communication

for Various Purposes

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 topic and be able to successfully discuss
and make you understand the
Objectives ff:

a.
Informative
b. c.
Communication Public Speaking Interview
Persuasive Type of Speeches Inquiry Letter
Communication Response to Query
Argumentative Incident Reports
Communication
Introduction

Commun
ication is
made for
numerou
s
purposes
.
 Examples
A news anchor presents
In a mall or
information with care,
supermarket, a sales A lawyer, on the other
ensuring that all relevant
agent ensures that the hand, creates arguments
news and facts are
style a product is supported by evidence in
delivered correctly to
advertised, it is order to persuade the
minimize audience
appealing to judge.
misunderstanding and
purchasers.
confusion.

 Informative
Communication
Informative communication is more about
giving than it is about requesting.
Ignorance is minimized, if not eradicated,
through sharing information.
Osborn (2009) purports that informative communication
arises out of three deep impulses:
1. We seek to expand our awareness of the world around
us.
2. We seek to become more competent.
3. We have an abiding curiosity about how things work and
how they are made.
When preparing for an informative exchange,
ask yourself following questions:
1. Is my topic noteworthy to be considered informative?
2. What do my recipients already know about my topic?
3. What more do they have to know?
4. Am I knowledgeable enough of my topic to help my receivers understand it?

Tips in Informative Communication

1. Stick to the facts.
2. Avoid repetition.
3. Make it clear.
Most often used in:
1. Reports
2. Lectures
3. Training seminars
4. Demonstrations
Primary methods of informing
Informing through definition entails defining concepts clearly and
concisely using synonyms and antonyms, use or function, example, or
etymology.

Informing through description entails creating detailed verbal pictures for

your audience.

Informing through demonstration entails sharing verbal directions about

how to do something while also physically demonstrating the steps.

Informing through explanation entails sharing how something works, how

something came to be, or why something happened.
 Why Informative communication is an
Important Purpose in communication?

The purpose of The basic objective

Informative
informative of informative
speaking is an speaking is to assist
communication is to
important part of the audience to
increase the
academic, understand and
receiver's knowledge
professional, remember the
as well as
personal, and civic understanding of a information you
contexts. topic. provide.
persuasive communication
·Persuasive Communication is basically communication that is aimed at creating,
reinforcing, or changing people’s beliefs or actions. Persuasive communication can
be targeted at 1. Cognitive
2. Attitude
3. Behavior
·Persuasive communication benefits us in every part of our lives i.e., in our
relationships and career aspirations.
·Persuasive communication benefits us in every part of our lives i.e., in our
relationships and career aspirations.
The more you know about persuasion the more likely you are to get what
you need in life.
POINTS
TO NOTE:
When you speak to persuade your aim is
to get listeners to agree with you.
The goal for persuasive communication may
be to defend an idea, refute an opponent,
sell a product, inspire people to action or to
secure employment.
Persuasive communicators do not only
speak clearly and concisely, but they also
need skills that enable them to affect their
listeners’ attitudes, beliefs, or actions
strategies
• State your Argument

Pathos
Appeal to the audience’s emotions or state of mind,
such as fear, anger, sadness, or excitement.
Logos
• Appeal to the audience’s sense
of sound reasoning

Ethos
• Appeal to your own character
 big names
Important person or
Experts

research
using reliable research kairos
or study Important issues, they must act now
Persuasion v.s Manipulation v.s Coercion

persuade manipulate coerce

·to prevail on (a person) ·to prevail on (a person) ·to compel by force,
to do something, as by to do something, as by intimidation, or
advising or urging; to advising or urging; to authority, especially
induce to believe by induce to believe by without regard for
appealing to reason or appealing to reason or individual desire or
understanding; convince. understanding; convince. volition.
 Persuasion v.s
Manipulation v.s Coercion
 importance

Persuasive communication can be impactful and with

practice, anybody can develop these abilities. Below are
some reasons why persuasive communication is
important:
·Charisma
·Art of positive
manipulation
·Being relatable
 Argumentative
Communication
Argument
An argument is not a fight or a debate.
An argument might even be creative, productive and
educational.
An argument can be explicit or implicit Explicit - direct
argument wiith claims and supporting reasoning and
evidence. Implicit - visual image, cartoon, narrative, poem,
etc
·An argument is a search for truth and a desire to resolve
unnecessary messes. Difficulty arises in that there is
always tension between truth and persuasion. (Definition
from Bean & Ramage 2001.)
why Argue?

To clarify thinking as To solve problems or

individuals or groups make judgments.

Argument can help individuals Argument helps facilitate

and groups learn about issues. decision-making about what
actors should and should not do.
To explain or defend To have fun.
actions or beliefs
Argument is not always serious and
Argument seeks to shed light
deliberative; in fact, most
on those reasons and make
arguments that people have are
them explicit and open to
over relatively unimportant issues
scrutiny
argumentative ·This is considered to be argumentative
communication, the art of persuading based
Communication
·Relies heavily on sound proof and on reason, on facts and not emotions. It

reasoning. considers the following

·Modern approach to making -Debating: explaining reasons (thesis) why a

certain theory can (or cannot) be considered
decisions considers real
persuading
argumentations where rational
-Argumenting: persuading the audience to
communicators do the best they can
support the speaker’s thesis
to justify their standpoints in a certain
-Audience: it’s the core focus around which an
context
effective debate is conceived and formulated
Logos

For the ancient Greeks, logos meant more than

logic or reasoning alone: it meant “thought plus
action”: “thought” being the ideas themselves and
“action” being the way In which those ideas are
presented to the audience. Logos appeals to
patterns, conventions, and modes of reasoning
(Covino and Jolliffe 17). How the information is
presented, then, matters as much as what the
information is.
 ethos
Ethos, the ethical
• Use credible, reliable sources to build your argument,
appeal, is based on
cite the sources properly.
the character,
• Respect the reader by stating the opposing position
credibility, or
accurately.
reliability of the • Establish common ground with your audience.
writer.
• disclose personal motivation for making the
argument
•Organize your argument in a logical, easy to follow
manner.
• Proofread: careless mistakes cast doubt on the
reliability of the author.
• Pathos, or the emotional appeal, focuses on
the audiences’ needs and emotional sensibilities;
it appeals to the amygdala brain. Argument
emphasizes reason, but reason relies on
emotion.
• Only use an emotional appeal if it truly
supports the claim you are making, not as a
way to distract from the real issues of debate.
An argument should never use emotion to
misrepresent the topic or frighten people. Many
fallacies work on false pathos appeals.
the following 1 2
must be avoided:
1 Defective evidence
-Misuse of facts
-Inappropriate evidence
-Defective Testimony
-Statistical Fallacies
Defective Patterns of Reasoning
A. Evidential Fallacies
Slippery slope
Confusing facts with opinion
Red herring
Myth of the Mean
B. Flawed Proofs
C. Defective Argu,ments
Arguments
Arguments are an inevitable part of your daily
life and cannot be done away with. People are
bound to have different perspectives on
matters and hence can lead to arguments. But
there are ways to resolve arguments.

Debates
In debate, argumentation is the foundation
of every speech. In order to be successful
at debate, developing the skills to make a
persuasive, organized argument is key.
Why Argumentative communication is an
Important Purpose in communication?

-To change -To persuade

people’s points of people to a
view or persuade particular action
them to accept or new
new points of view behavior
Difference
Persuasive - this thing focuses
1 on your own perspective and
convince other people to
believe.
Informative - Is giving your
2 own facts or other facts from
other researchers.
3 Argumentative - you do not
agree with another person’s
opinion.
importance
The importance of knowing this three
are in informative you will know the
facts and knowledge of other
researchers, while in the persuasive you
will know how a topic will convince you
to believe or change your beliefs and in
argumentative you will know the pro’s
and con’s of the topic that can help you
to change your decision.
Public Speaking
 Speeches have different
functions. These include being
Public speaking involves talking persuasive, informative,
in front of a group of people, entertaining or celebratory.
usually with some preparation.
It can be in front of people that
you know or a crowd of
strangers. Unlike a presentation
there normally isn’t a lot of
opportunity for interaction
between the audience and the
speaker – the speaker speaks,
and the audience listens.
 types of public Speaking
1. To Inform - when the speaker is presenting
interesting facts or lessons to the audience, or explain
how to go about doing something.
2. To persuade, Motivate, or Take Action - This is when
the speaker will try influencing the audience in some
way.
3. To Entertain – This type of speaking is often found at
events like banquets, weddings, or dinners.
 importance of
public speaking
Public Speaking is important because it
allows us to express our feelings and our
opinion on certain issues or something.
And it enables us to connect, have an
impact on choices, and inspire change.
 “Oral
communication
skills were the
number one skill
that college
graduates found
useful in the
business world.”
According to a study by sociologist,
Andrew Zekeri,
 how to become an
effective public speaker?
Study Great Relax Your Practice Voice
Public Speakers Body Language and Breath
Watching and learning The best public Control
from exceptional speakers maintain It will help calm your
speakers offers one of proper posture, make nerves and allow the
the best ways to eye contact with the audience to better
improve your own audience, and move in understand what you
public speaking skills. ways that look natural. say.
 how to become an
effective public speaker?
Prepare Know Your Add a Visual
Talking Points Audience Aid
prepare a series of talking A visual aid, such as a
points that contain the Think about what is PowerPoint
key messages you want important to them and presentation, can help
your audience to know, what they are most you make your key
feel, and understand by
likely to find useful. points while better
the time you have
engaging the
finished speaking.
audience.
 how to become an
effective public speaker?
Rehearse Record Your Phone a friend take a public
Speeches Bring a friend you trust speaking class
to watch you present. By taking public
Record your public speaking classes,
One of the best ways Let them know that
speaking performances students gain critical
to improve your you're looking for
on camera so you can skills that rapidly
public speaking skills is constructive feedback
go back and watch improve their ability to
simply to practice. and that they can be
yourself. speak and present to
completely honest with
you. audiences.
 What are the difference between Public
speaking and Public conversation?
Organizational Structure Timing
Speeches and public addresses Public speaking is often organized
are far more organized than into events and venues with a set
time and location.
everyday conversation.

Method of Delivery
You might “strike up a conversation”
without preparation, but you’ll be in
trouble if you decide to “strike up a
speech.”
Use of Formalized Language
Public speaking formalizes
language that much more.
type of speeches
•M em ori ze d
•Manuscript
tu •Ex tem po ra no eus
•Im promp
manuscript: Manuscript speaking is the word-for-
word iteration of a written message.
 Memorized
1 2
Reciting a The advantage to
written message memorization is that
from memory is it enables the speaker
to maintain eye
referred to as
contact with the
memorized audience throughout
speaking. the speech.
 a n eo us
p o r
extem
Extempo
raneous
the delive speaking
ry of a p is
prepared roperly
and rehe
speech in arsed
a conver
way whi sational
le using b
rief notes
.
Impromptu
Speaking on the spot or
without prior planning is
known as impromptu
speaking.
. An example of
impromptu speaking is
introducing yourself
when you first meet
someone.
interview
What is the main
purpose of interview?
To exchange information: Interview is a kind of communication. One of its
main purposes is to exchange information.

The interviewer’s objective is to find out the following: What you have to
offer (your skills, abilities, basic knowledge). Who you are (your
personality, character, interests).
 For example,
In job interview

Your objective is to promote yourself

as the most qualified candidate for the
post. You also want to find out more
about the organization of the
interviewer and the position to see if
both are a good fit for you and your
professional objectives.
five characteristics
of interviews 1 Goal-driven

2 Question-answer

3 Structured

4 Controlled

5 Unbalanced
 Interviews are generally more goal-driven
al-driven
than other types of communication, Go
especially those taking place between two
people. All communication achieves
something beyond the simple exchange of
symbols, but these achievements and
creations are not always purposeful and
intended. Interviews have a clear purpose, a
goal to be achieved.
 -answer
stion
Que
Another characteristic of interviews is the
question–answer nature of the transaction.
The majority of an interview consists of one
person (sometimes more than one) asking
questions and another person answering
those questions. Everyday communication
includes occasional questions and answers—
especially if people are getting to know one
another—but not to the extent of an
interview.
Structured
Interviews also tend to be more structured
than other types of communication.

interviews involve planning and preparation

and also tend to have a clear sequence.
Certain actions are expected during an
interview in order to reach the clearly
defined goal discussed previously.
Interviews are generally controlled by an
interviewer, who is responsible for moving
the interview toward its intended goal. The
amount of control exerted during an
interview depends on this goal, which is
achieved in part by the questions asked and
the communication environment established.

Controlled
A final characteristic of interviews is that the
time spent talking by an interviewee and an
interviewer is usually unbalanced. Typically,
an interviewer will speak for 30% of the time,
and an interviewee will speak for 70% of the
time.

Unbalanced
Why is clear communication
important in an interview?
It improves the quality of your resume. .
The interviewer can learn a lot about the interviewee’s
personality, attitude, and manners through their effective
communication abilities.
Having strong communication skills can advance your job.
Having effective communication skills can help you get an
interview and make it through the selection process.
On the other hand, ineffective communication techniques
result in confusion and dissatisfaction rather frequently.
 A B C D
Formally inform
that you will be
Being punctual is Always start
conducting or Dress to
key in making a with a strong
attending an impress.
good impression. handshake.
interview.

E F G E

Color your words Avoid Do not lose eye The magic word
with kindness. unnecessary contact during the is thank you
stories. interview.
inquiry letter
Letter of inquiry is one of the most important types of
business letters. When a buyer wishes to get some
information about the quantity, price, quality, and
availability of goods or about the terms of sale.
Quible and Others said, “Letter of inquiry is a type of
business message that asks the recipient for information
or assistance.”
In the opinion of R. V. Lesikar and Others, “Letters that
asks questions or information about anything is called
inquiry letter.”
According to Gartside, “An inquiry letter asks information
like catalogue, quotation, sample and cost of a product
form a seller in a concise and clear way.”
 When to
01
When you want to ask a
write an 02
In a business-to-business

inquiry
business for more information setting, a company's employees
concerning a product or can write inquiries to ask the
service or for other same types of questions about
information, you write an
inquiry letter.
letter? products and services.
how to write an inquiry letter?

Write clearly and precisely what you

want
Do not mention the price limit at which you want to buy a particular
product.
Suppliers usually state their terms of payment when they reply to
your inquiry.
Try to keep your inquiry clear and concise as far as possible.
 Inquiry Letter Sample: Reply to Inquiry Letter
Reliance Electric Company
Myako Departmental Store
579 Lake Center Drive
305 Youngman Road
Upper Marlboro, MD 20773
Ottawa, Ontario
Phone: (301) 321-5248
(301) 321-5845
E-mail: info@reliance.com
info@miyako.com
21 August, 2014
Myako Departmental Store
20 August, 2014 305 Youngman Road
Ottawa, Ontario
Reliance Electric Company Dear Mr. William
579 Lake Center Drive
Upper Marlboro, MD 20773
Thank you for your letter inquiring about electric hair dryers. I am happy to
Dear Sir/Madam
enclose a copy of our latest illustrated catalogue and price list.
You may have shown your interest in our latest electric hair dryer, the RX55
I have a large departmental store in Ottawa and I am interested in the model. This specially designed model is easier to use and gives more
electric hair dryers you have advertised in the Daily Mirror. comfort than earlier models. You will find detailed information of our terms
in the price list page of the catalogue.
Please send me a copy of your illustrated catalogue and price list. As I Your consideration to place a trial order to test the efficiency of the
need this product urgently, I would appreciate for an early reply. product would be highly appreciated. We assure you of our best services
and shall deliver the products within a fortnight of the receipt of your order.
Yours sincerely, If you have any question please contact me on 2356987.
William Smith
Purchase Manager Yours sincerely
Jennifer Gomez
Definition of query se
Resp on
*A query is a question or a request
to qu er y
for information expressed in a formal
manner. In computer science, a query
is essentially the same thing, the only
difference is the answer or retrieved
information comes from a database.
 how to Take time
respond to Start with a
Respond to the understand note of
inquiry as soon their appreciation
as possible inquiry
Give a
thorough Be concise,
response that don’t add
answers all unnecessary
their details
questions
 incident report
Incident Report
An incident report is considered as a tool used to
document any event that may or may not have
caused injuries or accidents to a person or damage
to a company asset. This tool is used to document
injuries and accident, close calls, affected property
and equipment, health and safety problems, security
breaches and misconducts in the worksite.
Step-by-Step
process to write
an incident report
1 COLLECT THE INFORMATION
2 ESTABLISH THE ORDER OF
EVENTS
3 ANALYZE THE ROOT CAUSE
4 FORMULATE COLLECTIVE
ACTION
GUIDLINES IN
WRITING INCIDENT
REPORTS
1 DESCRIBE WHAT HAPPENED
IN EVERY DETAIL
2 BE OBJECTIVE IN DESCRIBING
THE EVENTS
3 USE SIMPLE LANGUAGE
4 INCLUDE PHOTOS AND
VIDEOS, IF POSSIBLE
SUMMARIZATION
CLOSING DISCUSSION