Institution: I.E.

M Técnico Industrial de Zipaquirá

Name: Leidy Alexandra Mahecha Briceño
Grade: 11-01
Date: March 26, 2019
Guide: Don Abelino Pedraza

CONCLUSIONS

Through the various historical stages, peoples modify their
environment; This process creates a relationship between nature and
society that somehow determines its subsequent development.
Indigenous groups had a harmonious relationship with nature; The
Muiscas respected and served it without destroying it or altering its
ecological equilibrium; In their agricultural practices they integrated
the Moors to the exploitation that they provided the resources of the
different thermal floors, , according to the temporal cycles, which
allowed to obtain a greater variety of products and to make the
grounds have ample rest periods. The Spaniards, who did not know
these ecosystems, mistakenly introduced agricultural practices with
which they used indigenous people and peasants to make an
intensive use of the land, which produced, through the years,
environmental changes and transformation of Landscape of the
Moors.
The presence of fragileness and pastures in the form of tillers
forms a type of vegetation that has a total biomass of up to 3 kg
m2, a high proportion of Necromasa — 70 – 80% — and a
maximum rate of aerial biomass — 75% of the total —. When
grazing and burning are increased, much of the Necromasa
disappears and the growth buds become more exposed and lose
the protection to freezing temperatures and the high radiations of
the moor. The Necromasa on foot will also It provides shelter and
food to a large number of arthropods that are the basis of the food
chain of other animals; Paramour fauna is closely linked to the
disappearance of native vegetation and repeated burns cause
disappearance of birds, amphibians and mammals.

The fires on the Moors have only short-term advantages: good

forage quality and high initial productivity; But the long-term
effects are mostly negative because they deteriorate the good cover
of the soil generated by a vegetation with high content of
Necromasa, fundamental for the retention of water and of nutrients.
After the disturbance, the affected areas are colonized by exotic
species that come to overcome in diversity the endemics of the
moors.

The use of fire in large extensions tends to homogenizer the

landscape; For a period of 1.5 to 5 years after a burning, the
percentage of bare soil increases by more than 10%, which added to
the influence of grazing favors erosion. They are necessary about 10
years after the burning for the regeneration of the frailejonal-pajonal
and from 5 to 8 years for the recovery of the cover and the biomass
of the tillers.

Description : Lake of the Americas( Example)

Date: March 26, 2019

Description : Lake (reference image)

Date: March 26, 2019

 Institution: I.E.M Técnico Industrial de Zipaquirá
Name: Leidy Alexandra Mahecha Briceño
Grade: 11-01
Date: March 26, 2019
Guide: Don Abelino Pedraza
RESULTS
The Tissue
The human tissue, this means that as they were the indigenous
amendments but they did not to whims that because the cacique was
given the desire to locate the towns like Chinquinquira to that side
and to Garupa in the other or Guasca to the other side; They
especially did it for the ancestries families based on "The Dance of
the Troll and the movements of the moon, the phases of the moon.
Today we take the chainsaw and what we care about is to lay
thousands and thousands of trees no matter what happens to our
country. Speaking already of Chibiriquete the great earth lieutenants
put ten or five Christians with chainsaw and they topple trees, apart
that they damage the nature is wood that will not serve them if they
do not lie it correctly. Finishing the fabric is very important because
it was like a guide for the Indians at that time, as they are located
some village.
As such, the indigenous people carried out this type of “human
tissue” for the populations, as if they did not Pedersen and thus to
know for which they were going. There is really not much to say
about this issue as I did not find necessary computer to
complementary on what was carved this stone. But what it does
observe that around this large stone sheet at the top of the moor, and
Finalized the route I saw that around this were some villages carved
ten sheets like than the stone of the fabric built by the cacique for the
Indians. It is curious because there were many known towns and also
that good strategy that developed our ancestors because it is like a
guide to travel. Also in some of those stones was Zipaquirá, our town
is almost a city. It really is amazing to know that they could do this
kind of thing and be able to develop them in a good look.
Description: The Tissue
Date: March 26, 2019
Book Stone
I decided to put this result here because it was practically one of
the most recent places we toured in the park, as our guide did
not talk us about it, I tried to read something about it and that is
why it is one of the important results for the muiscas. I also saw
that from the stone had something written, the description of
what it is and where it came from those stones that were called
book.
What the stones tell us is that the Muiscas ancestors left many
inscriptions in the form of petroglyphs (engraved stones). These
are rock art of great importance and also a system whose
messages we forget to read, but that we tend a bridge to the old,
to our roots. A heritage to build our identity. The disappearance
of the language brought with it the forgetfulness and the
abandonment of the ancestral symbols of the Muiscas culture.
The indigenous gods, the explanation of the origin of the
universe, the workings of the field, represented in drawings on
stone, were replaced by the Christian signs. The cross overlaid
the spiral.
The journey of the book begins with the point, understood as the
origin of the creation and first graphic element, and ends with
Bochica, the civilizational hero who taught the Muiscas the
values and moral principles of their culture, including life in
harmony with the Nature. “What I do,” says Comba, “is weaving
a story that unfolds along the sets of symbols and elements of
visual language, and I suggest a graphical reading. The point
begins to rotate and spirals form. In Muisca mythology, the
spiral is creation. It unfolds and gives rise to the wave, which
becomes mountain. Thus we reach the sky and even the sun,
another of the key symbols to understand the complexity of this
culture.
Description: Book Stones
Date : March 26, 2019
 Institution: I.E.M Técnico Industrial de Zipaquirá
Name: Leidy Alexandra Mahecha Briceño
Grade: 11-01
Date: March 26, 2019
Guide: Don Abelino Pedraza

METHODS

Spiny retake Chusque

The shape of the stem is hollow like the Guadua, it has knots every
The spiny retake is not ours, only that a Colombian found it in a place
twelve or fifteen centimeters. Then it is very nice because it is to look
and realized that it did not bring thorns, or macaroons and introduced
like the silver according to the height to the level of the sea they are
in the Paramour, but he realized that this money was not, we would
classified, down has a diameter of ten or twelve centimeters, because
help with the ecosystem , because it is a plant that is not ours, is an
there are immense Guaduas, ten and eight centimeters, two thousand
introduction plant, is an invasive plant and because it does not give us
meters. There more or less the three thousand meters, this the
greater benefit. It is the same as the plain silver, this plant if it gives
chusque, but if we go higher the stick of the silver is going to be
us a large part of humidity, but this plant of thorny retake hardly gives
thinner and smaller (fescue or cane brave )
us only a little of nitrogen to the ground, nothing more. It is very
annoying because we are moving native species and is supremely Obviously there are other types of plants equal to that, she is not the
invasive, if we did not stop it would be terrible because the load of only one, suddenly in another paramour there, not in this one. It is
germs (seeds) is very high, between two capsules there are two peas also easily get by its extended of branches and leaves. Its knots are
and is difficult to control. small brown balls and occupy a lot of space in the park as its branches
are very extensive In the low paramour, in deep soil environments,
When we burn the silver it seems that the flame is growing more and
the fescue develops plants up to 4 m high; At higher altitude, in
then what it does is to tonier the seeds and spread them. In addition it
surface soils and under stress situations, this plant has a height of 50
can damage the hand, whether with a grill or machete, in any way it
cm to 1 m, grows in a scattered form and spreads through extensive
would damage the hand, would play something genuine to control this
rhizomes. Its
species, because as we know is a plant introduced.. The thorny Retime
is an invasive species that abounds in the eastern hills of Bogotá and leaves are rigid, straight and sharp, almost parallel to the reeds that
the Altiplano Cundiboyacense. It is part of the landscape, since its form the stem; Anatomical studies of the leaf reveal the presence of
biological characteristics have made it proliferate in this area and cells specialized in the epidermis, which through movements
today poses a threat in places where the water fields and native plants Hygroscopic ally Wind and unroll; On its edges it carries silica bodies
that serve as water collectors, among other risks such as being a plant that make it sharp and stiff. Another surprising adaptation of the
that facilitates the Expansion of fires in these ecosystems. fescue consists in having developed a set of specialized cells that
allow this grass to retain some of the carbon resulting from
“It is considered that an exotic species is invasive when it remains in
respiration, which is possibly reused in the photosynthesis process,
the ecosystem where it has been introduced and causes severe
Before he escapes the blade.
disturbances when moving native species or affecting the functioning
of components of the ecosystem”, says Don Abelino Pedraza: An
empirical biologist. In this sense, the greatest threat is the loss of
biodiversity and the non-natural succession of the forest.

Description: Chusque

Date : March 26, 2019

Description : Spiny retake

Date: March 26, 2019

 Institution: I.E.M Técnico Industrial de Zipaquirá
Name: Leidy Alexandra Mahecha Briceño
Grade: 11-01
Date: March 26, 2019
Guide: Don Abelino Pedraza
METHODS
Pink Flower of the Paramour
I put this flower as a method since it is a beautiful and warm flower
of the paramour, it is not really recognized there because in any part
of the country we can find it, it is a flower that as some produces
water and is very conspicuous by its pink color. It is also a more
highlighted plant there, which our guide gave us no explanation
about it because as previously said it is recognized by most visitors.
I can not say that it is any silver because whatever the plant of that
Paramour is vital to us, because we must care and protect them,
without them really would be nothing, without them we would not
have clean water, water that we have today. That small plant is not
as prominent, but if very impressive as it throws lots of water and is
very important. It is a small flower with different leaves enclosed
together forming something circular and amazing.
In the first year of life of the foxglove plant, it is non-flowering and
produces only a leaf rosette under growth that resembles the comfrey
herb. The second and last year of the biennial’s existence is when
they flourish. This plant produces an increase of three to six feet in
height covered with bell-shaped flowers hanging. The color of the
flowers of the foxglove varies according to the cultivar, but all have
dark spots freckles the inside of the flower.
Due to the large number of seeds produces each spire of foxglove,
and the fact that those seeds can remain viable for years on Earth,
has spread out like a wild flower in many areas. Some areas,
including California, have been extended to national parks in the
United States. In the parks, it is considered an invasive plant because
of its ability to displace native species for years. It is also poisonous
to animals living in the park National, causing additional problems.
Flower plants are happier and produce more flowers when they are
in a sunny place with moist, nitrogen-rich soil. In all the northern
reaches of its rustic area, they prefer a little shade in the afternoon
Description :Fox Glove Flower
Date: March 12,2019
Star of paramour
This plant or flower, as you can see has different points, almost
like a star, so it is given the name of “star”. This green plant,
beautiful and small grows on the floor of that park, is something
small but is found everywhere, more than anything around the plant
of the Fraijelon as it is nutrient of water like the others. It is little
known because in others we are not found because as the guide told
us that in the paramour there were unique and different plants.
Of this plant there is not much to say as not much to say about that
plant. Really in my life I had not seen a plant so beautiful and full
of life, it is not so common because it is not seen on all sides by its
different naturalness and Gerundial. The star of the moor serves as
accommodation for various species of insects and, in this case, a
frog that basks in the sun while resting. This frog belongs to the
Colombian Cordillera Oriental and inhabits between 2,400 to 3.200
m.
This star of the moor is something small, it is on the floor,
sometimes it is surrounded by Fraijelon. This plant has different
leaves, it is green and in the red tips as I said in the previous text.
Not only mind is in this park if not in many more, also feeds on
water and the truth is very nice, I had never seen a plant like that
because it is not so common to find one of them anywhere. There's
not much to say about it since they didn't give me exact data On
this plant, I only know that it is common in the park because it is
seen everywhere, anywhere you can find it and you will see that it
is very beautiful and rich in water like the others
Description: Star of paramour
Date: March 26, 2019
 Institution: I.E.M Técnico Industrial de Zipaquirá
Name: Leidy Alexandra Mahecha Briceño
Grade: 11-01
Date: March 26, 2019
Guide: Don Abelino Pedraza
OBJECTIVES
Espeletosis (brother of the Fraijelon)
It is stiff, it is parse with the Fraijelon, but it does not have the same
characteristics in the flowering or in the behavior of said Silver
already mentioned, but it is very close and is not told Espeletia if not
Espeletosis. They are not common plants, but in Guacheneque (Villa
Pinzón) also grows and Colombia has 64% of the world’s stop.
Colombia is one of the luckiest countries that exist and that is why it
is so visited by foreigners, not only people of our country, but that
many people come from the outside because in Asia, Europe, North
America do not have these ecosystems and it is very good to look at
that we If we have those ecosystems. In addition we have a variety
of plants and other than that has three similar silver that is unique in
the world that only has that park and therefore is endemic, and if it is
endemic is because it does not exist in other countries, unique in
Colombia.
The brother of the Fraijelon is very similar to him, but the difference
is that his leaves are more strained and is a little bigger. It is humid
and absorbs a lot of water and that can help for burns, it is also a plant
that is found almost everywhere. This plant as I said before is very
important for the stop of our region because it helps us to replenish
our nature as such, is a very beautiful silver, its color is spectacular
and is not very common for us. It is a silver that can be cultivated by
us, humans because it is easily managed, we can sow with its root and
so make crescent many more so that never ends this type of plant. In
addition the bears what they do is rip it to eat and leaves the trail of
leaves for ay, so you have to continue cultivating.
Description : Espeletosis (brother of the Fraijelon)
Date : March 12,2019
The Fraijelon
This plant is one of the most important in the park as it aims to
beautify the place as it is one of the most seen there, and also that this
plant plays very fast, tends to grow every one centimeter each year
and thus be able to supply a lot of flora in the place and powder be
seen by tourists so you can know their great history in the park,
because as we know it is a unique plant in the world is the only one
that grows there and not anywhere else.
The Fraijelon is a plant with different long and green leaves, it is a
very striking plant because it is very large and its leaves are long. In
addition it is one of the most seen plants in the park because of its
paramour it is able to see from a distance somewhat distant. This
plant has three other types of different examples, but this is like the
most common one there. This plant is irrigated throughout the park,
during the recurred I saw many times and I guess it grows a lot, i also
think it is one of the most important plants that exist in the paramour
of Chingaza.
The endemic fragileness Espeletia Uribei, which grow even within
the forests. In the vicinity of Laguna Chingaza have registered no less
than 383 species of plants, and it is estimated that the total flora of
the park can exceed 2000 species. Associated with several
communities of native vegetation of Chingaza, there are eight species
of marsh moss that are ecological wonders in terms of conservation
of environmental humidity, as they can absorb up to 40 times their
your weight in water.
Description: The Fraijelon (Espeletia)
Date: March 12,2019
Institution: I.E.M Técnico Industrial de Zipaquirá
Name: Leidy Alexandra Mahecha Briceño
Grade: 11-01
Date: March 26, 2019
Guide: Don Abelino Pedraza
CHINGAZA NATURAL NATIONAL PARK
Introduction:
The Chingaza Paramour has a form of butterfly shape, and we enter
by the side of Guasca , by the north. Chingaza Park has the water
divide, we think that the Orinorquia is much farther, but not; We
are one hour from Bogota and one hour from Zipaquirá (which most
of us did not know) from Bogotá to Zipaquirá fifty kilometers,
Bogotá to Guasca fifty kilometers, which would be a equilateral
triangle. That emerges from a paramour of Guasca, is a large
mountain range that nourishes us with its waters and mainly to two
watersheds, the Black River and the river Guavio.
In this wonderful park you will find a beautiful and extensive
Colombian flora and one of the most endemics lagoons in the
region, like the Laguna Siecha. The Chingaza Natural National
Park, is a natural and cultural treasure of the center of Colombia,
the magic of its mountains keeps secrets and thoughts inherited
from the Muiscas and the Guayupes, indigenous peoples who
protected this territory, as well as communities Peasants who
inhabited the region less than 40 years ago. Nowadays it is a refuge
of flora and fauna of the Andes that reveal to the visitor the secret
of life.
The area has a unique flora of the moors and a very varied fauna
that can be observed and photographed to taste during the tours of
the paths of environmental interpretation. Chingaza is a real water
factory. Proof of this are the lagoons of Siecha and Chingaza, of
glacial origin, and the fact that there exists the large reservoir of
strike, which supplies the water for the capital
Description: Chingaza Natural National Park
Date: March 12, 2019
From the air we can see that the Chingaza park is shaped like
a butterfly. The left side of the map is where we are going to
travel. We are in Guasca and we are neighbors of the lagoons
of Siecha. The left part of the butterfly we can see a black spot,
which is the reservoir of de strike, from there comes eighty
percent of water that takes Bogota. Chingaza is important
because from there comes all the water we take. There are more
or less eleven municipalities that receive water from this park
and it is also important because it is a hydric resource, rich in
water.
Bogotá Formed by 11 municipalities, 7 Cundinamarca:
Fómeque, Choachí, La Calera, Guasca, Junín, Gachalá and
Medina, and 4 municipalities of the Meta: San Juanito, the
Calvario, Restriped and Cameral. Its predominant ecosystems,
high Andean forests, Sub Andean and Moors, are refuge of
majestic relict of fauna and flora. The population near
Chingaza Park in its entirety is of peasant origin and is
conceived as a peasant community, which means that socially
has own forms of organization, dynamics of relationship
between and outward, and patterns That differentiate it from
peasants from other regions of the country
Just over an hour from Bogotá, the Colombian capital, you will
find the Chingaza Natural National Park with its lonely and
cloudy landscapes. There, the visitor will be able to observe
the emblematic fragileness that, together with the Arnicas and
the marsh mosses, make up a beautiful and singular ensemble
The strike reservoir, also located within the Chingaza Park,
belongs to the Strike River basin (tributary of the Guatiquía)
and is the center of the Chingaza system of the Bogotá
Aqueduct company.
Description : Map of Chingaza
Date: March 12,2019