something, since it is true knowing that we are able to
METHOD OF determine what is true.
PHILOSOPHIZING Doubt has a very important purpose in philosophy
as it drives our desire to discover the truth. In
Philosophy method (or philosophical methodology) philosophy, systematic doubt is employed to help
is the study of how to do philosophy. A common determine the truth.
view among philosophers is that philosophy is
distinguished by the ways that philosophers follow
in addressing philosophical questions. There is not
just one method that philosophers use to answer
philosophical questions. Philosophy is concerned
with determining the concept of truth. Truth lies at
the heart of any inquiry.
Truth in metaphysics and the philosophy of language is
the property of sentences, assertions, beliefs thoughts
or proposition that are said, in ordinary discourse, to
agree with the facts or to state what the case is. it is the
most often used to mean being in accord with fact or
reality or fidelity to an original or standard. truth is also
sometimes defined in modern context as an idea of
“truth to self” or authenticity.
Proposition is a statement about the world or reality or
may not carry truth.
Knowledge is the clear awareness and understanding
of something. It is the product of questions that allow for
clear answers provided by facts.
Facts are propositions or statements which are
observed to be real or truthful.
Claim is a statement that is not evidently or
immediately known to be true.  This means that any
claim can be proven by verification and
experimentation.
Therefore, truthful statements can be considered as
based on facts.
There are several views regarding truth. philosophers
emphasized the importance of belief as a basis for
determining truth. but as a philosopher, we do not
assume that every statement is true. remember the
famous French philosopher, Rene Descartes traced the
need to philosophize to doubt.
 In philosophy, systematic doubt is employed to help
determine the truth. This means that every statement,
claim, evidence, and experience is scrutinized and
analyzed.
Philosophers always engaged with the concept of truth.
philosophy consider truth as a kind of quality or value.
knowledge is the clear awareness and understanding of
A belief is true if it can be justified or proven
through the use of one's senses. Another basis
for determining truth is belief or statement is true
if it is based on facts. 
Getting consensus or having people agree on a
common belief is another way of determining
what is true. although this approach has certain
limitations. getting everyone to agree on
something may not take that belief true.
Philosophers also believe the claims and beliefs
should also be subjected to tests to determine
truth. In determining truth requires also that a
person can prove a statement through an action.
Distinguish opinion from
truth
Fact is something concrete that can be proven.
You can find facts in legal records, scientific,
findings, in encyclopedias, atlases. etc. in other
words, facts are the truth and are accepted as
such.
Opinion is less concrete. it is a view  formed in
the mind of a person about a particular issues. in
other words, it is what someone believes or
thinks. and is not necessarily the truth. 
Fact is something you can prove to be either true
or false and you cannot change a fact.
Opinion is how a person or think feels about
something, you can change an opinion.
Opinions are statements that go beyond
providing facts.
a conclusion is a judgment based on certain facts.
Beliefs are statements that expresses conviction
that are not easily and Clearly explained by facts.
 explanations are statements that assume the
claim to be true and provide a reason why the
statement is true.
 Arguments are series of statements that provide
reasons to convince the reader or listener that a
claim or opinion is truthful.
Fallacies are arguments based on faulty reasoning.
Bias is disproportionate weight in favor of or against an
idea or thing, usually in a way that is closed-minded,
prejudicial, or unfair.
The facts that form the bases of a conclusion may not
be disputed but the conclusion itself could still be
contested or questioned. To judge the truthfulness of
belief, we must also consider things such a person's
experiences and views.
Facts are statements that are observed to be real or
truthful. Claims are statements that require further
examination to determine their truthfulness. Some
arguments may contain fallacies. We must be aware of
the various kinds of fallacies as these affect the validity
of arguments. Opinions are often influenced by bias.
We must be aware of bias so that we can objectively
and critically examine points of view.
Opinion is something intermediary between knowledge
and ignorance. While Public opinion is the intermediate
faculty which seizes the things that float between the
two extremes (Plato)
Opinion, founded in the probable, perhaps also the
name of knowledge (Leibniz)
Opinion is a belief that is conscious of being Insufficient
both subjectively and objectively (Kant)
An opinion gives for truth something that has been said,
although sometimes they are absurd words, which
mean nothing. Impossible to understand (Hobbes)
Public opinion is the convergence of the opinions of the
greatest number of people in a community, so that they
form a common and dominant feeling, exerting diffuse
pressure (Freund)
The following are the examples of fallacies
Ad hominem- attacking the person presenting the
argument instead of the argument itself .
Appeal to force- using the threat of force or a
undesirable event to advance an argument
Appeal to emotion- using emotions such as pity or
sympathy
Appeal to the popular- the idea is presented as
acceptable because a lot of people accept it
Appeal to tradition-the idea is acceptable because
has been true for a long time
Begging the question-assuming the thing or idea to
be proven is true; also known as circular argument
Cause -and-effect-assuming cause -and-effect
relationship between unrelated events
Fallacy of composition-assuming that what is true
of a part is true for the whole.
Fallacy of division-assuming that what is true for
the whole is true for its parts.
The following are the examples of biases.
Correspondence bias or attribution-tendency to
judge a person's personality by his or her actions,
effect without regard for the external factors or
influence.
Confirmation bias-tendency to look for and readily
accept information which fits one's own beliefs or
views and to reject ideas or views that go against it.
Framing-focusing on a certain aspect of a problem
while ignoring other aspects.
Hindsight - the tendency to see past events as
predictable or to ascribe a pattern to historical
events.
Conflict of interest-a person or group is connected
to or has a vested interest in the issue being
discussed
Cultural bias-analyzing an event or issue based on
one's cultural standards

Methods of philosophy lead to
wisdom and truth
The methods of philosophy will help to learn the
process of doing philosophy in a systematic way. On
the other hand, philosophizing is to think or express
oneself in a philosophical manner.
Although philosophy is an organized body of
knowledge, the subject matter of philosophy is
questions, which have three major characteristics
1. Philosophical questions have answers but the
answers remain in dispute.
2. Philosophical questions cannot be settled by science,
common sense, or faith
3. Philosophical questions are of perennial intellectual
interest to human beings.
For Maboloc and Pascua (2008) critical thinking is
a lifelong process of self assessment that further
consists of
Defining, analyzing and devising solutions.
Arriving at reasonable and informed conclusions
Applying understanding and knowledge to new and
different problems.
Willingness to say "I don't know.
The attributes of a critical thinker include
Looks for evidence to support assumption and
beliefs
Adjusts opinion
Looks for proof Examines the problem
Rejects irrelevant and innocent information

The methodology or method that philosophers use to

address philosophical question is critical thinking.

Critical Thinking is the careful, reflective, rational, and

systematic approach to questions of very general
interest.
Critical thinking means understanding if philosophy and
refraining from merely giving claims but through careful
thought one reasons through to argumentation.
The scientific method also leads to wisdom and truth
because it uses an evidence-based approach to come
up with its conclusion. In this method, all truths are
supported by facts that can easily be tested or proven
again through experiments, logical reasoning, or
observation
Evaluate truth from opinions
in different situations using
the methods of
philosophizing
A method of philosophizing is a process of determining
the truth or drawing conclusions from a statement using
various philosophical methods, such as: Socratic,
dialectic, scientific, and historical.
When you evaluate information, it is very important to
distinguish between fact and opinion. How do we know if
something is true?

Philosophers emphasize the importance of belief as a

basis for determining truth. It is said that there are
An understanding of opinions and facts and the mean
instances when we have to unleam something so that we
to distinguish one from the other can further improve
may learn anew. Philosophers questioned what they
our understanding and appreciation of varied views and
knew and even analyzed their methods of knowing in
ideas.
order to understand themselves and the world much
The ability to determine truth goes hand in hand with better.
the holistic perspective and enables us to make wiser
decisions, especially in choosing then ideas and views The discussion on truth is part of philosophical studies on
which we find acceptable. knowledge where philosophers explore the nature of
knowledge and the ways of knowing.
A crítical mind aided by philosophy can help us from
our own personal point of view that can guide us in
making decisions and actions when we faced with a
problem
Philosophy can help us determine ideas that are
truthful and acceptable, which we can use to form
our own views regarding certain matters
Both the Socratic and dialectic method are based on a
discussion between two or more people who may carry
differing views but wish to pursue the truth by seeking
an agreement with one another Meanwhile , the
scientific method is a process of determining ruth or
knowledge through experimentation , inductive and
deductive reasoning and hypothesis or theory testing.
The scientific method, also called empirical method, is a
process of determining truth or knowledge through
experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning,
and hypothesis or theory testing
Logic is the truth based on reasoning and critical
thinking. It includes analysis and construction of
arguments. It serves as path to freedom from half-
truths and deception
Deductive Reasoning
this type of reasoning, conchision comes first followed
by pointsand the last will be the supporting datafacts,
examples, and evidences General comes first before
the specific or particular idea.
Inductive Reasoning
In this type of reasoning, supporting data, facts,
examples and evidences come first followed by the
main points and conclusion will be the last part. This is
the vice versa of the deductive reasoning because
particular idea comes first before the general idea.