DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
- is a research method for
studying written or spoken
language in relation to its
social context. It aims to
understand how language is
used in real life situations.
- Everything that is written or
composed by the speaker is called
text, wherein text is everything
that is written or composed by the
speaker. Text has various types
such as paragraphs, and even
saying hello is classified as text.
As a whole, Discourse is the
complete system by which people
communicate, the widest
interpretation of what we call
‘language’. It includes both
written, verbal and non-verbal
communication.
• Growing and evolving field
- this can be manifested in various
research works not only in the
country but around the globe
• Linguistics and Sociology
- To provide a body of text for
various types of analysis.
• Communication
- the study of people talking with
each other. Discourse analysis
provides communication
researchers with a compelling
way to study how people
present themselves, manage
their relationships, assign
responsibil- ity and blame,
create organizations, enact
culture, persuade others, make
sense of social members'
ongoing interactional
practices, and so on.
• Interpretation
- Maiintindihan natin ang iba’t ibang
layers ng meaning na idinagdag ng
mga social or institutional influences,
like gender, conflicts, cultural
background, and racism, through
examining the context of language
used kaysa mga words lang.
ADVANTAGES
• nakakatulong sa mga academics
para maobserve ang isang
problem mula sa higher
viewpoint, na tumutulong sa atin
sa pagdiscover ng purpose
behind a certain text.
• As it focuses on social and
historical circumstances, ito ay
kapaki-pakinabang para sa
pagsusuri ng isang pasalita or
mga written texts.
• It helps to understand kung
paano gumagana ang language
and paano maaring magamit ang
discourse to promote yung mga
nakabubuo na pagbabago sa
society.
DISADVANTAGES:
• This analysis can be approached
in many ways kaya mahihirapan
ka which methodology to use na
pinakamaganda sa isang given
na situation
• It can be highly time-consuming,
it may take a lot of time since you
are still choosing which method
suits best for the situation
• May mga nag oppose na it does
not offer solutions to problems
based on scientific investigation
and pinutol putol na parts lang
siya para maintindihan yung
message nung text.
 TYPES OF DISCOURSE
• Formal linguistics (basically
looking at words/phrases,
grammar, or semantics)
• Empirical (social practice
constructed through text)
• Critical (language constructing
and limiting thought)
NARRATIVE ANALYSIS:
- narrative analysis is used by
researchers to learn how people
in studies form stories and
narratives based on their own
experiences. This means that
narrative analysis involves two
levels of meaning. First, the
people included in the study use
narrative to make sense of their
experiences. Following this, the
researcher analyzes how the
narrative was constructed.
Purposes:
- The purpose of a narrative
analysis is to determine the
various narratives that have been
told and used to symbolize the
topic under study in various
cultural contexts
Uses: Narrative analysis is a
method of qualitative research in
which the researcher focuses on a
particular topic and then
examines the results of case
studies, surveys, or observations
to conclude that topic. The
researchers document the
findings and then critically
analyze and assess their work.
Types of narrative:
• Topical story - a restricted story
with a plot, characters, and scene
that focuses on a single moment of
time but doesn't cover the entirety
of a person's existence
Example: a research participant’s
answer to a single interview
question
• Personal narrative - Extended
narrative interviews that provide
a detailed description of a person's
life are the basis for personal
narratives.
Example: a researcher
conducting an in-depth interview,
or a series of in-depth interviews
with an individual over an
extended period of time.
• Entire life story - built from a
variety of observations,
interviews, and documents about
a person's life
Example: a historian putting
together the biography of
someone’s life from past artifacts.
GROUNDED THEORY
According to Kathy Charmaz
-- a method consisting of flexible
methodological strategies
-- the products of this type of
inquiry.
According to Bernard
1. Produce transcripts of interviews.
2. Identify potential analytic
categories.
3. pull together all the data from those
categories and compare.
4. Consider how categories are linked
together.
5. Use the relations among categories
to build theoretical models.
6. Present the results of the analysis
using quotes from the interviews.
GROUNDED THEORY: COMMON
USE AND PURPOSE OF APPROACH
IN RESEARCH.
- Data collection and analysis occur
simultaneously.
- Categories and analytic codes
developed from data;theoretical
sensitivity.
- Theoretical sampling used to refine
categories.
- Abstract categories constructed
inductively.
- Social processes discovered in the
data.
- Analytical memos used between
coding and writing.
- Categories integrated into a
theoretical framework
CASE STUDY
- Case studies provide a diverse
understanding of a complex
issue in its real-world context.
It is a common research
method, especially in the social
sciences.
- In order to fully understand
the case, the case study
approach collects multiple
sources of evidence using
quantitative and, more often,
qualitative methods.
Purpose- is to find a real-life
application of a theoretical concept or
solution. Most of the time, problems
are or can be solved theoretically.
Ex:
Understanding epidemic data and statistics: A
case study of COVID‐19
The 2019 novel‐coronavirus (COVID‐19) has
affected 181 countries with approximately
1197405 confirmed cases (by 5th April).
Understanding the transmission dynamics of
the infection in each country which got affected
on a daily basis and evaluating the effectiveness
of control policies are critical for our further
actions.
ETHNOGRAPHY
- Based in anthropology
- Focus on understanding the culture
DEFINITION:
-Ethnography is a qualitative
method for collecting data often
used in the social and behavioral
sciences. Data are collected
through observations and
interviews, which are then used
to draw conclusions about how
societies and individuals
function.
- involves observing people in their
own environment to understand
their experiences, perspectives and
everyday practices
IMPORTANCE:
- The importance of ethnology is
further illustrated by the fact that
it enables us to compare cultures
and ideologies across a wide range
of individuals. We can learn about
different cultures and improve our
ability to relate to others by
comparing them to our own
 (without assuming that our culture
is superior to others').
- as texts provide good insight into
how
social anthropologists do fieldwork.
- it helps us to recognize features in
culture, and because it helps bring
our own culture into the mix,
making the strange.

INDUCTIVE THEMATIC
ANALYSIS

- The most common qualitative

data analysis method employed in
the social, behavioral, and health
sciences
- Primarily presenting the stories
and experiences voiced by study
participants as accurately and
comprehensively as possible.
- involves reading through textual
data, identifying and coding
emergent themes within the data.
- often used in qualitative inquiry,
and non-numerical computer
software, specifically designed for
qualitative research, is often
used to code and group data.

IMPORTANCE:

- An inductive approach involves

allowing the data to determine
your themes.
- This approach fits well with
qualitative research and critical
or interpretive paradigms