DEFINING MENIFESTOS-ARGUMENTATION
TYPES OF INFORMATION
MANIFESTO
A manifesto is a document that publicly
expresses the issuer's position or program.
A manifesto can be used to develop a set of
ideas, thoughts, or points of view, but it can
also be used to spell out a plan of action.
Although it can cover any subject, it usually
focuses on art, literature, or politics.
Manifestos are typically produced in the
name of a group with a shared vision,
ideology, or goal, rather than a single
individual.
Manifestos, in this sense, combine a
sometimes-severe societal critique with an
initial and inspiring declaration of change.
Manifestos may claim to speak for the
majority, but they are frequently written
by a nonconformist minority and are
associated with the concept of an avant-
garde that suggests or even leads the
course to the future.
ARGUMENTATION
The process of advancing, supporting,
modifying, and criticizing claims so that
appropriate decision makers may grant or
deny adherence. (Reike and Sellers, as
cited by Jenkinson)
Argumentation is described as the
communicative activity of developing and
sharing reasons to support claims or
defend/challenge positions, particularly
when there is question or disagreement
(Lewiski & Mohammed 2016; as cited by
Dutilh Novaes, 2021).
A complex symbolic structure in which some
elements, known as premises, provide
support for another component, the conclusion.
WHEN ARGUING, ONE MUST OBSERVE
THE FOLLOWING POINTS:
• Necessity – the demands related to the
issue
• Practicality – the capital needed to
produce/conduct/prove the
argument
• Beneficiality – the range/scope affected
by the instances
presented in the argument
PARTS OF AN ARGUMENT
1. Assertion (Claim) - An assertion is an
explicit statement made as part of an
argument or as if it is to be accepted as a
statement of fact. To assert is to make a
strong statement.
2. Evidence -is defined as facts,
documentation, or testimony used to
support a claim, an argument, or a
conclusion.
3. Explanation- A rationale in which the
reason gives a cause of some fact
represented by the conclusion is referred to
as an explanation. Its objective is to assist
us in comprehending how or why that fact
occurs.
TYPES OF ARGUMENTS
1. Inductive Arguments - are those in
which observations about past events and
patterns lead to inferences about future
events and general principles.
2. Deductive Arguments - Valid deductive
arguments are those in which the truth of
the premises entails the truth of the
conclusion: if the premises are true, the
conclusion must be true.
3. Abductive Arguments- is one in which a
conclusion is derived from the observation
of a few pertinent facts as to what could
possible explain the occurrence of these
events (see entry on abduction). Abduction
is commonly believed to be pervasive in
science and everyday life, as well as in
other specific fields like as law, medical
diagnosis, and explainable artificial
intelligence (Josephson &
Josephson 1994).
In an argumentative essay, your goal is to
persuade the reader to agree with you on a
contentious issue. You must (1) state your
position, (2) provide grounds for your
stance, and (3) argue against the other
viewpoint. Overall, you must persuade
the audience that your point of view is
correct. To persuade the audience, your
essay must be balanced—it must
incorporate both your point of view and the
opposing point of view, or counterargument.
TYPES OF INFORMATION
The argumentative essay requires well-
researched, accurate, detailed, and current
information to support the thesis statement
and consider other points of view. Some
factual, logical, statistical, or anecdotal
evidence should support the thesis.
Subjective information is information that
comes from one person's point of view,
such as opinions. Objective information
is information that comes from multiple
perspectives and provides all sides of an
argument, such as scientific or medical
journal articles and publications.
1. Conceptual Information- Ideas,
theories, concepts, hypotheses, and other
forms of conceptual information are all
sources of conceptual information. An
abstract idea in conceptual knowledge is not
always anchored in a scientific foundation,
but rather is the underlying production of
beliefs, thoughts, philosophies, and
preferences. Through comparison and
reflection, you can build or communicate
conceptual ideas, resulting in ideologies that
cannot bedemonstrated or observed.
2. Procedural Information- also known as
imperative knowledge, is a means of
knowing how to do something that is used
when executing a task. It is referred
regarded as muscle memory since it is
difficult to describe and is profoundly stored
in your mind.
3.Policy information- focuses on decision-
making as well as policy design, creation,
and selection. It consists of laws, standards,
regulations, rules, and oversight for a
company, group of people, or location.
Policy information can be obtained by
images, diagrams, descriptions, and other
visual, aural, or written messages.
4.Stimulatory information- is information
that causes a person or group of people
to respond or stimulate. Stimulation
promotes the cause of action, and you can
obtain stimulatory information in a variety of
ways, including in-person observation,
word-of- mouth contact, and media such
as the news. A person monitoring the body
language and nonverbal communication of
someone strolling nearby is one example. If
the stimulus is pleasant, they may say hello
and begin a discussion; if the stimulation is
negative, they may walk away, run away, or
increase the space between them.
5. Empirical information is knowledge
obtained through human senses,
observation, experimentation, and
hypothesis testing by documenting patterns
or behavior. It nearly always has a scientific
base and verifies a claim's veracity or falsity
using qualitative and quantitative elements.
6.Directive Information Giving guidance to
a person or group of individuals to attain a
specific goal and outcome is what directive
and descriptive information is all about. To
attain the intended objective, you can
employ directive information with or without
dictating the means. Directive information is
frequently given verbally or in writing and
might apply to leadership at work, in the
military or government, and in everyday
situations such as legal, life, and safety
issues.
TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO   ENTERTAIMENT SPEECH
PURPOSE
TYPES OF SPEECH
 INFORMATIVESPEECH
 PERSUASIVE SPEECH
 ENTERTAIMENT SPEECH
most essential learning
competencies
 Employing the various
communicative strategies
EXPOSITORY/INFORMATIVE SPEECH
One common purpose for delivering a speech
is to explain information. In such
communicative situations, delivering a speech
primarily to explain or to show a
process, concept, or a set of facts.
EX: Delivering an academic report,Giving new
report , Introducing a guest speaker.
Tips for delivering an expository
speech
Maintain a cool, dignified aura throughout the
speech. In expository speech, the main
purpose of speaking is not to entertain, but to
explain. Stay calm and composed so that your
audience can understand the information you
are presenting.
At well-chosen points, however, you may
insert some humor, just to break the
monotony of seriousness. Go for jokes or
expressions that will make your audience
smile. This should not be done too much, or
else the credibility of the speech will suffer.
Stress words properly. Give emphasis to
important words or phrases by increasing your
volume or raising your intonation slightly. This
will help your audience note the key points of
the exposition.
Besides delivering information, the speech's
focus shifts slightly away from the speech's
content-which is still essential- and towards
the delivery. If you are called upon to
deliver this kind of speech, you will be
performing an entertaining speech.
EX. Poetry recital, Reader's Theater, Dramatic
monologue ,Declamation
TIPS FOR DELIVERING ENTERTAINING
SPEECH
 Be loose and flexible in your
performance. Feel the emotions
and characters of your piece, and focus
your effort on portraying these with
justice.
 your volume and intonation appropriate
ly There will be parts in your piece
where you can speak louder or softer,
or even use a higher or lower tone. The
diversity of delivery is entertaining.
 Use nonverbal communication
effectively. Let your body parts aid
your vocal delivery. You can move your
head, shoulders, arms, hands, hips, legs,
and feet appropriately.
PERSUASIVE SPEECH- To deliver a
persuasive speech effectively, we must
achieve excellent content and strong
delivery. Although we can still tap into
the emotions of our audience, our focus
is to appeal to the that our proposal is
sensible. We need them to believe in
what we believe.
EX. ORATION, DEBATE, CAMPAIGN
SPEECH
TIPS FOR PERSUASIVE SPEECH
The structure of your speech is crucial. If you
can present your case clearly, your audience will
understand you well. State your claim, provide
your reasoning, evidence, and examples; and
restate your claim.