Human Urine As An Alternative Energy Sou

`````
HUMAN URINE AS AN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCE
A Research Paper
Presented to
The Faculty of Science Department
Marikina Science High School
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements in Research 1B
By
Kyla C. Austria
Anjelica M. Castillo
Josh Aimee J. Serrato
January 2017
AUSTRIA, CASTILLO, SERRATO 1

APPROVAL SHEET
This investigatory project entitled HUMAN URINE AS AN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
SOURCE, prepared and submitted by Miss Kyla Austria, Miss Anjelica Castillo, and Miss Josh
Aimee Serrato in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research 1B, has been examined and
recommended for acceptance and approval of oral examination.
APOLONIA A. SOLON
ADVISER
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of ____
MARY ANN N. TAWAY

Chairman
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the ____ in Research 1B.
Date January 2017
EMILY G. SANTOS
Principal I
AUSTRIA, CASTILLO, SERRATO P AGE |2

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... iii
LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... iv
LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................v
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. vii
CHAPTER
1. THE PROBLEM: RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND .......................................7
Introduction ....................................................................................................................7
Statement of the problem ...............................................................................................8
Hypotheses .....................................................................................................................8
Significance of the Study ...............................................................................................9
Research Paradigm.......................................................................................................10
Conceptual Framework ................................................................................................11
Scope and Limitation of the Study...............................................................................11

Definition of Key Terms ..............................................................................................11
CHAPTER
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ..............................................................13
Related Literature .................................................................................................... 13
Related Studies ........................................................................................................ 15
Justification of the Study .............................................................................................16

CHAPTER
3. MATERIALS AND METHODS .............................................................................17
Research Method .........................................................................................................17
Materials ......................................................................................................................18
Equipment/Apparatus and Utensils..............................................................................20
Procedure .....................................................................................................................21
Statistical Treatment ....................................................................................................23
Experimental Design ....................................................................................................23
CHAPTER
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................24
CHAPTER
5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ...............................30
Summary of Findings ...................................................................................................30
Conclusion ...................................................................................................................32
Recommendation .........................................................................................................32
BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................34
APPENDICES ..............................................................................................................................35
APPENDIX A: Documentation .........................................................................................35
APPENDIX C: Computation .............................................................................................36
APPENDIX D: Schedule of Activities ..............................................................................37
APPENDIX E: Financial Statement ..................................................................................38
CURRICULUM VITAE..............................................................................................................39

LIST OF TABLES
Table
3.1. Materials Used in the Study ........................................................................................19
3.2. Equipment and Utensils Used in the Study.................................................................20
4.1.Testing using Voltmeter Per-liter of Urine-water Mixture ..........................................24
4.2. One liter Human Urine and Water Mixture ................................................................25
4.3. Two liter Human Urine and Water Mixture ...............................................................26
4.4. Three liter Human Urine and Water Mixture .............................................................27
4.5. Average Generated Current of 1 liter Human-Urine Mixture ....................................28
4.6. Average Generated Current of 2 liters Human-Urine Mixture ...................................28
4.7. Average Generated Current of 3 liters Human-Urine Mixture ...................................29

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1.1 Research Paradigm of Human Urine as an Alternative Energy Source ....................... 10
3.1. Flowchart of Data Gathering Procedure ................................................................. 21

CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM: RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND
Introduction
The Human Urine as an Alternative Energy Source aims to provide renewable energy
that will benefit the community. Aside from flowing into the sewerage, there will be no waste,
lesser cost and it will be very efficient to us. As the human population grows, so as our energy
needs. However, our energy sources are non-renewable. This makes energy source a problem;
not only in our country, but a problem worldwide.
Day by day, fossil fuels like coal are being reduced. Due to this, we go through
alternative sources like biomass, wind, solar and geothermal energy. We all know that these
constructions require high capital cost which our country can’t afford in a timely manner. As a
result, numerous research are going on for a low-cost energy generation.
Generally, the urine has majorly water in addition to other chemicals like ammonia,
sulfate, uric acid, urea etc. Here, the urine is passed to the electrolytic cell and from which
hydrogen gas is evolved after electrolysis which is main component for generation. Thus, this
hydrogen gas is passed through various components while this purified gas is given to the
generator which generates the electricity.

The ability to produce energy locally could give this technology an edge against other
renewable energies, as what we have mentioned earlier. With the benefit of urine, we can spawn
electricity in a simple yet effective manner. We all consider human urine as waste from our body
but little did we know that it is going to be useful in the future.
Statement of the Problem
The main problem of the study is the ability of the human urine to produce energy.
The subproblems of the study are:
1. How much electricity can be generated?

2. How long will the generated electricity last?
3. Is there a significant difference between the energy produced by the human urine and the
energy produced by the main energy source?
Hypothesis
There is no significant difference between the energy produced by the human urine and
the energy produced by the main energy source in terms of:
A. Electricity Generated
B. Duration of the Generated Electricity

Significance of the Study
The main purpose of this study is the generation of electricity with the help of human
urine which is a waste product from the human itself. It will be very efficient, cost effective and
it will also help the community. The acquired knowledge will also be a big help to the
development and conservation of the recent main energy source. This research will also be a
possible solution for poverty and lack of energy for it does not rely on power plants.

Research Paradigm
Figure 1.1 Research Paradigm for the study, “Human Urine as an Alternative Energy
Source”
AUSTRIA, CASTILLO, SERRATO P A G E | 10

Conceptual Framework
The research has one dependent variable to be observed, the average electricity produced
per liter of the urine-water mixture. On the other hand, the independent variable is the amount of
urine-water mixture.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This study is focused on how will the human urine be able to produce electricity for
household use. The purpose of this study is to produce an alternative energy source with the use
of human urine.
Definition of Key Terms
The following terminologies will be used in the study and should be defined to give way
for complete understanding of the research. These are defined on how they will be used in the
research paper:
1. Electricity(noun) -a form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles

(such as electrons or protons), either statically as an accumulation of charge or
dynamically as a current. This is commonly used in power machines.
2. Electrolysis (noun) - chemical decomposition produced by passing an electric current
through a liquid or solution containing ions.

3. Electrolytic Cell(noun) - a cell consisting of an electrolyte, its container, and two

electrodes, in which the electrochemical reaction between the electrodes and the
electrolyte produces an electric current.
4. Fuel Cell(noun) - a cell producing an electric current directly from a chemical reaction.
5. Generator (noun) - used for storing energy; a dynamo or similar machine for converting
mechanical energy into electricity.
6. Hydrogen Fuel (noun) - a zero-emission fuel when burned with oxygen or used in a
contained cell also capable of 'reversing' the reaction if needed
7. Urine (noun) - mainly composed of water, urea and sodium; a form of human waste and
animal waste.

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Presented in this chapter is a related foreign resources (related literature and related
studies) that support the topic under investigation. These will serve as buses in conducting
research. These will also guide the researchers in conducting a safe and organized
experimentation.
Related Literature
1. Maker Faire Africa (2012) updated their blog entitled A Urine Powered Generator.
African teens invented a generator that produces electricity with the use of urine. The
Genius young scientists — Duro-Aina Adebola, Akindele Abiola, Bello Eniola and
Faleke Oluwatoyin exposed their pee-powered apparatus at Maker Faire Africa in Lagos,
Nigeria as per CNET.
2. Botte (2012) a university distinguished professor who invented the urea electrolysis
process and is achemical engineer at Ohio University, said that energy gain is not easy to
get and there is no other effective way to get a clean water from urine.

3. Estes (2012) updated his blog about the discovery of the group of Nigerian teenage girls
to turn urine into fuel. He said that these girls found a way to convert urine into
electricity, which provides 6 hours of electricity with a liter of urine.
4. Hearn (2012) updated his blog on urine powered generator invented by Nigerian teenage
girls which was showcased at the Fourth Annual Maker Faire Africa in Lagos, Nigeria.
He stated that the energy source is ecofriendly which produces electricity that lasts for six
hours per liter of urine. The invention has a potential of being a pee-powered bio-bomb
and will require more safety measures, he added.
5. The Huffington Post (2012) updated their blog entitled African Teenagers Develop Pee-
Powered Generator, Debut Device at Nigerian Innovation Fair. The blog is about the
group of Nigerian teens who have invented a generator that runs on urine. It is said that
the invention used one-way valves for safety measures, although according to CNET
there might still be some danger involved. According to the blog, the NBC News reported
that the invention may not be efficient on a larger scale.

Related Studies
Botte used electrolysis in order to produce hydrogen from urine. Urine’s most constituent
is urea that consists of four hydrogen atoms per molecule—which are less tightly bonded than
the hydrogen atoms in water. Botte used electrolysis in order to crack the molecules apart. For
the molecules to break down, electricity must be applied across the cell. The aim of the study is
to generate hydrogen while cleaning up waste from sewage plants.
Abiola et al. invented a urine powered generator, which uses electrolysis. The urine is
first placed into the electrolytic cell for the hydrogen to be separated. The separated hydrogen
will then go into the water filter for purification, which will then be pushed into the gas cylinder.
The gas cylinder will then push the hydrogen into a cylinder of liquid borax for moisture to be
removed. The purified hydrogen gas will then be pushed into the generator. There are one-way
valves for safety because hydrogen gas is flammable. The aim of the invention is to provide
electricity because of the shortage of electricity supply in Nigeria.

Justification of the study
The reviews of related literature and studies contained relevant information to the study
to be conducted. The scientific concepts, ideas and results presented provide integral and
comprehensive understanding of the urine electrolysis in order to produce hydrogen gas which
will then be converted into electricity.
The reviews of related literature proved that a good alternative source of electricity is
urine. The reviews of related studies confirm that there are studies conducted to prove other
properties and uses of urine. By some means, the related literature and studies were able to
explain how the machine or generator works and how long the produced electricity lasts. As well
as the procedure on making the apparatus itself and how urine will undergo electrolysis.
Therefore, there is a need to conduct this study to prove these ideas.

CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This chapter explains the research materials and methods to be followed in the conduct of
the study. The materials and methods to be used will be described in detail. This will feature
techniques unique to this research project and not yet done by other researchers.
This chapter will enumerate the materials and equipment to be used. This will also cite
the independent, dependent and extraneous variables to be controlled or measured in the study.
Lastly, this portion will present the process flowchart and the entire data gathering procedure.
Research Method
The study conducted made use of the experimental method of research. In this type, the
researchers have the freewill to manipulate the independent variable to measure a change in a
property of the dependent variable. Extraneous variables were controlled to achieve accurate
results. The conditions for the set-up were strictly followed to avoid alterations in the final result.
The primary purpose of this investigation was to confirm if the human urine is suitable
for generating electricity for household use. This also determined the relationship between the
duration of electricity generated when the turbine spins.

The independent variables in this study are the human urine. The dependent variables are
the electricity produced during the process.
The study made use of the single group design wherein the experimental unit is the
Human Urine. This design was chosen for experimental purposes.
Subjects of the Study
The subjects of the study were 3 urine-water mixtures. Mixtures were varied in amount
(per liter).
Research Instruments
Materials
The following materials were purchased by the researchers to conduct the research. Only
genuine materials were used. The quality of the materials was also checked before using it. The
materials stated in the data gathering procedure were the actual materials used in the research.
Table 3.1 shows the materials used in the study.

Table 3.1. Materials Used in the Study
Materials Quantity/Amount
Wires 3 meters
Human Urine 3 liters
Water 3 liters
Plastic Spoons 1 pack
Cork 1 pc.
Glue Sticks 3 pcs.
Rectifier 1 pc.
Dynamo (6 volts) 1pc.
6-watt LED light bulb 1 pc.
Plastic Tube 0.5 – 1 meter
Oil/Grease 1 bottle
Tupperware Cover 1 pc.

Equipment and Utensils
In order to achieve accurate results, proper equipment/utensils were used in measuring
and manipulating the materials. Electronic equipment needed for measuring the electricity
produced was provided by an electrician in doing the procedure. Table 3.2 shows the equipment
and utensils used in the study.
Table 3.2. Equipment and Utensils Used in the Study
Equipment/Utensil Quantity
Voltmeter 1 unit
Wire stripper 1 pair
Soldering Iron 1 unit
Soldering Lead 1 meter
Electric Drill 1 unit
Epoxy 2 pcs.
Glue gun 1 unit

Plan of Collecting Materials
Preparation of Experimental Setup and Materials
Assembly of the Turbine
Testing the Turbine
Statistical Analysis and Interpretation of Data
Figure 3.1. Flowchart of Data Gathering Procedure
PHASE 1. Plan of Collecting Materials
The researchers gathered urine from relatives and. Other materials needed in this research
were purchased in a hardware. The researchers needed new materials to have accurate results.
The purity of the Human Urine was sustained by the researchers to avoid any impurities
that may affect the urine electrolysis.

PHASE 2. Preparation of the Experimental Setup and Materials
The setup was at home in which there were three light bulbs. The human urine was
collected 2 days before the experimentation to avoid any impurities that may affect the urine
electrolysis.
PHASE 3. Assembly of the Turbine
The plastic spoons and the cork will serve as the turbine. Using an electric drill, a hole
was bored through the cork and the container. The plastic spoons were cut and were placed on
the cork using epoxy. The plastic tube was placed through the bored hole in the cork, passing
through the container. Oil/Grease was added to the cork. The Tupperware cover was added using
glue gun.
PHASE 4. Testing the Turbine
There were 3 trials for each liter of urine-water mixture. These trials were needed to
arrive at accurate results. The average of the trials for each liter of urine-water mixture and the
duration of the electricity produced were computed.

Statistical Treatment
The statistical technique used in the analyzing and interpreting the data is the
Multivariate analysis. The Multivariate Analysis was used to determine if there is no significant
difference on the mean of electricity produced in the Human Urine Generator using 1 liter, 2
liters and 3 liters of urine. The formulae are as follows:
∑ 𝑌2
SSTRT = - CF
𝑅
∑ 𝑥2
SSR= 𝑇𝑇𝑅𝑇
Experimental Design
The study made use of the Single Group Design wherein the experimental unit is
composed of 1 experimental group which is the urine-water mixture.

CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Presentation of Data
In this experiment, the amount of electricity produced through the Human-Urine
Generator is observed. Presented below are the data gathered from the Human-Urine Generator.
In the table are the multi-tester reading, duration of generation and bulb luminosity.
Table 4.1 Testing using voltmeter per liter of urine-water mixture
PER LITER OF TRIALS (VOLTMETER)

MEAN OF
URINE-WATER
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3 THREE TEST
MIXTURE
(In volts) (In volts) (In volts)
1 liter
(50% water 0 0 0 0
50% Human Urine)
2 liters
(50% water 0 0 0 0
50% Human Urine)
3 liters
(50% water 0 0 0 0
50% Human Urine)

Table 4.1 shows that all the trials have the same volts, which is 0 volts. This is due to the turbine
that didn’t move at all, when we poured a 1 liter (500ml Human Urine, 500ml Water) into the
opening of the generator. And when the researchers tested the 1 liter (500ml Human Urine,
500ml Water) with the use of voltmeter, the needle didn’t move at all. The second trial which is a
2 liter mixture of human urine and water, didn’t make our turbine spin as well resulting to failure
of generating electricity. This was done three times each liter.
Table 4.2 One liter Human Urine and Water Mixture: Trial using multi-tester reading, duration
of generation and bulb luminosity
MULTI TESTER
DURATION OF BULB
TRIAL READING
GENERATION LUMINOSITY
(IN OHMS)
1 0Ω 0 sec Doesn’t light at all
Table 4.2 shows the One liter Human Urine and Water Mixture: Trial using multi-tester reading,
duration of generation and bulb luminosity. Trial 1 shows that the multi-tester reading doesn’t
generate energy electricity, so as the trials 2 and 3 because the turbine didn’t spin at all. The
duration of generation is 0 sec, because there weren’t any electricity produced.

Luminosity is rated as follows:

- Doesn’t light at all
- Dim
- Moderate
- Bright
Table 4.3 Two liter Human Urine and Water Mixture: Trial using multi-tester reading, duration
of generation and bulb luminosity
MULTI TESTER
DURATION OF BULB
TRIAL READING
(IN OHMS)
duration of generation and bulb luminosity. Trial 1 shows that the multi-tester reading doesn’t
generate electricity. The duration of generation is 0 sec because the 6 watt LED light bulb didn’t
light up at all.

Table 4.4 Three liter Human Urine and Water Mixture: Trial using multi-tester reading,
duration of generation and bulb luminosity
MULTI TESTER
DURATION OF BULB
TRIAL READING
(IN OHMS)
duration of generation and bulb luminosity. The table shows that the multi-tester reading from
trials 1 to 3 is 0v; which means there is no generation of electricity because the bulb doesn’t light
up at all.
Table 4.5 Average Generated Current of 1 liter Human-Urine Mixture
1 LITER OF HUMAN URINE MIXTURE

MEAN OF EACH
X1 X1 – X1 (X1 – X1)2
GROUP
Trial 1 0 0 0
Trial 2 0 0 0
Trial 3 0 0 0
Total 0 0 0
Table 4.5 shows the average Generated Current of 1 liter Human-Urine Mixture.

Table 4.6 Average Generated Current of 2 liters Human-Urine Mixture
2 LITERS OF HUMAN URINE MIXTURE

MEAN OF EACH
X1 X1 – X1 (X1 – X1)2
GROUP
Trial 1 0 0 0
Trial 2 0 0 0
Trial 3 0 0 0
Total 0 0 0
Table4.6 shows the average Generated Current of 2 liters Human-Urine Mixture.
Table 4.7 Average Generated Current of 3 liters Human-Urine Mixture
3 LITERS OF HUMAN URINE MIXTURE

MEAN OF EACH
X1 X1 – X1 (X1 – X1)2
GROUP
Trial 1 0 0 0
Trial 2 0 0 0
Trial 3 0 0 0
Total 0 0 0
Table 4.7 shows the average Generated Current of 3 liters Human-Urine Mixture.

CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In this chapter, the summary of the research is presented and findings of the study are
discussed and interpreted. The significance of this research is if the Human Urine can generate
electricity. Recommendations are for further research at the end of the chapter. The scope of the
following conclusions is limited to the context and historical characteristics if the Human Urine
is able to produce electricity.
Summary of Findings
The study aimed to prove if energy from Human Urine is possible. The Researchers used
the concepts of generating electricity from dams, rivers and falls to prove the said study.
The tables in Chapter 4 reveal the result of our Research. The product failed because the
turbine didn’t cause any movement, resulting the failure of the whole Research. The Generator
works by putting the Human Urine-Water Mixture in the opening of the Generator, then the
pressure onto it is what makes the turbine spin and the mechanical energy will be collected. The
collected mechanical energy will be placed on the 6V DC motor wherein the mechanical energy
that has been collected will be converted into electrical energy.

The Rectifier is needed since the LED light bulb needs a DC current, and the rectifier is
what will make the AC current from the DC motor to be converted into a DC current. The
positive and negative wire is connected to the rectifier and the other side of the rectifier, where
we connect the 6V LED light bulb. The product was first tested using tap water and hose. The
water pressure increased but still, there was a little movement of the turbine. The turbine and the
motor doesn’t turn, resulting the failure of the whole product. In the first table in chapter 4, the
researchers tested how many liters of urine needed to light up a 6 volt LED light bulb. We tested
1 liter first, followed by 2 liters and 3 liters; but the turbine didn’t spin at all.
The second table shows the One liter Human Urine and Water Mixture: Trial using multi-
tester reading, duration of generation and bulb luminosity; where we tested one liter of urine in
three trials. However, the result is still the same. It didn’t produce any electricity, so there is no
duration of generation.
Multivariate Analysis results showed that there is a significant difference between the
energy produced by the human urine and the energy produced by the main energy source in
terms of Electricity Generated and Duration of the Generated Electricity.

Conclusion
The researchers therefore conclude that the production of electricity with the use of
Human Urine Generator failed. According to the findings of this research, the said objectives are
not met. Human Urine as an Alternative Energy Source will be successful if and only if the
generator works. The main purpose of this study is the generation of electricity with the help of
human urine. The researchers assumed that it will be very efficient and cost effective and it will
help the community as well. Nevertheless, the researchers believe that the conservation of energy
is the utmost importance nowadays.
Recommendations
This research may provide additional knowledge to other researchers. The investigated
fact that there would be an equal amount of generated current for all three groups or conditions
can be applied by the researchers in future works.
Moreover, the researchers would like to recommend to other researchers the following:
1. Use materials that are accessible for turbine. Make sure that the turbine of the
generator is easy to turn.
2. Use dynamo that is compatible with your turbine. If your turbine is hard to spin,
so as the dynamo.

3. Use a larger container. Larger container will make the generator more accesible
and not hard to open if there is a complication inside.
4. Make the opening or where you will put the Human Urine mixture wider so that
the human urine water mixture will not fall off and wasted.
5. When testing, make sure you’ll give a force. The more force you exert in
throwing the mixture onto the turbine in the opening of the generator, the more
electricity you can get.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Maker Faire Africa. (November 6, 2012). A Urine Powered Generator. Retrieved July 16, 2016
from http://makerfaireafrica.com/2012/11/00/a-urine-powered-generator/
Estes, A.C. (November 8, 2012). People are Suspicious About This Pee-Powered Generator.
Retrieved July 16, 2016 from http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/people-are-suspicious-about-
this-pee-powered-generator
Hearn, M. (November 8, 2012). Urine Powered Generator. Retrieved July 16, 2016 from
http://www.engadget.com/2012/11/08/urine-powered-generator
Keiren. (May 6, 2016). Urine Powered Generator. Retrieved July 16, 2016 from
https://www/.niftyhomestead.com/blog/urine-powered-generator/
n.a. (November 9, 2012). African teenagers Develop Pee-Powered Generator, Debut Device at
Nigerian Innovation Fair. Retrieved July 16, 2016 from
http://huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/09/african-teenagers-develop-pee-powered-generator

APPENDIX A
DOCUMENTATION

APPENDIX C
COMPUTATION
Table 3.3 Per 1.5 liter of Urine
X1 X1 – x̅ 1 (X1 – x̅ 1)2
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
x̅1 = 0
SD1= 0/3-1 = 0
Table 3.4 Per 3 liters of Urine
X1 X1 – x̅ 1 (X1 – x̅ 1)2
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
x̅2 = 0
SD2= 0/3-1 = 0

0−0
t = 0 0
√ +
3 3
t=0

APPENDIX D
SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES

APPENDIX E
FINANCIAL STATEMENT
Wire…………………………………………………………………………………....Php 20.00
Electrical Tape………………………………………………………………………...Php 15.00
Sample Containers…………………………………………………………………….Php 100.00
Container……………………………………………………………………………...Php 200.00
Cork…………………………………………………………………………………...Php 20.00
Plastic Spoons………………………………………………………………………...Php 15.00
Epoxy…………………………………………………………………………………Php 120.00
Dynamo………………………………………………………………………………Php 240.00
______________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL: Php 730.00

CURRICULUM VITAE
AUSTRIA, KYLA CABANERO

PH 2 BLK 8 LOT 15 Eastwind Homes, Rodriguez, Rizal
09434361156
austria.kyla.mariscihs@gmail.com
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Preschool: San Rafael Day Care Center; Sta. Cecilia Parochial School
Elementary: Sta. Cecilia Parochial School
High School: Marikina Science High School
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Nickname: Kyla
Age: 15
Gender: Female
Civil Status: Single
Date of Birth: February 11, 2001
Place of Birth: Sta. Cruz, Manila
Name of Father: Jose Alfero Dawat Austria
Name of Mother: Evangelista Cabanero Austria

CURRICULUM VITAE
CASTILLO, ANJELICA MACATO

PH5 BLK 3 LT 7 Santa Barbara Villas 1, Silangan, San Mateo, Rizal
09289986513
castillo.anjelica.mshs12@gmail.com
Preschool: San Roque Elementary School

Elementary: Silangan Elementary School
Nickname: Anje
Age: 15
Gender: Female
Date of Birth: November 30, 2001
Place of Birth: Marikina City
Name of Father: Jerald Bañas Castillo
Name of Mother: Leica Macato Castillo

CURRICULUM VITAE
SERRATO, JOSH AIMEE J.

142 M.H Del Pilar St., Calumpang Marikina City
09173098550
serrato.joshaimee.mshs@gmail.com
Preschool: Kalumpang, Barangay Hall

Elementary: Sta. Clara Academy of Marikina City
Nickname: Aimee
Age: 16
Gender: Female
Date of Birth: November 28, 2000
Place of Birth: Marikina City
Name of Father: Erickson Francisco Serrato
Name of Mother: Rhea Josef Ramos

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HUMAN URINE AS AN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCE

AUSTRIA, CASTILLO, SERRATO 1

This investigatory project entitled HUMAN URINE AS AN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

recommended for acceptance and approval of oral examination.

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of ____

MARY ANN N. TAWAY

Date January 2017

AUSTRIA, CASTILLO, SERRATO P AGE |2

TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... iii

LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... iv

LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................v

ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. vii

Statement of the problem ...............................................................................................8

Significance of the Study ...............................................................................................9

Conceptual Framework ................................................................................................11

Scope and Limitation of the Study...............................................................................11

AUSTRIA, CASTILLO, SERRATO P AGE |3

APPENDIX A: Documentation .........................................................................................35

APPENDIX C: Computation .............................................................................................36

APPENDIX D: Schedule of Activities ..............................................................................37

APPENDIX E: Financial Statement ..................................................................................38

AUSTRIA, CASTILLO, SERRATO P AGE |4

3.2. Equipment and Utensils Used in the Study.................................................................20

4.1.Testing using Voltmeter Per-liter of Urine-water Mixture ..........................................24

4.2. One liter Human Urine and Water Mixture ................................................................25

4.3. Two liter Human Urine and Water Mixture ...............................................................26

4.4. Three liter Human Urine and Water Mixture .............................................................27

4.5. Average Generated Current of 1 liter Human-Urine Mixture ....................................28

4.6. Average Generated Current of 2 liters Human-Urine Mixture ...................................28

4.7. Average Generated Current of 3 liters Human-Urine Mixture ...................................29

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3.1. Flowchart of Data Gathering Procedure ................................................................. 21

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THE PROBLEM: RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND

not only in our country, but a problem worldwide.

result, numerous research are going on for a low-cost energy generation.

generator which generates the electricity.

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but little did we know that it is going to be useful in the future.

Statement of the Problem

The subproblems of the study are:

1. How much electricity can be generated?

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Significance of the Study

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Scope and Delimitation of the Study

Definition of Key Terms

1. Electricity(noun) -a form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles

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3. Electrolytic Cell(noun) - a cell consisting of an electrolyte, its container, and two

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Nigeria as per CNET.

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electricity, which provides 6 hours of electricity with a liter of urine.

and will require more safety measures, he added.

that the invention may not be efficient on a larger scale.

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to generate hydrogen while cleaning up waste from sewage plants.

electricity because of the shortage of electricity supply in Nigeria.

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