MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY REVIEWER
MANDY U
COMMUNICATION
Came from the Latin word "commūnicāre" meaning "to share"
or "to divide out".
is a process of sharing ideas among persons through various
channels to gain a common understanding.
The process involving people using phones is also known as
communication.
Humans communicate through verbal and nonverbal
communication
THE BASIC TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
VERBAL COMMUNICATION happens vocally or through
written words. There are 2 types: Oral communication and
Written communication
ORAL COMMUNICATION uses words or talking to
communicate.
WRITTEN COMMUNICATION is expressed through a written
word used in any medium.
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION is without the use of voice
and written languages.
PARTS OF THE COMMUNICATION MODEL
SOURCE or SENDER – one who sends the message and initiates
communication.
MESSAGE – the information or message
MEDIUM or CHANNEL – media is the plural of “medium”, or
ways to communicate info.
RECEIVER – The one who receives the message
EFFECT – Response of the receiver after getting the message.
FEEDBACK – An important product of the communication
process. Tells how effective the message.
NOISE or BARRIERS – These are the disruptions in the
communication process.
Literacy
A person's ability to define, recognize and construct variously
printed and written media.
The ability to read, write, speak and listen in a way that lets
us communicate effectively and make sense of the world.
media Literacy
Accessibility, review, and assessment of media
A method by which media content is dissected for critical
analysis.
It is important to look at the underlying meanings of media
content.
Able to analyze media messages as well as create.
information Literacy
A collection of skills requires individuals to identify when
knowledge is needed.
It aims at encouraging individuals to efficiently search,
analyze and use information.
INFORMATION is data that has been collected, processed,
and interpreted in order to be presented in a usable form.
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To become information literate, we have to go through the
following stages:
Identifying/recognizing information needs
Determining sources of information
Citing or searching for information
Analyzing and evaluating the quality of information
Organizing, storing, or archiving information
Using information in an ethical, efficient, and effective way
Creating and communicating new knowledge
Technology Literacy
The ability to use effective technology to interact and
analyze information to improve learning and skills in the
21st century.
The use of messages from media sources.
Computer-Mediated Communication
Also know as CMC
Is a paraglider term referring to human communication
through computers.
SYNCHRONOUS CMC, where contact takes place in real-
time.
ASYNCHRONOUS CMC, where participants are not actually
simultaneously online.
The Evolution of Media from Traditional to New Media.
Pre-historic Age (Before 1700)
People discovered fire, developed paper from plants, and
forged equipment or weapon through stone, bronze,
copper, and iron.
Example forms of media: Cave Painting (35,000BC), Clay
tablets in Mesopotamia (2400BC), Papyrus in Egypt (2,500BC)
Industrial Age (17005 - 19305)
People used the power of steam, developed machine tools,
established iron production, and manufactured various
products.
Example forms of media: Typewriter (1800), Telephone (1876)
Electronic Age (1930 - 1980)
People harnessed the power of electricity which led to
electrical communication. In this age, long distance
communication became more efficient.
Example forms of media: Mainframe Computer (1960),
Television (1941)
New (Digital) Age (1900s-2000s)
The use of microelectronics in the development of personal
computers. In this era, the Internet paved the way for
quicker communication.
Example forms of media: Portable Laptop (1980), Friendster
(2002), Internet Explorer, Skype (2003), Google 1997, Smart
Phones, Digital Technologies.
MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY REVIEWER
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION AND MEDIA
Inform Citizens of what is happening
Any of these have fundamentally changed how mainstream
media options such as newspapers and television stations
distribute news stories to us.
Educate the audience
Media offer awareness and information.
Media can become an instrument for the dissemination of
false and inflammatory messages.
Negative messages can divide communities and can help
perpetuate the stereotypes that nurture violence.
Provide a platform for public discourse
Mass media and other forms of information have a huge
impact on influencing public sentiments and underlying
feelings.
“Watchdog” role of journalism
The watchdog is designed to prevent the government from
taking too much control from the people and violating their
limits.
Channel for advocacy for political viewpoints
Media inform and alert people with news and information to
help them form their opinions about political issues and
candidates.
Types OF MEDIA
Print Media
This is the printed version of the news
Examples: newspapers, newsletters, magazines, banners,
books, billboards, and brochures.
Broadcast Media
It is the most convenient means to transmit information to
the audience.
Examples: Radio, film/movie, Television
New (Online) Media
These are forms of electronic communication made
through the Internet.
Example: Website and blogs, streaming, email and social
media
Nature of news
Print news / traditional print
Considered tangible information structured to be reread.
It provides depth, context and information that television
and radio cannot supply.
Broadcast news
Brief or short
They boil issues down to their basics and write them as
concisely as possible.
The news in New (Online) Media
More flexible than in print and broadcast media
Through the Internet, news media its easier to rely on
online sources of news instead of traditional print and
broadcast media.
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media convergence
A theory in communications where every mass medium
eventually merges into one medium due to the new
communication technologies.
The co-existence of traditional and new media
The co-existence of print, broadcast, and online media
The ability to transform different media into digital code
THE INFORMATION NEEDS
refers to what an individual recognizes the information needs
We need it because it allows us to focus on our needs in
searching for reliable sources of such information.
Different sources of information including media, the internet,
libraries, archives, museums, and our own experiences.
Authenticity
Refers to the information’s originality or legitimacy
Validity
May include accuracy and precision of information presented
such that it is more factual, less biased and error free
Reliability
may also include validity but it may also refer to information’s
relevance, whether it is up-to-date and reliable.
Libraries
A source place containing collections of books, periodicals,
and, for people to read, borrow, or refer to is called a library
Repository of information and collection of written
knowledge.
The main role of libraries is to organize and provide you with
access to information.
INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE AND INDIGENOUS MEDIA
Indigenous Knowledge
Local knowledge – knowledge that is unique to a given
culture or society.
Owned, controlled, and managed by indigenous peoples
Utilizing indigenous materials and resources, reflecting
community needs and interests, visions and aspirations, and
being independent of vested interest groups.
Indigenous media
is any type of media that is produced and operated by the
government and the community and is separate from public
broadcasting media.
Characteristic of Indigenous Media
The oral tradition of communication
Store information in memories
Information exchange is face-to-face
Information is contained within the border of the community
SKILLS IN DETERMINING ACCURATE INFORMATION
Look for facts.
Cross-reference with other sources to check for consistency.
Determine the reason for writing and publishing the
information.
Check for advertising.
MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY REVIEWER
THE MEDIA AND INFORMATION LANGUAGES
Language
Pertains to the technical and symbols, or codes and
conventions that media and information.
Media Languages
Refer to codes, conventions, formats, symbols, and narrative
structures that indicate the meaning of media messages to
an audience.
THE MEDIA AND INFORMATION LANGUAGES
codes
Known as a system or collection of signs that when put
together creates a meaning.
genre
The word ‘genre’ comes from the French word meaning 'type',
'class’, or ‘kind.’
Genre is an important component for understanding
literature, film, television, and other forms of art media.
Conventions
To be generally accepted ways of doing something.
It refers to a standard or norm that acts as a rule governing
behavior.
Other stakeholders include libraries, archives, museums, the
Internet and other relevant information providers.
CODES IN MEDIA MESSAGES
MESSAGES - the information sent from a source to a receiver.
AUDIENCE - the group of consumers for whom a media
message is constructed as well as anyone else who is exposed
to the message.
PRODUCERS - People engaged in the process of creating and
putting together media content to make a finished media
product.
Technical
ways in which equipment is used to tell the story
Examples: camera techniques, framing, depth of fields,
lighting, exposure, etc.
symbolic
codes that are embedded in the technical codes
Examples: objects, settings, body language, clothing, and color.
written
The use of language style and textual layout also expresses
meaning.
FAKE NEWS
It is a form of news consisting of disinformation or hoaxes
spread via traditional news media (print and broadcast) or
social media.
Fake news is a neologism often used to refer to fabricated
news.
is also known as junk news, pseudo-news, or hoax news.
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Clickbait
a form of false advertisement that uses hyperlink that is
designed to attract attention and entice users to follow.
Propaganda
Stories that are created to deliberately mislead audiences,
tories that are created to deliberately mislead audiences.
Satire/parody
a type of parody presented in a format typical of journalism, it
is called satire when it is content uses humor to criticize
people
Sloppy journalism
The publishing of stories with unreliable information or
without checking all of the facts can mislead audiences.
Misleading headings
Stories that are not completely false can be distorted using
misleading headlines
Biased or slanted news
Media bias is what journalists and news producers do within
the mass media in which selection of many events are covered
How is Fake News Spread
Bots
They reside on social media platforms, created by someone
with computer programming skills
Trolls
When a post is accompanied by many likes, shares, or
comments, it is more likely to receive attention by others
Microtargeting
One way is to use social media analytics.
The data from people's digital footprints is analyzed to create
and convey messages that reflect an individual's preferences
and personality.
Circular reporting / false confirmation
This is a situation in source criticism where a piece of
information appears to come from multiple independent
sources, but in reality, comes from only one source.
piracy
It is the unauthorized reproduction or use of a copyrighted
book, recording, television program, patented invention,
trademarked product, etc.
digital piracy
Refers to the illegal act of copying or sharing a digital work
without the permission of the copyright holder.
Digital piracy grew out of computer hacking.
Started in the mid-1970s, computer hobbyists began copying
and distributing hard copies of computer software and games.
Digital piracy pertains to any type of digital medium
There 3 types: music piracy, video piracy, and software piracy
MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY REVIEWER
Intellectual Property
IP is the creation of the minds
WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization) is the global
forum for intellectual property services, policy, information,
and cooperation.
IP is protected by patents, copyrights, and trademarks, which
enable people to gain recognition or financial benefits from
what they create.
IP System aims to foster an environment in which creativity
and innovation can grow to the right balance interests of the
public.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN THE PHILIPPINES
Article XIV (14), Section 13 of the 1987 Constitution
“The state shall protect and secure the exclusive rights of scientists,
artists, and other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and
creations, particularly when beneficial to the people, for such period
as may be provided by law.”
Philippines Republic Act 8293
known as the “Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines”
The Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines (IPOPHL)
The leads agency of the government that is in charge of the
implementation of the Intellectual Property Code and
handling the registration and conflict resolution of the right
The Intellectual Property Owners have the right to exclude or
include others in the Philippines.
Intellectual Property as an asset is used for commercializing,
licensing, franchising, and enhancing the market value of a
business.
WHY DO WE NEED TO PROTECT INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY?
Protection of IP rights is an incentive for human creativity.
Promotes respect for individual artists, and enables them to
earn livelihoods.
Prevents infringement and “free riding”.
IP serves as an instrument for economic development.
New creativity helps create sustainable and competitive
businesses locally and internationally.
TYPES OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
COPYRIGHT
simply taken from the words, “copy” with “right”.
A legal term used to describe the rights that creators have
over their literary and artistic works.
The validity period of Copyrighted works is the Lifetime of the
author + 50 years after death.
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invention
Is something that has never been made before, or the process
of creating something that has never been made before
It could be a new device, method, or process developed from
study and experimentation
PATENT
Inventions are “Patents.”
This is an exclusive right granted for an invention.
provides the patent owner with the right to decide whether it
can be used by others.
Requirements for Patentability:
NOVELTY – Is it similar to another invention?
SOLUTION TO A PROBLEM – What problem does it solve?
INDUSTRIALLY APPLICABLE – Can it be used by the industry?
INVENTIVE STEP – Is the said solution obvious to an expert in the
field?
TRADEMARK
A visible sign is used to distinguish the goods or services of an
individual or enterprise.
Trademarks date back to ancient times when craftsmen used
to put their signature or "mark" on their products.
The protection of Trademarks is valid for 10 years and
renewable every 10 years.
Logos are designs used by an organization in its advertising,
which the organization can easily be recognized.
INDUSTRIAL DESIGN
Constitutes the ornamental or aesthetic aspect of an article.
Three-dimensional - the shape or surface of an article
Two-dimensional - patterns, lines, or colors.
protects only the appearance or aesthetic feature of a product.
GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATION AND APPELLATION OF ORIGIN
signs used on goods that have a specific geographical origin
and possess qualities, a reputation, or characteristics that are
essentially attributable to that place of origin.
a geographical indication includes the name of the place of
origin of the goods.
Examples: Baguio’s Best Strawberry Jam, Nueva Ecija’s Rice
TRADE SECRET
proprietary procedures, systems, devices, formulas,
strategies, or other information that is confidential and
exclusive to the company using them.
Is an intellectual property right on confidential information
which may be sold or licensed.
FAIR USE
means you can use copyrighted material without a license
only for certain purposes.
A majority of the content you create must be your own.
Give credit to the copyright holder.
Don't make money off of the copyrighted work.
These include:
Commentary Research
Criticism Teaching
Reporting
MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY REVIEWER QUARTER 1
MANDY U

LEGAL SHARING USING THE CREATIVE COMMONS SOURCES CITED

Creative Commons is an American non-profit organization
devoted to expanding the range of creative works available
for others to build upon legally and to share.
DIFFERENT CREATIVE COMMONS LICENSES
ATTRIBUTION: You must credit the creator in order to use,
copy, or share the content.
NON-COMMERCIAL: You can't make a profit from the
content.
NO DERIVATIVE WORKS: You can't change the content.
SHARE ALIKE: You can change the content, but you have to
let other people use your new work with the same license as
the original.
Public Domain
No individual owns these works; rather, they are owned by
the public.
Enable authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate
their works to the worldwide public domain
PLAGIARISM
a piece of writing that has been copied from someone else and
is presented as being your own work.
Any written work, published or unpublished, can be
plagiarized.
The act can be intentional or unintentional
Plagiarism does not solely apply to written work.
MUSIC, VIDEOS AND MUSIC THAT COUNT FOR PLAGIARISM:
Copying media from other websites to paste them into your
own papers or websites.
Making a video using footage from others’ videos or using
copyrighted music as part of the soundtrack.
Performing another person’s copyrighted music
Composing a piece of music that borrows heavily fro another
composition.
SOURCES NOT CITED
The Ghost Writer
The writer turns in another’s work, word-for-word, as his or
her own.
The Photocopy
The writer copies significant portions of text straight from
asingle source, without alteration.
The Potluck Paper
The writer copies several different sources and fits them all
together
The Poor Disguise
They altered the paper's design by slightly changing key
word and phrases
The Labor of Laziness
The writer takes the time to paraphrase most of the paper
from other sources and make it all fit together.
The Self-Stealer
The writer “borrows” generously from someone's previous
work, violating policies and the expectation of originality.
The Forgotten Footnote
The writer mentions an author’s name for a source, but
neglects to include specific information on the location of the
material referenced.
The Misinformer
The writer provides inaccurate information regarding the
sources, making it impossible to find them.
The Too-Perfect Paraphrase
The writer properly cites a source but neglects to put in
quotation marks text that has been copied word-for-word, or
close to it.
The Too-Perfect Paraphrase
The writer properly cites a source but neglects to put in
quotation marks text that has been copied word-for-word, or
close to it.
The Resourceful Citer
The writer properly cites all sources, paraphrasing and using
quotations appropriately but the paper contains almost no
original work
The Perfect Crime
The writer properly quotes and cites sources in some places,
but goes on to paraphrase other arguments from those
sources without citation.
HOW TO AVOID COMMITING PLAGIARISM
Paraphrase
find information that fits your written work, read it carefully
then rewrite it using your own words.
CITE
A source citation usually includes the author’s name and
publication date.
Quote
When quoting directly, copy the exact word, phrase,
sentence, or paragraph the author wrote, then enclose it in
quotation marks.
Cite quotes
When citing a quote’s source, include the page (for a book) or
paragraph (for web content) number.
Cite your own work
If you used information from previous personal work, cite it.
Reference
Cite all of your references. This is a way to acknowledge the
hard work of the people whose work helped you complete
yours.
MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY REVIEWER
DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP
Is our appropriate, responsible technology use.
nine elements of digital citizenship
Respect Yourself / Respect Others
DIGITAL ETIQUETTE
DIGITAL ACCESS
DIGITAL LAW
Educate Yourself / Connect with Others
DIGITAL LITERACY
DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
DIGITAL COMMERCE
Protect Yourself / Protect Others
DIGITAL RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITY
DIGITAL SAFETY (SECURTIY)
DIGITAL HEALTH AND WELFARE
DIGITAL DIVIDE
about a gap between demographics and regions that have
access to modern information and communication
technology
Lack for everyone to receive technology and internet access
The Global digital divide designates countries as the units of
analysis and examines the divide between developing and
developed countries on an international scale.
6 FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTES TO DIGITAL DIVIDE:
Economic
Social
Geographical
Fear of Technology
Lack of Motivation
Cultural.
THE DIGITAL FOOTPRINT
It is a trail of data you create while using the Internet. In
includes the websites you visit, emails you send, and
information you submit to online services.
this trail can be big or small, and harmful or helpful. Leaving
an online record is nearly impossible to avoid; having that
record be a positive one is entirely possible.
Flaming / Flame Wars
The act of posting or sending offensive messages over the
internet. It is also the act of posting or sending offensive
messages over the Internet is flaming
These messages can be posted in an online discussion, forums,
or newsgroup or sent via email or instant messaging
applications.
INTERNET ADDICTION
a growing epidemic characterized by a compulsive desire to
interact online through internet gaming, gambling, cyber
activities, social networking or compulsive surfing of the web.
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NETIQUETTE
the forms required by good breeding or prescribed by
authority to be required in social or official life.
Netiquette is a set of rules for behaving properly online.
CORE RULES OF NETIQUETTE:
Rule 1: Remember the Human
Rule 2: Adhere to the same standards of behavior online that you
follow in real life
Rule 3: Know where you are in cyberspace
Rule 4: Respect other people's time and bandwidth
Rule 5: Make yourself look good online
Rule 6: Share expert knowledge
Rule 7: Help keep flame wars under control
Rule 8: Respect other people's privacy
Rule 9: Don't abuse your power
Rule 10: Be forgiving of other people's mistakes
BULLYING AND CYBER BULLYING
Bullying that takes place online, or using electronic
technology such as cell phones, computers, and tablets over
communication tools including social media sites, text
messages, chat, and websites.
Cyber Bullying is posting, sending, or even forwarding
unkind, harmful, negative, or embarrassing images or texts
on the internet, social networks, or on cell phones.
The Anti-Bullying Act of 2013 (RA 10627)
Republic Act No. 10627 is an act that requires All Elementary
and Secondary Schools to Adopt Policies to Prevent and
Address the Acts of Bullying in their Institutions.
Cyber-bullying or any bullying done through the use of
technology or any electronic means is also bullying
punishable under the law.
5 BASIC FORMS OF BULLYING (According to Aquino's Law):
Physical Bullying
Verbal Bullying
Relational Aggressions
Cyberbullying
Sexual Bullying
The Republic Act 10175: Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
providing for the prevention, investigation, suppression, and
imposition of penalties therefore, and for other purposes.
punishes content-related offenses such as cybersex, child
pornography, and libel which may be committed through a
computer system.