts- a thing that is known or proved to be true.
• Opinion- a view or judgment formed about
something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge.
• False- not according with truth or fact; incorrect.
• True- in accordance with fact or reality.
• Argumentative thesis statement: The thesis statement
is usually a single statement or two that is usually
placed at the end of the introduction. An
argumentative thesis statement, in particular, contains
the writer’s claim, stand, or position on a debatable
topic.
A fact can be defined as something said to have
happened or supposed to true.
1. Verified Facts- true statements that have been
verified or documented.
2. Verifiable Facts- statements that haven’t been
verified or falsified beyond a reasonable doubt, but
conceivably could be.
3. Supposed Facts- statements stated to sound like
facts.
Examples include “intruth”, “as a matter of fact” or “in
fact”.
Opinion is a belief or conclusion held with confidence
but not substantiated by positive knowledge or proof. A
judgment based on special knowledge and given by an
expert.
THREE TYPES OF OPINION
1. Informed Opinion- developed by gathering and
analyzing evidences.
2. Expert Opinion- developed through much training
and extensive knowledge in a given field.
3. Matter of Opinion-statements that cannot be
objectively verified or falsified.
1. PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION - primary data
sources include information collected and processed
directly by the researcher, such as observations,
surveys, interviews, and focus groups.
2. SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION - secondary data
sources include information retrieved through pre-
existing sources: research articles, Internet or library
searches, etc. Preexisting data may also include records
and data already within the program: publications and
training materials, financial records, student/client
data, performance reviews of staff, etc.
THESIS STATEMENT - Thesis statement is a short
summary of the main idea, purpose, or argument of an
essay that usually appears in the first paragraph.” It’s
generally only one or two sentences in length.
Explanatory Thesis Statement - An explanatory thesis
statement is based solely on factual information. It
doesn’t contain personal opinions or make claims that
are unsupported by evidence.
Analytical Thesis Statement - An analytical thesis
statement analyzes, or breaks down, an issue or idea
into its different parts. Then, it evaluates the topic and
clearly presents the order of the analysis to the reader.
Argumentative Thesis Statement - Unlike an
explanatory thesis statement, an argumentative thesis
statement allows the writer to take a position about a
subject (e.g., the deeper meaning of a literary text, the
best policy towards a social problem) and to convince
readers of their stance.
Summary- is a synthesis of the key ideas of a piece of
writing, restated in your own words.
Paraphrasing- putting it into your own words can
clarify the message, make it more relevant to your
audience.
Ethos- building trust by establishing your credibility
and authority (Writer).
Pathos- appealing to emotion by connecting with your
audience through their values and interests
(Audience).
Logos- appealing to your audience's intelligence with
well-constructed and clearly argued ideas (Context).

SUMMARIZING
A process of shortening a passage/s or a texts/s
without sacrificing its basic meaning or main thought.
THREE IMPORTANT SUMMARIZATION
TECHNIQUES
1. SELECTION - It is essential to select major idea, key
words and phrases, special terms and interpretations
presented in the original resource.
2. REJECTION - It is a process of removing
unnecessary data. As cited earlier, try to reject
repetitions, examples, illustrations, anecdotes,
redundant expressions, tables and statistical data.
1. Historical or biographical Approach – reflects
primarily on the author’s life and the political,
economic and sociological context in his time. In other
words, this is examining the world behind the text.
Understanding the social structure of the time gives
the reader a greater knowledge as his basis to draw
conclusions about the work.
2. Formalism Approach – structural purpose of a
particular text without taking into account any outside
influence. The key in understanding a text is through a
text itself.
3. Feminism Approach – the belief in social , economic
and political equality of the sexes
Parts of a CRITIQUE PAPER

3. SUBSTITUTION - Basically, it includes synthesis. It ● INTRODUCTION – author’s name and the title of
is a mode of combining several sentences into one the article, authors main point and your thesis
sentence. statement

PARAPHRASING - It is a process of restating a text or ● SUMMARY – discuss the main points of the article,
passage without sacrificing its meaning using our own arguments presented in the article, the findings of the
words. article

PLAGIARISM is acclaiming one’s own work, ● CRITIQUE/ANALYSIS - discuss the strengths and
irrespective of intent to deceive, that which derives in weaknesses of the article, state your supported
part or in its entirety from the work of others without opinions about the clarity, relevancy and accuracy of
proper acknowledgement. the article using specific examples from the article to
support your statements.
COPYRIGHT - It intends to protect original works of
authorship including literary works, musical works, ● CONCLUSION – summarize the key points in the
graphic works, architectural works, and artistic article, as well as the key points from you own analysis.
expressions. ●REFERENCES
COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT - A copyright
infringement is a violation of an individual or
organization’s copyright. It describes the unauthorized
use of copyrighted material, such as text, photos,
videos, music, software, and other original content.

Cite - quote (a passage, book, or author) as evidence

for or justification of an argument or statement,
especially in a scholarly work.

Paraphrase - express the meaning of (the writer or

speaker or something written or spoken) using
different words, especially to achieve greater clarity.

Reaction - an action performed or a feeling

experienced in response to a situation or event.

Summary – a brief statement or account of the main

points of something.

Work – a task or tasks to be undertaken; something a

person or thing has to do

Facts- a thing that is known or proved to be true.

Opinion – a view or judgment formed about

something; not necessarily based on facts or
knowledge.