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Exposition is story information delivered to the reader. Such information is usually about
a setting (description, history, social life) or a character (description, skills, education).
PLOT
It is the arrangement of events and actions in a short story to convey a theme.
Types of Plot
Flash back- starts from the current situation and goes back to a certain time in the past
In Medias res- a repetition of many flash backs.
Linear- the events in the story are arranged chronologically.
Exposition is the introduction and explanation of the setting and who the actors are.
Rising Action is the unfolding of interrelated events in a story.
A conflict may variously be a physical, moral, psychological, intellectual, or spiritual
contest between antagonistic forces.
Types of Conflict
External Conflicts
Man vs. man- a battle between two individuals
Man vs. society- a battle between a person and a group of people
Man vs. environment- a battle between a person and natural calamities
Man vs. God- a battle between a person and supernatural being
Internal Conflict
Man vs. himself- a battle between a person and his thoughts, feelings, and
personal decisions
Climax is where the problem or conflict is at its peak of interest.
Falling Action is the result of the events that happened in the climax.
Resolution shows how a conflict or a problem is solved leading to its downward
movement or end.
THEME
Theme is the underlying central message that a writer would like to get
across. Enriquez (2008) explained that it is the main idea of a literary work, a philosophy
or observation of life or principle of truth which the author wishes to convey to the readers.
a. Third person point of view, limited. This is the most common point of view in
commercial fiction. The narrator is outside of the story and relating the
experiences of a character.
b. Third person point of view, omniscient. The narrator is not a part of the story
but has full access to the thoughts and experiences of all characters in the
story.
VARIOUS TECHNIQUES IN VARIOUS MODES OF FICTION
Telling your own fictional stories and engaging with the fictional stories of others are
important and pervasive parts of human culture. Yet, people do not only tell and engage
with fictional stories. They also reflect on the content of stories and on the way these are
told, (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2019).
This is the most basic storytelling mode. It involves relating a series of events.
Techniques in Narration:
A. Order of Events
2. Description
Techniques in Description:
MELC: Identify the various elements, techniques, and literary devices in various modes
of fiction, HUMSS_CW/MPIg-i-11
Directions and Instructions:
Hello, learner! You are about to check you learning/s on the different topics under Literary
Elements, Literary Techniques and Literary Devices in Various Modes of Fiction in a five
stage exploration (1-Load, 2-Engage, 3-Advance, 4-Refine, 5-Nurture). Just follow the
instruction given at every task.
LEARNING CONTRACT
AGREEMENT: By signing the contract, you are hereby accepting the responsibility to
finish the activity package and submit it to your teacher (____________________) on
(____________________).
LOAD
Directions: Activity 1: Starring the Characters.
Remember that literary characters drive the action and conflict; they create a
reason for a story to exist. In the story, “Gentlemen in the Jungle” by Jomo Kenyatta, let
us try to identify the type of characters and describe how these characters starred and
performed in the story by completing the Jungle Character Board. In identifying what is
the type of the given character, refer to the box of terms provided before the story. See
story after References
CHARACTER CHARACTER
How does this character interact How does this character interact
with the main character? with the main character?
CHARACTER CHARACTER
How does this character interact How does this character interact
with the main character? with the main character?
CHARACTER CHARACTER
How does this character interact How does this character interact
with the main character? with the main character?
Exposition
Rising Action
Climax
Falling Action
Resolution
B: On Point of View
Use the graphic organizer below determine the point of view employed in the story
‘The Gentlemen of the Jungle’ by Jomo Kenyatta. Be able to identify specific excepts
or statements in the story that are indicative of this point of view.
Activity 4.
Directions: Determine whether the statements that follow are TRUE or FALSE.
____1. A fictional piece can only use a single mode in telling the story.
____2. Exposition makes use of sensory details.
____3. Chronological order suggests events that are arranged from
beginning to end.
____4. Narration is the kind of mode that is used to inform.
____5. A flashback is a transition in a story to an earlier time that interrupts
the normal chronological order of events.
NURTURE
Directions: Activity 5. Identify at least one mode of fiction of the story ‘The
Gentlemen of the Jungle’ by Jomo Kenyatta. Then, determine one technique
used to skillfully and effectively tell the story under the particular mode you
identified. Also, be able to cite a specific part of the story Kenyatta that
manifests the use of this technique.
Mode Technique Specific part of the story
that made use of the
technique
_________________________________________________________________
References
Bulger, Allison (2017). Point of View. Retrieved from
https://www.litcharts.com/literary-devices-and-terms/point-of-view on June
20,2020
Enriquez, Delia C. (2008). Philippine Literature: A Regional Approach. National Book
Store Publishing: Mandaluyong City. p 428 & p 441.
International Association of Professional Writers and Editors (2017). The Five
Narrative Modes Fiction Writers Use to Craft Their Stories. Retrieved from
https://iapwe.org/the-fivenarrative-modes-fiction-writers-use-to-craft-their-
stories/ on June 20,2020
Kurtz, Jenifer et al (2020). Let’s Get Writing. Retrieved from
https://vwcceng111.pressbooks.com/chapter/chapter-5-rhetorical-modes/ on
June 20,2020
Photo Credits
https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/running-boy-carry-box-vector-16102417
https://www.clipart.email/clipart/girl-and-boy-talking-clipart-50006.html
21558661
https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/cartoon-illustration-of-a-young-girl-having-a-bright-idea-
gm166082833-20935590
https://www.vectorstock.com/royalty-free-vector/cartoon-girl-reading-a-book-vector-
21527373
Answer Key
Exercise 1: Starring the Characters
Exercise 4
1. False
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. True
Exercise 5
Prepared by:
Writers
STRUCTURE- It can be varied in length and elements. You can add paragraphs and
ensure that it is readable.
STYLE- Informal style. Be wary of using text and street language. It needs to be
creatively done and comprehensible.
CONTENT-Try to give insights and interesting information. Write about things which
will allow you to delve deeper and allows you to creatively scribble a composition.
MAKING IT INTERESTING- Making your writing humorous, witty or simply unique-
you can have the modern iteration of journal writing which is blogging. Make
observations or analyze something where you can reveal unusual or unique ideas.
Include important dates and intelligent ideas.
CHARACTERIZATION- Feel free to create your own character. Journal or blogs do
not have to be written as you. Put a little thought into it and not try to include old cliché
.Do not be offensive either.
Learning Competency: Write journal entries and other short compositions exploring
key elements of fiction
(HUMSS_CW/MPIg-i-13)
AGREEMENT: By signing the contract, you are hereby accepting the responsibility to
finish the activity package and submit to your teacher (---------------------------) on
(-------------------------------------------------------)___________________
Since you are just getting started with your first batch of writing your journal
entries, ready yourself for a THOUGHT DOWNLOAD!
Directions: Fill in the Positive self-talk journal with your own thoughts. This will guide
you to the succeeding activities.
Wow! You have done it excellently! Good job guys! Hurry up and have fun doing the
next activity.
Make an hour by hour account of your perfect day, from the time you wake up in the
morning until the time you go to bed in order to record one whole day. Include a specific activity
or event that will do each hour of the day. This does not have to be realistic. You can ride the
roller coaster at Enchanted Kingdom at 9:00 AM , see the parachute display at 10:00 AM and
visit a Safari Zoo at 11:00 AM, on this perfect day, even though that would not be possible in
the real-world. Put your “Perfect Day” in your journal.
ADVANCE
Activity 3: If I could go anywhere…
From the previous exercise, pick out one particular place you like to explore.
PRACTICE HYGIENE PROTOCOLS AT ALL TIMES 29
Describe things you would do and see in your dream destination. Tell about what you
might eat, where you might stay and the activities you would do. In the box, draw a
headshot of yourself wearing sunglasses. Draw your destination in the reflection on your
sunglasses.
REFINE
Exercise 4: Yesterday, today and tomorrow.
NURTURE
https://caitlinkellegher.weebly.com/uploads/4/6/8/0/46806901/2488882_orig.png
Make It a Habit
Keeping a daily journal could change your life in the least expected way. Try
using this cell phone application and you will have a daily dose of fun, reflection and a
story of life worth sharing.
Reflection:
Complete this statement:
What I have learned in this activity
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________.
Types of Journal Entries retrieved from https://penzu.com/journal-entries retrieved on June 13, 2020.
Answer Key
Exercise 1:
SAMPLE ANSWERS:
ROW 2:
ROW 3:
Something that went wrong today was my bad intention and I would like to slap my face.
I don’t want to be corrected sometimes and I learned from this mistake.
A good quality that I am learning is the attitude of forgiving.
The way I was kind today was my way of reaching out to others.
Something I love about myself is my humility and optimistic view.
Exercise 2: Exercise 4:
(Answers may vary) Answers may vary
Exercise 3: Exercise 5:
Answers may vary Answers may vary
JOSELYN L. VILORIA
ANNA LIZETTE ABINAN
Writers