21 24.

22
RESEARCH DESIGN
23

24
RESEARCH DESIGN

● Discusses the general type of research and

the specific design/s of the study

● This section explains the general plan or

blueprint of addressing the research objectives
of the study
 RESEARCH DESIGN
1. The first paragraph describes the general type of
the research
a. Indicate whether the study is quantitative or
qualitative
b. Define the research type. Include proper
citations
c. Justify why this research type is best in
addressing your research problem
 RESEARCH DESIGN
2. The second paragraph describes the specific
research design.
a. Indicate the specific research design you are
using
i. Quantitative: Experimental, non-
experimental (further specify)
ii. Qualitative: Phenomenology, grounded
theory, ethnography, case study, historical, narrative
analysis, discourse analysis, qualitative descriptive,
qualitative exploratory, etc. Indicate the specific design.
RESEARCH DESIGN
b. Define the specific research design. Include proper
citation.
c. Justify why this research type is best in addressing
your research problem
 TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

- It is a quantitative research design that bases its research method on a
scientific activity called experiment, in which a test or examination of a
thing under a manipulated or controlled environment is done to
determine the validity or truthfulness of such thing.
This design involves two groups of subjects:
1. The experimental group on which the condition, treatment, or
intervention is applied
2. The control group that is not given any treatment or condition
 TWO TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

1. True Experimental Design

- A statistical approach to establish a cause-and-effect
relationship between different variables
- It is a bias-free selection that ensures objectivity of results
2. Quasi-experimental Design
- Studies that aim to evaluate interventions but that do not use
randomization
- A research with the capacity to yield findings that are
seemingly or more or less true
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

Pre-test vs Post-test
Pretest is an assessment measure given to participants
before they have undergone some type of treatment as
part of a research study. A posttest is an assessment
measure given to participants after they have received
treatment as part of a research.
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

- It is a quantitative research design that is capable of giving
qualitative and quantitative data, but more on qualitative data;
hence, this is often used in the field of social sciences
- The groups already exist and the experimenter cannot or
does not attempt to manipulate an independent variable
- It is a way of finding out truths about a subject by describing
the collected data such subject and determining their
relationships or connections with one another
 TYPES OF NON-EXPERIMENTAL

1. Descriptive – depicts an image or a picture of an individual

or a group

2. Comparative – states the differences or similarities between

or among people, things, objects, etc.

3. Correlative – shows the extent and direction of variable

relationships, that is, whether a negative or positive
relationship exists between or among them
TYPES OF NON-EXPERIMENTAL

4. Survey – describes the attitudes, preferences, views, feelings,

and other behavioral patterns of a big number of people for
arriving at a certain conclusion about social concerns and issues

5. Ex Post Facto – translates itself into these English words, “that

which is done afterwards”
- how actions that have already occurred can
predict certain causes
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS

GROUNDED NARRATIVE
ETHNOGRAPHY
THEORY INQUIRY

PHENOMENOLOGY CASE STUDY

 ETHNOGRAPHY

- The direct description of a group, culture, or

community
- It is often used in the social and behavioral sciences
- Data are collected through observations and
interviews, which are then used to draw conclusions
about how societies and individuals function
 WHEN TO USE AN ETHNOGRAPHIC APPROACH

● When you want to understand a culture-

sharing group
● When studying a group in natural setting
helps you understand a larger issue
● When you want a day-to-day picture
What distinguishes ethnography from a narrative study,
phenomenology, and grounded theory is its focus on
the shared/collective meanings, beliefs, and attitudes
that are constructed between a group of people in a
particular space (Creswell, 2013, p. 90).
What is a culture-sharing group?

Individuals who have shared patterns of

behaviors, beliefs, and language and who
interact on a regular basis and over a period of
time
Data Sources

People - their behaviors, communications,

beliefs, styles (consider norms and values that
prompt actions)
Places - settings, their locations, and designs
Things - objects or artifacts that have meaning
or significance, either by their acceptance or
rejection
 The research methods are as follows:
• Immerse themselves in the culture or subculture they study
and try to see the world from a cultural member’s point of
view. Data are collected during fieldwork through participant
observation and interviews with the key informants as well as
through documents
• They compare these with their own ethnic view and explore
the differences between the two
• Field notes are written throughout the fieldwork about events
and behavior in the setting
 The research methods are as follows:

• Ethnographers describe, analyze and interpret the culture

and the local, ethnic perspective of its members while making
their own ethnic interpretations

• The main evaluative criterion is the way in which the study

presents the culture as experienced by its members
Data Collection

There are two main methods of collecting data for ethnography:

1. Participant observation is crucial to effective fieldwork and
requires an immersion in the culture
2. Understanding what is seen in observation is enhanced by
interviewing, an equally important tool in ethnographic research

A third strategy is document review, which helps validate and

inform
Types of Observation

Privileged observer - researcher just observes

Participant observer - researcher functions as
frequent and familiar visitor to the group
Immersion research - researcher becomes
embedded into the cultural group being studied
 Data Analysis and Reporting

● Analyze the data that you collected from the

various sources and come to a deeper
understanding of the “culture-sharing group”
● Develop themes disclosed in the data (emic)
● Interpret their significance and meaning (etic)
● Report your study by creating a “cultural
portrait” of the group, how it operates
 GROUNDED THEORY (GT)

- Is an approach that generates and modifies a theory

- It is an approach to collecting and analyzing data
- Data usually are collected through non-standardized
interviews and participant observation but also by
access to other data sources
- The theory that is generated has exploratory power
and is grounded in the data
 When to use Grounded Theory?

1. When there is no existing theory that

explains a phenomenon
2. If there is an existing theory, but the
data is incomplete
 The research methods are as follows:

1. Data collection and analysis are cyclical

2. You start with raw data such as transcripts
and turn them into a theory, grounded in the
data
The data collection process is called
theoretical sampling.
Analysis:

Open Coding Collect more data Compare

Data Axial Coding Selective Coding Theory
Analysis:

Theoretical Sampling Collection Data

THEMATIC ANALYSIS VS NARRATIVE ANALYSIS

T h e m a t i c Narrative
Analysis Analysis

Break up transcripts Break up transcripts into

into quotes and narrative blocks and
compare them to compare them to
develop core develop core
themes narratives
 NARRATIVE INQUIRY

- It includes stories that reflect on people’s experience

and the meaning that this experience has for them
- It is a useful way of gaining access to feelings,
thoughts and experience in order to analyze them
- In narrative inquiry, the final story is constructed by
participant, researcher, and reader
Types of Narratives

Topical Story - one specific time

Personal Narrative - a series of long interviews about
someone’s life (individual)
Entire Life Story - collection of interviews, observations,
and documentations about someone’s life
 Dual Layer of Interpretation

● The research participants (storytellers) interpret

their own lives through narrative
● The researcher interprets the construction of that
narrative
Researchers should not take what the interviewee says
at a face value.

The point of narrative analysis is not to figure out fact

from fiction.

It’s about interpreting how the research participant

forms their own self narrative.
 Inductive Method of Narrative Analysis

1. Break up transcripts by narrative

2. Compare and contrast narratives
3. Develop core narratives

The inductive approach takes a bottom-up view,

allowing the data to speak for itself, without the
influence of any preconceived notions.
Deductive Method of Narrative Analysis

With the deductive approach to narrative analysis, you

begin by using existing theories that a narrative can be
tested against. Here, the analysis adopts particular
theoretical assumptions and/or provides hypotheses,
and then looks for evidence in a story that will either
verify or disprove them.
Beginning, Middle, and End Method

Beginning: Sean is a Red Sox fan who wants to see

game 6 of the World Series
Middle: He and his friends all get tickets, but Sean
skips the game when he meets a beautiful girl
End: Sean marries the girl, and has no regrets about
missing the game
 Story Circle

1. You - character is in a zone of comfort

2. Need - they want something
3. Go - they go looking for it
4. Search - they search for it
5. Find - they find it
6. Take/Pay - they pay a heavy price for it
7. Return - return to their familiar situation
8. Change - having changed
 Doing Narrative Analysis

1. Abstract: The core thesis of the story

2. Orientation: Time, place, and characters
3. Complicating action: Sequence of events, plot
4. Resolution: Outcome of the story
5. Coda: Story’s ending
6. Evaluation: How the storyteller comments on
meaning
 Methods of Narrative Inquiry:

• Interview
• Qualitative survey
• Recordings of oral history
 INTERPRETATIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

- A 20th century school of philosophy rooted in philosophy and psychology

which focuses on subjective experience of the individual and seeks to
understand the essence or structure of a phenomenon from the
perspective of those who have experienced it
- Writers developed different conceptual formulations, (very broadly)
descriptive (Husserl), interpretive (Heidegger) and ontological-existential
(Sartre) which have been adapted as methods of inquiry by researchers
- The approach should not be mechanical but insightful and illuminate the
phenomenon under study and capture its essence
DOING THEMATIC ANALYSIS

Familiarize yourself with

the data by reading it Do open coding by
several times. As you read identifying meaningful
write down everything that chunks in your data.
comes into your mind.

Merge the categories into Merge the open codes into

themes several categories.
 Methods:

1. Familiarization with the data

2. Identification of relevant statements
3. Formulation of meanings while bracketing perceptions
4. Clustering identified meanings to themes
5. Developing inclusive description of phenomena baes on
themes
6. Developing fundamental structure of phenomena by
condensing descriptions
7. Verification of structures by returning to participants
 CASE STUDY

- A bounded system, a single entity, a unit around

which there are boundaries
- An empirical enquiry that investigates a
contemporary phenomenon within its real-life
context, especially when the boundaries between
phenomenon and context are not clearly evident
25 25.
26 POPULATION AND
27 SAMPLING
28
POPULATION AND SAMPLING

For studies involving human participants, the

population and sampling section discusses the
complete details of who are qualified to
participate in the study and how they are
selected in the study.
 The first subsection (population) should answer the following:

• Who are the target participants?

• What are the inclusion, exclusion and withdrawal
criteria?
o Include the basics such as age and sex, and then
details specific to your study
o Justify the important criteria selected/deselected with
cite literature
• What is your sampling frame (if available)?
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

PROBABILITY SAMPLING
- Utilizes some form of random selection
- All the eligible individuals have a chance of selecting the
sample from the whole space
- The benefit of using probability sampling is that it guarantees
the sample that should be the representative of the
population
PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Simple Random Sampling
- Every item in the population has an equal and likely chance
of being selected in the sample
Systematic Sampling
- The items are selected from the target population by
selecting the random selection point and selecting the other
methods after a fixed sample interval
- It is calculated by dividing the total population size by the
desired population size
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Stratified Sampling
- The total population is divided into smaller groups to complete the
sampling process. The small group is formed based on a few
characteristics in the population. After separating the population into a
small group, the statisticians randomly select the sample

Clustered Sampling
- The cluster or group of people are formed from the population set. The
group has similar significantly characteristics. Also, they have an equal chance
of being a part of the sample. This method uses simple random sampling for
the cluster of population
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
- A technique in which the researcher selects the
sample based on subjective judgment rather than the
random selection
- Not all members of the population have a chance to
participate in the study
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Convenience Sampling
- The samples are selected from the population directly
because they are conveniently available for the researcher

Consecutive Sampling
- Similar to convenience with a slight variation. The researcher
picks a single person or a group of people for sampling.
Then the researcher researches for a period of time to
analyze the result and move to another group if needed
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Quota Sampling
- The researcher forms a sample that involves the individuals
to represent the population based on specific traits or
qualities. The researcher chooses the sample subsets that
bring the useful collection of data that generalizes the entire
population

Purposive or Judgmental Sampling

- The samples are selected only based on the researcher’s
knowledge
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Snowball Sampling
- Also known as a chain-referral sampling technique
- The samples have traits that difficult to find. So,
each identified member of a population is asked to
find the other sampling units. Those sampling units
also belong to the same targeted population
25 26.
26 RESEARCH
27 INSTRUMENT
28

- It discusses the tools used by the study in order to

orderly and accurately collect and store data.
- Introduce this part by discussing the number of
instruments used in the study