Clause

is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate (verb). A clause can function as a
sentence by itself or as a part of a sentence.
Main Clause
has a subject and a predicate and expresses a complete thought. It is the only type of clause
that can stand alone as a sentence. It is also called an Independent Clause.
Example
The curtain rose.
The cast bowed, and the audience applauded.
Subordinate Clause
also called Dependent Clause, has a subject and a predicate but does not express a complete
thought, so it cannot stand alone as a sentence.
Example
When the dog barked, the baby cried.

Types of Subordinate Clause

Adjective Clause
is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun.
Example
Magazines that inform and entertain are my favorites.
Several writers whom I admire contribute to the magazines.
The store where I buy magazines sponsors readings by contributors.
Adverb Clause
is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb. It tells when, where,
how, why, to what extent, or under what conditions.
Example
Before I took the test, I studied for hours.
I studied longer than I had ever studied before.
I was happy because I passed the test.
Noun Clause
is a subordinate clause that is used as a noun within the main clause of a sentence.
Example
Whoever wins the election will speak.
The reporter will do whatever is required to get an interview.
The senator will give whoever asks an interview.
A news story should begin with whatever gets the reader’s attention.
That is why she included specific data in the article.

Language of Research, Campaign, and Advocacy

What is Research?
• Research is a systematic investigation and a study of materials and sources to establish facts
and reach new conclusion.
• This is widely recognized as an important tool for solving man’s various problems and in
making life more useful and convenient. The modern gadgets that we use today, the
medicines that give us relief, the tools and equipment that make our tasks easier are all
products of researches conducted by professionals from various disciplines.
•
Research contains the following parts:
a. Chapter 1: Research Problem and Its Background
• It begins with a general statement of the problem then focuses on a specific problem or
issue, frames the said problem within the existing literature, points out deficiencies in the
literature and targets the study for evidence and proof.
b. Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
• It reports critical review of the relevant literature and identifies the gap within the literature
that your research will attempt to address.
c. Chapter 3: Research Methodology
• It discusses understanding of data and the ways to systematically collect information and
data.
d. Chapter 4: Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation
• It contains the main topic on finding answers through data collection. It also discusses
methods of arranging, summarizing, and presenting sets of data using tabular textual and
graphical methods.
e. Chapter 5: Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations
• It presents ways of reporting and sharing findings of a research study. It deals with ways of
drawing logical conclusion from research findings and gives recommendations.

In writing a research report…

You can use the following text types:
• Informative
• Descriptive
• Persuasive
• Narrative
Different Literary Text Types
a. Descriptive – is a text that creates a picture of a person, place, thing or event. It also tells what
something looks, sounds, smells, tastes, or feels like.
b. Narrative – is a text that tells a series of events in chronological order.
c. Expository – is a text that provides explanation of a specific topic; gives facts, reasons,
explanations or examples with supporting details and conclusions about the topic.
d. Persuasive – is a text that aims to present a point of view and seek to convince a reader.
e. Argumentative – is a text that attempts to present and explain the issue or case, gives reasons,
and supports these reasons to prove its point and refutes or proves wrong the opposing argument.

What is a Literal language?

• Literal language means exactly what it says. It does not use figures of speech. Instead, it uses
the actual meaning of words or phrases in their exact sense.
• Literal language is direct to the point. It is precise and often tells the reader exactly the
point.
• Thus, the reader or listener does not have to extract meaning. Moreover, literal language is
often used in the fields of science, logic, objectivity and research. It is a kind of expression
that could be trusted to describe ideas precisely and clearly.
Language of Research
Recognizing appropriate language used in Research

• Remember, in writing a research report, the language to be used should be literal – it is

direct, denotative or exact meaning of a word. Thus, the words effects and affirm are
appropriate in this context.
What is an Advocacy?
· Advocacy is an active promotion of a cause or principle.
· Advocacy involves actions that lead to a selected goal.
· Advocacy is one of many possible strategies, or ways to approach a problem.
· Advocacy can be used as part of a community initiative, nested in with other components.
· Advocacy is not direct service.
· Advocacy does not necessarily involve confrontation or conflict.
· Advocacy is a text form that uses different text types such as persuasive, informative, descriptive,
narrative, and argumentative.
Language of Advocacy

Recognizing appropriate language used in Advocacy

Advocacy #1
Let’s Educate everyone to practice Proper Waste Management
Advocacy #2
Proper Waste Management is best done with multitude hands and minds.

What is a Campaign?
It refers to a set of organized activities designed to influence policies and practices to achieve lasting
change. Campaign always goes beyond just influencing policies and practices and always seeks to
engage the public in acting and creating broader movement for change.
Language of Campaign

Recognizing appropriate language used in Campaign

Literal:
“Observe Proper Waste Disposal.”
Figurative:
“Put your heart in keeping your surroundings clean.”

Organization of Paragraphs
 Basic Organization :
 The Topic Sentence
 States the main idea of the paragraph
 A good topic sentence has two parts : the topic and the controlling idea.
 Examples:
 Driving on freeways (Topic) requires skill and alertness.
(controlling idea)
 Cats are also called felines. (not a Topic Sentence because it is fact
and notion about the cat)
 The body sentences (supporting sentences)
 Develops the topic sentence by giving reasons, examples, facts, statistics, and
quotations.
 Two parts :
 Major supporting sentences – tells about the topic sentence
 Minor supporting sentences – tells about the major supporting sentences.
 Example :
 We need to have several skills that can help us to focus on freeways.
(major)
 One of the skills is wheel-controlled. (minor)
 The concluding sentence
 Is generally a restatement of the topic sentence.
 It may not be possible to restate the topic itself, but it is always to restate the
controlling idea.
 Signals the end of the paragraph and leaves the reader with important points to
remember.
Unity & Coherence
 Unity
  discusses one and only one main idea from beginning to end of the same
paragraph.
 Coherence
 Shows the connection between the sentences in the paragraph.
 Paragraph is easy to read and understand.
 Cohesion
 The methods of connecting sentences by several devices such as :
 Linking words – however, therefore, but, then, etc.
 Personal pronouns – he, she, it, they, etc.
 Definite articles – the
 Demonstrative pronouns – this, that, these, and those
 Synonyms
 4 ways to achieve coherence
 Repeat key nouns
 Use consistent pronouns
 Use transition signals to link ideas
 Arrange your ideas in logical order.