Good day, I am Princess Rochelle D.

Morente from Grade 8 – Our Lady of Hope and today, we will talk
about one of my favorite topics which is Conditional Statements.

First of all, what are conditional statements? Well actually, a conditional statement is a part of
mathematical reasoning which is a critical skill that enables students to analyze a given hypothesis
without any reference to a particular context or meaning. Another term for this is If-then Statement. It is
used to identify the hypothesis and conclusion of a statement and to transform statements into its
equivalent if-then statement. Validating statements is one of the most important points of learning
Geometry.

In an “if-then” statement is composed of two clauses: the if-clause and the then-clause. Each clause can
be denoted by a letter, p for the if-clause and q for the then-clause. Conditional statements are formed
by joining two clauses/statements p and q using the words if and then. The statement is written in the
form, “If p then q.” The p statement is called the hypothesis and the q statement is called the
conclusion. This reasoning of if-clause to the then-clause is called an implication.

Here are some examples, and let’s identify the hypothesis and conclusion in the following statements.
1. If you want to focus on studying, then you need a quiet room.
2. If you eat nutritious foods, then you will have a healthy body.

In number one, the hypothesis is “If you want to focus on studying” and the conclusion is “then you
need a quiet room”. In number two, the hypothesis is “If you eat nutritious foods” and the conclusion
is “then you will have a healthy body”.

But there are some conditional statements not written in the form of if-then form but you can rewrite
them using the if-then form.

Here is another example, let’s rewrite the statement into an if-then statement then identify the
hypothesis and conclusion.
 Filipinos are God-fearing people.
The if-then form is “If you are Filipino, then you are God-fearing people.” The hypothesis in this
statement is “If you are Filipino” while its conclusion is “then you are God-fearing people”.

Now that we learned transforming conditional statement to if-then form and you can easily identify the
hypothesis and the conclusion, how do we know if an implication is true or false? The conditional
statement or if-then statement can be expressed in an implication p → q where this implication is
always true except in the case that p is true but q is false. Using the truth table, we can show the
implications.

Here are examples, let’s see if the following conditional statements are true or false.
1. If you live in Pasay, then you live in NCR.
2. If e is a vowel, then heptagon has 6 sides.
3. If 1 = 0, then it will rain tomorrow.

In number one, it is true. Both the hypothesis and conclusion are true. Therefore, the conditional
statement is true. In number two, it is false. The hypothesis is true but the conclusion is false. In
number three, it is true. The hypothesis is false. Thus, the conditional statement is true whether the
conclusion is either true or false.

There are types of conditional statements. The conditional statement p → q is related three more
statements namely the converse, inverse, and contrapositive. In symbols,

Let p → q be a conditional statement.

a. the converse statement is q → p
b. the inverse statement is ~p → ~q
c. the contrapositive statement is ~q → ~p

The converse statement is formed when you flip the conditional statement around. The hypothesis will
become the q-section and the conclusion will become the p-section. The inverse statement is formed
when you make the conditional statement negative. You will write the opposite of the hypothesis and
conclusion. Usually, we put the word not to make the concept negative if its conditional statement is
positive or you may use the antonyms of the word. On the other hand, the contrapositive statement is
formed when you make the converse statement negative.

Here’s an example, we must get the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the following
statements.
 If a number is even, then it is divisible by 2.
CONVERSE: If a number is divisible by 2, then the number is even.
INVERSE: If a number is not even, then it is not divisible by 2.
CONTRAPOSITIVE: If a number is not divisible by 2, then the number is not even.
Now that we learned determining the converse, inverse and contrapositive of a conditional statement,
how do we know if the converse, inverse and contrapositive is showing equivalent to each other? If we
are going to analyze the truth value of the four statements namely, conditional, converse, inverse, and
the contrapositive, we can observe that conditional statement and contrapositive have the same truth
value. Meaning to say, if the conditional is true therefore the contrapositive is also true. Thus, we can
say that the conditional statement and contrapositive is equivalent.

Here is our last example. Let’s determine the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the statement
“If an animal can fly, then it is an eagle.” Let’s analyze the truth value of the four statements.
CONDITIONAL: “If an animal can fly, then it is an eagle.”
This is false because an animal (such as parrots or maya) can fly but is not an eagle. Thus, it is possible
that the hypothesis is true and the conclusion is false.
CONVERSE: “If an animal is an eagle, then it can fly.”
The converse statement is true since all eagles can fly.
INVERSE: “If an animal can’t fly, then it is not an eagle.” The inverse statement is true since an animal
can’t fly therefore it can’t be an eagle.
CONTRAPOSITIVE: “If an animal is not an eagle, then it can’t fly.” The contrapositive is false. There are
other animals that are not eagles (such as a parrot or maya) that can fly.

The example above describes the equivalences of the converse and inverse statement. The converse
and inverse statement of the conditional is equivalent.
The concept can be summarized as follows.
a. The conditional statement 𝑝 → 𝑞 is equivalent to its contrapositive ~𝑞 → ~𝑝.
b. The converse statement 𝑞 → 𝑝 is equivalent to its inverse ~𝑝 → ~𝑞.
c. The conditional statement 𝑝 → 𝑞 is not equivalent to its converse 𝑞 → 𝑝 or its inverse ~𝑝 → ~𝑞.

Note that the contrapositive of the converse statement is the same with the inverse of the conditional
statement.

And that is all for this video. I hope you were able to gain knowledge about this topic. Once again, this is
Princess Rochelle D. Morente from Grade 8 – Our Lady of Hope, thank you for watching and happy
learning!