NARRATION COMPOSITION • If the story is told in the first person we read of the
protagonist's thoughts and sensory experiences.
In composition, narration is important for storytelling
and communication. It captivates audiences through
recounting events in different ways. This report explores
how narration works and its ability to transport
audiences into new experiences.
William Faulkner: Narration should be a reflection of
the story's theme and tone rather than simply relaying
events chronologically. Faulkner believed that narration
should be a way to explore the human condition and
the complexities of human experience.
Virginia Woolf: Narration should focus on capturing
subjective experiences rather than just presenting
objective facts. Woolf argued that narration should be a
way to explore the inner lives of characters and the
ways in which they perceive the world around them.
FORMS OF NARRATION
• First-person- when the story's narrator is involved in
the narrative and presenting their point of view
narrator would use the pronouns 'I' or 'we' and is telling
the reader their accounts of events
• Second-person- a rarely used type of narration the
reader is directly addressed by the narrator the reader
in the events of the story would refer to the reader as
'you' a form of narration that is not used often in
literature.
• Third-person -narrator is outside of the events in a
story would use the pronouns, 'he', 'she' and 'they'
there are two types of third-person narration;
omniscient and limited.
Types of Third Person
• Third-Person Omniscient
- the narrator knows every characters' thoughts,
feelings and actions. Omniscient means 'all
knowing'. Third-person omniscient gives writers
the opportunity to explore relationships
between multiple characters.
• Third-person limited -the narration is still outside of
the story, but the thoughts and actions of the all
characters are not known. The thoughts of secondary
characters are withheld from the audience.
TYPES OF NARRATION
VIEWPOINT NARRATIVE
• presents the often subjective point of view of one or
more of the characters
• If told in the third person the narrator could present
the reader with the thoughts and feelings of multiple
characters, often switching points of view throughout
the story.
• Using a viewpoint narrative allows the opportunity to
present an unreliable narrator.
QUEST NARRATIVE
• a story's plot is driven by the desire to reach a
common goal
• These narratives often span long distances and their
protagonists go through many obstacles to achieve their
aims.
LINEAR NARRATIVE
• the story is told in chronological order.
• events in the story are presented in the order they
occurred.
• can be told in any form of narration, first, second or
third
• way gives the impression of the story unfolding before
the reader's eyes.
NON-LINEAR NARRATIVE
• when the story's events are presented outside their
chronological order
• the timeline of the story is distorted, sometimes using
the techniques of flashback or flash-forward.
USES OF NARRATION
Fictional Storytelling:
Narration is used in literature, movies, and other
forms of entertainment to create engaging stories and
immerse the audience in a fictional world.
Personal Storytelling:
Narration is used to share personal experiences,
anecdotes, or memories. It allows individuals to express
themselves and connect with others by sharing their
own stories.
Historical accounts
Narration is used to document and describe historical
events, providing a chronological and factual account of
what happened in the past.
Educational purposes
Narration is often utilized in educational settings to
explain complex concepts or theories. It helps students
understand and retain information by presenting it in a
narrative form.
Presentations and speeches
Narration is utilized in business presentations,
speeches, or public speaking engagements to engage
the audience and effectively communicate ideas or
information. For example, when a speaker presents a
project or gives a motivational speech, they often use
narration to make their point clear.
WHERE THE NARRATION IS USED?
Narration is used in various forms of storytelling and
communication. Here are some common areas where
narration is used:
1. Literature
2. Film and Television
3. Documentaries
4. Audio Books
These are just a few examples of where narration is
commonly used. Its purpose is to engage the audience,
convey information, and create a compelling narrative
experience.
ARGUMENTATION
COMPOSITION
Argumentation is a key aspect of technical writing that
involves presenting and defending a position or
viewpoint on a specific topic.
1. ARGUMENTATION
- Synonymos to “thesis”
- Aside from exposition, one mode of rhetoric or
discourse that you can very much apply to
academic writing is argumentation, which the
Webster dictionary defines as a "mental process
of constructing a chain of reasoning." This
reasoning or expressing of views, opinions,
positions, or stance about something to support
any argument is the primary concern of
academic writing. However, academic writing is
not just presenting your views on something,
but also supporting these views of yours with
sound and sufficient proofs to persuade or
convince the listeners or readers of the
truthfulness of your argument.
Aristotle (384-323 B.C.) defined rhetoric as the "art
of finding the best available means of persuasion in
any situation." (Smith 2007).
These persuasive tactics according to him are the
following:
a. Pathos - appeals to the emotions and value
system of the audience.
b. Ethos - appeals based on the educational,
moral, and experiential background of the
writer; and
2. ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY
ORGANIZATION
ELEMENTS OF ARGUMENTATION
• Claim - is a clear and concise statement that the
writer intends to prove or support. In technical
writing, the claim serves as the main argument
or central idea of the composition.
• Evidence - includes relevant facts, data,
research findings, or examples that support the
claim.- Strong evidence helps strengthen the
argument and provides credibility to the writer's
standpoint.
• Reasoning - refers to the logical and rational
arguments presented to establish a connection
between the claim and evidence.- It helps the
writer convince the reader of the validity and
soundness of the argument.
• Counterarguments - involve addressing
potential opposing viewpoints and providing a
rebuttal to strengthen the overall argument. By
considering opposing perspectives, the writer
demonstrates a comprehensive understanding
of the topic and strengthens their
argumentation
• Rebuttal - argues against an existing argument;
seeks to poke holes in or dismantle another
argument; can offer a counterargument to the
original,but doesn't have to.
• Counterclaim - is the opposite argument which
the author addresses in order provide a
rebuttal. The reasoning is the logic used to
prove a claim. The evidence is the facts, data,
and quoted experts used to provide support for
the reasoning
 GUIDELINES FOR WRITING ARGUMENTATION:
• Choose a Topic - Select a topic related to the
field of technical writing that is debatable and
has sufficient evidence available to support
different viewpoints.
• Conduct Research - Conduct thorough research
on the chosen topic to gather relevant
information and evidence. Consider various
perspectives to develop a comprehensive
understanding of the subject matter.
• Develop a Claim - Craft a clear and concise
claim that presents your argument. The claim
should be specific, debatable, and manageable
within the scope of your composition.
• Organize Your Composition - Structure your
argumentative composition with an
introduction, body paragraphs, and a
conclusion. Each paragraph should focus on
presenting evidence, addressing
counterarguments, or reinforcing the main
claim. Use transitional phrases to ensure a
smooth flow between paragraphs.
• Support with Evidence - Utilize credible sources
and evidence to support your argument.
Include examples, statistics, research findings,
or expert opinions to enhance the
persuasiveness and credibility of your
composition.
• Address Counterarguments - Anticipate
potential counterarguments and address them
using logical reasoning and evidence. By doing
so, you strengthen your own argument and
demonstrate your ability to consider opposing
viewpoints.
• Conclude Effectively - Summarize the main
points of your argument and restate your claim
in the conclusion. Leave a lasting impression
on the reader by emphasizing the significance
of your argument and its implications
• Conclusion - argumentation plays a vital role in
technical writing by effectively conveying
information, persuading readers, and justifying
conclusions.
TYPES OF ARGUMENTATION
A. Position argument - This type of argument
makes you present an assertion or a claim about
an issue, a point, or a question, which will lead
you to a discussion or dispute that will elicit
conflicting views. Here, you have to define or
explain exactly the nature of the issue, adopt a
solid stand, and argue convincingly for your
views and against your opponent's opinions.
BASIC POINTS IN WRITIING ARGUMENTATION:
1. Choose a debatable issue - a position
argument that states. Without a debate, there is
no argument.
2. Present a clear, definite viewpoint. Readers
do not want to guess your position. Although
you present both sides of a position, readers
must be clear about which side your support.
3.Support your viewpoint with reasoning and
evidence.
4. Identify counterclaims (dissenting opinions).
When you address differing or contradictory
opinions, show empathy, the ability to
understand and share the feelings of others, for
those with dissenting views.
B. Proposal argument - you give your opponent
remedies to solve his problem. Presenting a
course of action for a problematic situation, this
type of argument tells you how to change things
for improvement purposes.
To achieve the objective of proposal argument,
you have to give an accurate explanation of the
problem, convince the other party to consider
the proposed solution, and make sure that your
proposal is practicable, achievable, or workable.
C. Causal Argument - a causal argument is one
that focuses specifically on how something has
caused, or has led to, some particular problem.
A causal argument answers a how or why
question: How did things get to be the way they
are? Why did something happen?
A causal argument is an important argument
type, as people are often looking for reasons as
to why things have happened but may not be
sure or have all the I necessary information. In
your causal argument, you get the chance to
make these things clear.
D. Evaluation Argument - an evaluation
argument is an argument that is used to
evaluate whether a particular element is "good"
or "bad." For this argument to work, those
participating in the argument must first come to
an agreement as to the criteria of "good" and
"bad". Evaluation arguments make a claim
about the quality of something.
E. Narrative Argument – a narrative argument is
an argument in which an individual states their
case by telling a story that illustrates a point
directly related to the argument. Unlike other
arguments which rely solely on figures and
facts, narrative arguments allow individuals to
use a narrative to express their stance on a
particular issue.
A narrative essay is one that uses a story, usually
presented in chronological order, to make some
kind of point. When you are writing a narrative
argument, that point is persuasive or
argumentative
F. Rogerian Argument - is an argument used to
determine the best possible solution to a
particular issue based on the interests and
needs of all parties involved. This type of
argument is used to help those with opposing
viewpoints reach a common ground by allowing
them to look at a situation from a different
perspective. In a Rogerian argument, both
parties acknowledge the opposition and build
trust by identifying each others' merit.
FALACIES OF ARGUMENTATION
a. Bandwagon appeals - this is an argument
which tells that you must do an act, because all
or almost all people around you have been
doing such act.
Example: Since most of your friends are
using Botox for a younger-looking appearance,
you, too, want to use Botox.
b. Begging the question - when you resort to
repeating your assertion or claim as your
evidence or proof, you commit this fallacious
reasoning. This is a circular way of presenting
your argument.
Example: The children's several-hour
TV viewing is detrimental to their health for
they become glued to the device in a long
period of time. ( long period of time is the
repetition of several hours.)
c. Either...or - if you use this type of wrongful
reasoning, you must disregard other
alternatives or options, because this statement
gives you only two options to choose from.
Example: Either you pay your five-
month arrears today or you subject your
account to 25% monthly interest charges.
d. False analogies - this happens when you
stress the similarities of two cases.
Example: Chemotherapy treatment
worked successfully on the German-cancer
patient; hence, Mr. Hurtz, a German athlete, has
to go through the chemotherapy cure, too.
e. Hasty generalization - in this case, you apply
your assertion or claim to a wider scale, despite
insufficiency of your evidence.
Example: An academic supervisor
discovered grammar errors in five English
textbooks being used by students in one private
school in Manila. He then goes to the
Department of Education Chairman to request
him to subject into internal evaluation all
English textbooks being.
f. Name calling - to prove your point, you resort
to using names casting negative idea or
meaning to your opponent's identity.
Example: You are not only a tax evader,
but also asocial climber. With your reasoning,
you are Dennis the Menace in our society.
g. Slander - in this case, you go to the extent of
using highly emotional and negative expressions
against the person or reputation of your
opponent.
Example: You are an idiot, an imbecile, a
stupid and a dull-minded person.
h. Non-sequitur - this fallacy of argumentation
combines two unrelated ideas; that is, the latter
idea has no connection with any idea formerly
mentioned in the sentence. Non-sequitur is a
Latin term which means, it does not follow.""
Example: Many Filipinos are beauty
conscious; hence, the government has to
encourage all industrial companies to shift to
beauty-products manufacturing.