English Reviewer

Language of Research Theory

-an explanation that offers to
Language classify, organize, explain, predict,
-serve as a way of communication and understand the occurrence of
that enables us to: a specific phenomenon.

1. Inform -a statement that attempts to

2. Entertain make sense of reality.
3. Influence
4. Persuade Theory to Research
-deductive
-a system of conventional spoken
manual Research to Theory
Research -inductive

-is a careful and detailed study Dependent Variables

into a specific problem, concern -are factors over which the
or issue using the scientific researchers have no contract
method -requires the actor to cause
It entails: change

 Collection of Data Independent Variables

 Documentation of Critical
Information
 Analysis
Language of Research
-variable that can cause damages
to dependent variables
-are factors that researchers can
control

-uses formal. Academic and Hypothesis

persuasive language to -is the foundation of a research
communicate discussions and to project
provide corresponding findings of -a specific statement describing the relationship
variable studies. between dependent and independent variables

TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
Research Hypothesis
-a statement of expected
relationship between dependent
and independent variables
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Null Hypothesis
-a statement indicating that no
relationship between dependent
and independent variables.
Rival Hypothesis
-a statement offering an
alternative prediction for the
research findings
Sample
-is a group chosen from within a
target population to provide
information sought
Population
-is the complete group or class
from which information is to be
gathered
Random
-all members of a given population
have the same chances of being
selected
Stratified
-a sample that has been chosen
from a population that has been
divided into subgroups called
strata.
-the sample is composed equally
of members representing each
stratum
Cluster
-the sample comprises randomly
selected groups rather than
individuals.
Purposive
-individuals are chosen to provide
information based on the
researcher’s that they will provide
the necessary information.
Snowball
-this sample begins with an
individual or individuals who
provide names of other people for
the sample.
Language of Persuasion
-is the use of appeals to reasons,
values, beliefs, and emotions to
convince a listener or reader to
think or act in a particular way.
Campaign
-is a planned set of activities
that people carry out over a
period to achieve something
A Systematic Course of
Aggressive Activities:
1. A falls campaign.
2. A political campaign
Advocacy
-an activity by an individual or
group that aims to influence
decisions within political,
economic and social institutions.
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Types of Persuasive
Techniques
Repetition
-repeating words of phrases so
that they stick in your audience’s
mind.
Opinion
-a personal viewpoint often
presented as if fact
Hyperbole
-exaggerated language used for
effect.
Personal Pronoun
-the use of ‘I’, ‘you’ and ‘we’
Imperative Command
-Instructional Language
Groups of Three
-three points to support an
argument.
Emotive Language
-vocabulary to make the
audience/reader feel a particular
emotion.
Facts and Statistics
-factual data used in a persuasive
way.
Rhetorical Question
-a question which implies its own
answer.
Analytical Exposition Texts
-it is a kind of text that presents
one side of an issue in a form of
arguments
Purpose: is to persuade the
readers by presenting one side of
an argument.
Generic Structure:
1. Statement of Position/ Thesis:
Introducing the topic and indication the
writer’s position
2. Arguments: Explaining the arguments
to support the writer's position
3. Reiteration: Restating the writer's
position
Language Features:
1. Word Chains: chains of synonyms and
antonyms and word families of general
noun
2. Conjunctions: create cohesion and
express cause and effect
3. Abstract Nouns: e.g. happiness,
bravery, fear
4. Connectives: showing reasons (for
actions or choices)
5. Emotive Words/Language: (evoke
strong emotional reactions) e.g. The
overuse of our resources will tragically
destroy our land.
6. Evaluative Language: (degree of
approval, compare ideas) e.g. important,
best, most, truth, largest, more popular,
etc.
7. Reported Speech is used when
referring to what most people have said
on the issue to indicate support of others
from the issue.
8. Simple Present Tense: generally, text
is written in the present tense but may
change to past tense for recounted
events or historical evidence.
9. Moderate or High Degree of
Modality or Certainty is found in
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the words depending on whether the
writer wants to be authorized and
definite or open to discussion.
10. Nominalization: is used when nouns
are made from verbs or adjectives
11. Passive Voice: the beginning of
clauses is changed from active to passive
voice.
12. Thinking/Mental Verbs: e.g. know,
believe. Fell, think, realize, agreed.
13. Modal Verbs: express the writer’s
attitude to the topic.
Hortatory Exposition Texts
-It is a kind of text type that
presents arguments or reasons to
support the opinion
-to explain the listeners or
readers that something should or
should not happen or be done
Generic Structure:
1. Statement of Position/ Thesis:
Statement or announcement of issue
concern
2. Arguments: addressing the concern
that will lead to recommendation
3. Recommendation: statement of
what should or should not happen or be
done based on the given arguments
Language Features:
 Focusing on the writer
 Using action verb
 Using modal adverb; certainly,
surely, etc.
 Using temporal connective; firstly,
secondly, however, therefore, etc.
 Using passive voice
 Using simple present tense
 The use of modals and adverbs
 The use of emotive words
 The use of words that qualify
statements.
 The use of subjective opinions using
pronouns I and we
Expository Techniques:
1. Explain or expound his ideas into words.
2. Analyze and present thoughts.
3. Classify things.
4. Provide meanings.
5. Identify similarities and differences.
6. Present cause and effects.
7. Problem and solution
8. Cause and effect
9. Compare and contrast.
10. Compare and contrast.
11. Definition or descriptive, and process
writing
Opinion or Assertion
Opinion
-is an interpretation, view or
judgement about a particular
thing that is based on a belief or
feeling
-expression of preference
-does not require any support.
Assertion
-a statement that many people
are assuming to be true but
cannot be proven.
-usually a simple statement.
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Reasoning -Who is the audience?
-is the ‘because’ part of an -What is the medium of delivery?
argument. -What is the effect?

Evidence 8 Public Speaking Techniques

-supports the reasoning.
Claims of Fact, Policy, and Value
-arguable statement that defines
your goal of the essay
1. Feel the Fear and do it Anyway.
2. Only speak about what you
know.
3. Convince yourself, not the
audience.

Characteristics of a Good Claim 4. Use stories, not stats.

5. Keep your message simple.
A. A good claim should be 6. Use authority to convey your
argumentative and message.
debatable. 7. Create a power ritual before
B. A claim should be reading on stage.
specific and focused. 8. Srive to improve.
C. A claim should be
interesting and 3 Important Factors of Public
engaging. Speaking
D. A claim should be
1. Ethos – credibility
logical.
2. Logos – logical
Types of Claim arrangement of words or
sentences
1. Claim of Fact is a statement
3. Pathos – ability to create
of something that has existed
(past), exists (present), or will connection between
exist (future) speaker and the
2. Claim of Value is based on audience.
preference such as
likes/dislikes.
3. Claim of Policy is a
statement that indicates that
an action must be taken in
specific policies.

Public Speaking
-In public speaking, the information is
purposeful and meant to inform,
influence or entertain a group of
listeners.

Five Elements of Public Speaking

-Who is the source of message?

-What is the source of message?