COMMUNICATION

FOR VARIOUS
PURPOSES

GEC-PC: Purposive Communication

“Communication is a systematic process of
dissemination of information which will serve
its purpose for inquiry, information,
reservation, and entertainment.”

Martinez, 2002
 Communication Fundamentals

• According to Oliver Schinkte, communicaiton

is a critical part of our daily lives, and it is
something that we often overlook and fail to
practice.

• Although communication is an innate skill that

is subconsciously learned and used, this skill
needs to be enhanced in order to attain a
strong foundation of your communication
ability.
 What are the basic
communication principles?
1. Know your purpose
o Why are you speaking?
o A purpose is an exact statements of what you want your
audience to understand, to do, or to believe.
o You may want to entertain, inform, or persuade your
audience.

2. Know your audience

o To whom you will speak?
o As a communicator it is important that you need to
analyze, cater, and respect the needs of your audience.
3. Organize your ideas
o How will you put your ideas together?
o Create an outline to diagram how your
communication will be organized.
o Your outline should help you ensure that you
don’t omit any vital information

4. Follow Basic Communication Principles

o How will you be an effective communicator?
o Master the principles of clarity in presenting
your ideas, use familiar words in
communicating your thoughts, and be an
active participant in the entire
communication process.
 PURPOSES OF
COMMUNICATION

GEC-PC: Purposive Communication

“To effectively communicate, we must realize
that we are all different in the way we
perceive the world and use this
understanding as a guide to our
communication with others.”

Tony Robbins
• Various information and meaning are
conveyed when people communicate with
each other.

• People may use language, which is a system

of symbols in communicating.

• These symbols can either be written or

spoken.
Communication can be informative,
affective, imaginative, persuasive and
ritualistic:

Informative communication pertains to the

presentation of messages that are objective,
truthful, and unbiased.

Affective communication takes place when

people express their positive and negative
feelings about people, circumstances, or
events.
People who engage in imaginative
communication are those who express
their appreciation in fictional messages
from books, films, and conversation.

Persuasive communication on the other

hand takes place when people attempt to
influence the beliefs or actions of others.

Ritualistic Communication is done when

people are able to meet social
expectations.
 Why do people communicate?

1. To inform
To inform is to impart knowledge, to clarify
information, and to secure understanding.
2. To evoke
To evoke means to rely on passion and
controversy to make a point. Evocative communication
centers on controversial topics that typically use
emotion to make a point. Evocative communicators
must show a lot of enthusiasm and concern for the
topic and must use personal experience to draw the
audience. Using government research, statistics and
data can all help make their topics more believable
and more engaging
3. To Entertain
To entertain is to transmit a feeling of
pleasure and goodwill to the audience. The
communicator is considered gracious, genial,
good-natured, relaxed, and demonstrates to his or
her listeners the pleasant job of speaking to them
4. To Argue
To argue is to persuade, to assent to the
plausibility of the communicator’s side of a
debatable question. The speaker’s purpose is to
appeal to the intellect of his/her listeners so that
they will be convinced.
5. To persuade
To persuade is to move the
listeners to action. The communicator
should demolish the listener’s
objection, and prove the
acceptability of this or her argument
or position.
 KINDS OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO

PURPOSE

1. Informative Speech
According to Osborn and Osborn (1988) an
informative speech gives rather than asks or takes.
The demands on the audience are low, as the
listeners are asked to attend, to comprehend, to
understand, to assimilate, but not to change their
beliefs and behaviors.
2. Persuasive Speech
Gronbeck (1994) explains that persuasive
speaking is the process of producing oral messages that
increase personal commitment, modify beliefs,
attitudes, or values.
3. Argumentative Speech
This is a speech that aims to persuade
the audience to assent to the plausibility
of the speaker’s side of a debatable
question.
 KINDS OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO

DELIVERY

1. Read Speech
Reading from a manuscript is a manner of
speaking where a written speech is read and
delivered word for word.

2. Memorized Speech
This is a written speech which is mastered
and delivered entirely from memory. This kind of
speech requires a considerable memory skill in
order not to forget his or her presentation.
3. Impromptu Speech
This is a speech where the speaker
develops his or her ideas, thoughts, and
language at the moment of delivery.

4. Extemporaneous Speech
This is a speech where the topics of
ideas are prepared beforehand; however,
the speaker will compose his/her views and
language only at the moment of delivery.
RHETORICAL
SITUATION

• GEC-PC: Purposive Communication

“Take advantage of every opportunity to
practice your communication skills, so that
when important occasions arise, you will
have the gift, the style, the sharpness, the
clarity, and the emotions to affect other
people.”

Jim Rohn
According to Sprout, Driscoll and Brizee
(2012) there is no one singular rhetorical
situation that applies to all instances of
communication. Rather, all human efforts
to communicate occur within innumerable,
individual, rhetorical situations that are
particular to those specific moments of
communicaiton.
Communication is not only about using
explicit language like speaking and writing
words but also about using implicit
messages like tone or eye contact.

For an individual to become a successful

communicator, he or she needs to learn
how to explicitly and implicitly
communicate in various situations.
 What are the Five Rhetorical Situations?
(Miller and Webb, 1955)

1. Author
a. Consider your needs as an author:
-work habits
-style
-environment

b. Knowing your style and being able to

edit and adjust to a particular situation is
essential to effective communication.
 What are the Five Rhetorical Situations?
(Miller and Webb, 1955)

2. Audience
a. The level of formality and intimacy are determined
by the recipients of communication, your audience.
b. Different audiences:
-friend/classmates (personal, informal, jargon,
slang)
-professionals (professional tone, formal
language)
3. Purpose
a. Identify your purpose why you communicate, is it to:
• Inform, persuade, convince, entertain
 What are the Five Rhetorical Situations?
(Miller and Webb, 1955)

4. Topic
a. This is a specific area of a particular
subject that you choose to communicate.
b. This should be clearly revealed to your
audience.

5. Occasion
a. This is one of the circumstances
prompting a communication.
b. There would be formality, purpose, and
tone in an occasion.
 INFO CORNER
Rhetorical Situation
In the classical tradition, the art of public
speaking is called rhetoric; the circumstances
in which you give your speech or presentation
are the rhetorical situation.
By understanding the rhetorical situation,
you can gauge the best ways to reach your
listeners and get your points across. In so doing,
you’ll make the transition from your viewpoint
to that of your audience members.
 INFO CORNER
Rhetorical Situation
Remember that without an audience to
listen and respond to you, it’s really not much
of a speech. The audience gives you the
space and time as a speaker to fulfill your rile
and, hopefully, their expectations. Just as a
group makes a leader, an audience makes a
speaker. By looking to your audience, you shift
your attention from an internal focus (you) to
an external (them/others) emphasis. This
“other-orientation” is key to your success as an
effective speaker.