MODULE 2 II.

PERSUASIVE ESSAY
• presents a point of view using logical
Writing Technique – The style the author uses to reasons
convey his/her message in a manner that is • seeks to persuade a reader
effective and meaningful to the audience.
• convinces the reader to accept/believe an
idea or opinion
3 Types of Writing Techniques:
1. Informative • takes specific action or stance
2. Persuasive
3. Argumentative III. ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY
• presents an argument using facts and
I. INFORMATIVE ESSAY evidences
• Explain a certain issue or a topic • defends a position on a topic using
• Provide facts/information to the reader personal evidences, literature, historical
• 0describes a person, event, or examples and research to prove a point
phenomenon
• defines a term, compares and contrasts
something, analyzes data or provides a
how-to

Informative Essay - Writing Structures

1. Description – Explain a topic in detail.
Example: Education in the time of COVID19
Pandemic.
2. Comparison and Contrast – Describe
similarities or differences between two
subjects.
Example: Lifestyle before and during COVID-19
Pandemic.
3. Problem and Solution – Present a problem
and propose possible solutions.
Example: How to prevent the spread of COVID-
19?
4. Cause and Effect – Explain and analyze
why something happened or how
something occurred.
Example: Global effects of COVID-19 pandemic MODULE 3
5. Sequence – Describe a series of events or a
Critiquing –
process in some sort of order
• requires you to reassemble the elements in
Example: Proper Hand Washing Techniques
such a way that your intended audience has
a better understanding of the story's
strengths, weaknesses, and highlights.
 • is not only making a summary; rather, it
gives comments and evaluates the specific
work.
• It is an in-depth evaluation of the story for
the purpose of giving the reading public
insight into the story.
What is a critique?
It is a genre of scholastic and academic writing
that critically assesses work or ideas. Critiques
can be used to carefully analyze a variety of works
such as:
• Creative works – novels, exhibits, film,
images, poetry
• Research – monographs, journal articles,
systematic reviews, theories.
• Media – news reports, feature articles
Why do we write and make a critique?
Writing a critique helps you to develop:
• a knowledge of the work’s subject area or
related works.
• an understanding of the work’s purpose,
intended audience, development of
argument, structure of evidence, or
creative style.
• a recognition of the strengths and
weaknesses of the work.
How do you write a critique?
a. Study the work under discussion.
b. Make notes on key parts of the work.
c. Develop an understanding of the main argument
or purpose being expressed in the work.
d. Consider how the work relates to a broader
issue or context.
Main Features of a Critique
MODULE 4
Literary Criticism – is the analysis, evaluation,
description, or interpretation of literary works.
Critiquing allows you to think logically, create
your own insight of the story, and appreciate the
beauty of literature, its craftsmanship, historical
context and a lot of other issues.
6 Basic Approaches in Critiquing a Literary
Selection
1. Structuralist or Formalist
2. Reader-response
3. Marxist
4. Feminist
5. Historical
6. Moralist
PARTS OF A CRITIQUE
A. INTRODUCTION – title of the work,
author’s name, main idea/ author’s
intention, own thesis statement/ idea of the
work
B. SUMMARY – “What is the text all about?”
C. ANALYSIS – interpretation of the text
using the approach
D. CONCLUSION – summary of ideas,
restating thesis statement
I. Structuralist or Formalist Approach – focuses
only on the form or structure, the elements, and
literary devices of a work, in isolation from the
historical context, biographical information about
the author, or the text’s effect on the reader.
ANALYSIS
a. Structure. It scrutinizes the plot (chronological
sequence) and the conflict in a story.
b. Elements. It analyzes the chapters, the
characters, the settings, the tone, the point of view,
the theme, and all other literary elements and
devices such as imagery.
➢ Character - It is a person, animal, being, creature or
anything personified in a story.
➢ Setting - It is not only the place and time a story takes
place but also includes the atmosphere.
➢ Tone - It is the overall emotion conveyed by both the
choices of words, theme, sensory images, symbolism
and the narrator of the story such as suspenseful,
affectionate, happy or sad.
➢ Point of View - It answers the question “Who is
telling the story?”
▪ First person - either of the two pronouns “I” or “We”.
▪ Second person - The story is told to “You”.
▪ Third person - It uses pronouns “They”, “She”, “He”,
“It” or a name; the narrator may be omniscient.
➢Theme - It is the author’s message to the readers.
➢Imagery - It consists of descriptive language to create
images in the mind of the readers through their senses.

II. Reader-Response Approach – gives
importance to the readers’ role in interpreting and
constructing meaning of the work, rather than
author, content, and form of the work.
– This requires the personal significance of the
selection to the reader. Hence, the works are
subject to differences in meaning from person to
person.
ANALYSIS
a. How, why, what – Include how you felt
about the text and why it made you feel that way.
b. Specific examples – Write a few examples
from the text to support your opinion.
III. Feminist Approach - Focuses on female
representation in literature, paying attention to
female points of view, concerns, and values.
3 underlying assumptions in this approach:
- Western Society is pervasively patriarchal,
male-centered and controlled and is
organized in such a way as to subordinate
women;
- the concept of gender is socially
constructed, not biologically determined;
- patriarchal ideology pervades those
writings considered great works of
literature.
V. Moralist Approach - focuses only on the moral
or intellectual perspective of a work.
– Analyzes the lesson or message of the text that
can help readers lead better lives and improve their
understanding of the world.
ANALYSIS
a. Issue. The underlying or overarching issue
concerning human experience.
b. Content/ Values/ Lesson. The meaning of the
work and how true and significant the message is.
VI. Historical Approach - Focuses on the
historical or cultural conditions when the piece was
being written. This helps us see how the author’s
world and experiences influenced their writings –
the characters, themes, and ideas by considering
the time period and society in which it was created.
ANALYSIS
a. Time – How does it reflect the time it was
written in?
b. Attitude and Beliefs – How does the story
reflect attitudes and beliefs of the time it
was written or set
c. Historical Events – What historical events
or movements influenced the writer?

To observe in the literature:

a. Men Vs. Women

b. Women in Power
c. The Female Experience

ANALYSIS
a. Women Portrayal
b. Opportunities of women compared with men
c. Masculinity and femininity in the story

IV. Marxist Approach - Focuses on the struggle

between capitalists or bourgeoisie and working
class or proletariat.

ANALYSIS
a. Class Stratification – ranking of individuals in
the text
b. Dominant Ideologies – how power, money, and
politics play in the text and influence the characters
and society in the text