SOCIAL SCIENCES

 The study of human society

 Is an area where every study in the society relates to human person.
 Deals with the relationships whether by groups or individually.
 As a science, analyses the aspects of human society

DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

1. Ancient- Greco-Roman world
 Socrates and Plato ; Philosopher-King
 Egyptians: Introduced high technology
 Mystified every one the mystery of Ancient Structures and Ancient Rulers.
2. Islamic -1st religion of the world
 One of the thriving social studies
 Studies in humanities specifically religious cultures and arts.
3. Modern- Take part in the transformation of every government
 Technology as one factor affecting social behaviour, engineering and information technology.
 Influences and intervention of human-based systems are clearly needed specially on matters
concerning climate change and global warming.
4. Contemporary- Post Modernist: failed to distinguish reality from technology
 Authors: can’t distinguish which is the original and imitation
 Social Scientist: attempts to rationalize and interpret “an essence” and “a changing image”
 The reproduction of technology
 Ethics has been put to test in the realization of truth.
5. Post Contemporary- Expresses the social movements that contend claims against the government like
Abortion, Euthanasia, LGBT, and Cloning.

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES

1. Anthropology The study of humankind.

• “Anthropos”- man ; “logos”- study
• Study of human societies and the development of their cultures.

FOUR FIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY

1. Archeology
• Studies the activity of man by analyzing its culture.
• Recovers and records artifacts and architectures, landscapes, and material culture.
• Both part of humanities and social approach.
2. Cultural Anthropology
• Studies variety of human cultures
• Includes the study of civilization, ethics, laws and moral customs.
• Belief and cultural habits
3. Linguistics Anthropology
 Part of hermeneutics
 Dealing with lost languages, structures of languages and their uses.
 Studies the influences of languages to social endeavours and ideologies
REVIEWER: DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES
PREPARED BY: Jenny Rose Krystel G. Venico
  Studies and organizes cultural beliefs and communication.
4. Biological Anthropology
 “physical anthropology”
 Studies the biological aspects of human beings
 Expresses the idea that human beings evolved from primates.

2. Economics- Dealing with the production, consumption and distribution of goods and services.
• “oikos”- household : “nomos”- management
• Science of choice: available limited resources to satisfy unlimited wants of people.

FIELDS OF ECONOMICS

A. LABOR ECONOMICS
• Attempts to explain the results of wages, income and employment of human beings.
• Explains the employee employer relations at work.
B. INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS
• Also called “monetary economics”
• Studies the flow of money in the industry.
• Explains the consequences of investment, migration, trade and interactions of transactions.
C. AGRICUTURAL ECONOMICS
• Also known as “agronomics”
• Discusses crops, land-use, environment, agri-policy, ecosystem and different disciplines in agricultural
economics.
D. ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS
• Study of environmental issues such as pollution, solid waste management, global warming, toxic
substances and other environmental issues.
• Studies the benefits of local and environmental strategies around the globe.
E. INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS
• Studies industries such as: markets, shops, electricity, restaurants, plantations, other firms and car sale-
centers.
• Explains the processes of advertising, research on matters of sales and research, investments and price
setting.
• Explains the regulation of profits, advertisements and product pricing.
F. DEVELOPMENTAL ECONOMICS
• promotes the economic growth of developing countries.
• Helps promote the improvement of work, education, market conditions, market policies, and health for
international growth.

3. Geography -Studies place and their relationship.

• Explores both physical and human properties on the earth’s surface.

FIELDS OF GEOGRAPHY

REVIEWER: DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES

PREPARED BY: Jenny Rose Krystel G. Venico
a. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
 Studies the natural environment like the atmosphere, biosphere, and geosphere of the earth.
b. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY
• Synthesizes the disciplines concerning , ecology, geology, anthropology, literature.

4. History-Systematic study, analysis, correlation of past events through the written records or documents.
• Expresses the origin of every known civilization, culture, life and existence.

5. Linguistics- Science of language

• Scientific study of language and its meaning
• Deals with the relationship of languages to pragmatics, context and their different meaning.
• Also explains the rules in phonology, morphology and syntax.
• Evolutionary discourse like: conversation and mental growth.

6. Political Science -Deals with the system of government and politics (different constitution)
• Related to psychology, sociology, law, philosophy and anthropology.
• “polis”- state ; “scientia”- science
• Looks man as a political animal capable of using reason in acting and behaving.

FIELDS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

A. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
• Study of international territorial states relations
• Nature of international relations and affairs
B. LOCAL RELATIONS
• Local issues
• Public safety, Civil Services, School Activities and Local Projects are the focus of local relations.
C. POLITICS
• “politikos”- introduced by Plato
• Philosopher- king as the rightful ruler of the ideal state.
• Center of the modern government.
• Modern World: building alliances, parties and groups for public affairs
D. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
• Concerned with the organization of the government, policies, budgets, agencies and departments for the
implementation of government policies.
• “management of public programs”
• Implementation of diverse government programs and public policies.
E. PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LAW
• Laws concerning individuals and the government and their direct relation to the society and its laws.
• Private law: individuals , private citizens, part of civil aspect of legal system involving relationship such
as contracts and torts.
7. Psychology -Study of human behaviour
• “psyche/psycho”- mind ; “logos”- study

REVIEWER: DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES

PREPARED BY: Jenny Rose Krystel G. Venico
 • Studies the behaviour of the human-psyche or human mind.

FIELDS OF PSYCHOLOGY

A. COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
• Conscious and unconscious aspect of thought in a discipline seeking mental behaviour establishing
general principles.
B. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
• Learning from both cognitive and behavioural development
• Establishes the differences between an individual intelligences and cognitive development affecting self-
perception and self- concept.
• Testing classroom observation and assessment
C. INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY
• Occupational psychology
• Behaviour of people in a particular work- space and their individual organization in their work areas.
• Effect of work place, habit and practices to an individual.
D. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY
• Deals with the understanding of distress and dysfunction and the methods to scientifically prevent and
relieve an individual from these forms of psychological problems.
• Aspect dealing with research and engage with teaching, well- being and consultation.
E. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY
• Deals with genetics and physiology
• Examines feelings, emotions and behaviour dealing with thoughts.
F. SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY
• Study of influences of athletics, exercise or physical activities too human psychology or behaviour.
• Determines the effect of physical activities to performance whether it increases or decreases motivation
or self awareness.
G. HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY
• Focuses on the behavioural processes such as well-ness, health and illness
H. PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY
• Deals with the psychological differences, human nature and individual psycho-social similarities.
• About general patterns concerning social behaviour, thought and feelings, influences and expectations,
attitudes and values, self- actualization and behaviour.
I. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
• Deals with the people’s emotions and thoughts and how behaviour is affected by the actual presence of
the behaviour of others.

8. Sociology- “socius”- people : “logos”- study

• Study of the people
• Focuses on the behaviour of the “polis” state
• Study of people or group of people in the community

9. DEMOGRAPHY- study of population and its dynamics

REVIEWER: DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES

PREPARED BY: Jenny Rose Krystel G. Venico
 • Size, structure, birth-rate, death-rate, migration, aging population rate, education, ethnicity and
education of a specific population and their changes.

SOCIAL THEORIES- pragmatic evidences of studies, experiences and interpretations: hard to identify
because of their frequent changes and disciplines.
- SOCRATES, PLATO: introduced the concept of the city-state.
- ARISTOTLE: discussed politics as a complex process passing thru experiences of every human-person.

1. SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY

- basic elements of self and political governance
- social contracts emphasize the importance of freedom to change and the society and the will to establish basic
norms to be followed in the civil-society.

2. ENLIGHTENMENT
- start of the age of understanding the structure of modern society and industrialism.
-in this period modern scientists emphasize the evolutionary development of modern sciences and the
importance of philosophy, anthropology, social work and academic disciplines.

3. CLASSICAL SOCIAL THEORY

-Auguste Comte is the father of modern sociology
- for modern sociologists, human existence is directed towards” a certain progress and technological
advancement”

4. CRITICAL THEORY
- Hegel do not agree on the cconcept of objectivity: Human understanding and freedom of the will should
always be the basis political inclinations

5. MARXISM
-Marxism is a concept where “materialism” is a focus and a condition for life: For the Marxists, everything
must be shared in common.
-Karl Marx emphasized on the importance of the political economy or materialism.

SOCIAL SCIENTISTS
1. MAX WEBER- the ultimate goal of the society is the greatest good

2. KARL MARX- basic ideas of dialectical materialism are as follows:

a. communism
b. materialism
c. dictatorship
d. religion as the opium of the society

3. HEGEL- logical idealism: life is a continuous process of change

REVIEWER: DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES

PREPARED BY: Jenny Rose Krystel G. Venico
4. AUGUSTE COMTE- all knowledge is relative
-Society is not based on metaphysical substances but on phenomena

5. EMILE DURKHEIM- Sociology studies the improvement of man and his relationship not only with himself
but with the improvement of civilization.

6. IMMANUEL KANT- Society focuses on Plurality and Unity, Causes and Effects, Necessity and
Contingency, Substance and Accidents.

7. JEAN JACQUE ROUSSEAU- Man must seek himself in the society and return to himself in the process.
-The basic unit in the society for Rousseau is the family.

8. FRANCIOUS AROUET VOLTAIRE- believes in God

- For him mankind has freewill and may later change his views and opinions about the world.
-According to him, with his limited power he cannot eliminate evil in the society.

REVIEWER: DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES

PREPARED BY: Jenny Rose Krystel G. Venico