Appendix A

AMMONIA [1]

Details
Common Name Ammonia
Trade Name Ammonia
Formula NH3
Hazards Identification
Main Hazards Irritating or corrosive to exposed tissues.
Inhalation of vapours may result in pulmonary
oedema and chemical pneumonitis. Contact with
liquid product may cause frostbite or freeze
burns, in exposed tissues.
Adverse Health Effects Inhalation of high concentrations produces
violent coughing due to the local action on the
respiratory tract. If rapid escape is not possible,
severe lung irritation, pulmonary oedema and
death can result. Lower concentrations cause eye
irritation, laryngitis and bronchitis.
Biological Hazards Because of its alkaline properties, long-term
exposure to flora can cause damage. Aquatic
fauna can also be affected should the pH of their
environment change due to long-term exposure to
high concentrations of ammonia.
Vapour Inhalation It produces respiratory reflexes such as coughing
and arrest of respiration. It affects the conjunctiva
and cornea immediately. Inhalation causes acute
inflammation of the respiratory organs, coughing,
oedema of the lungs, chronic bronchial catarrh,
and secretion of saliva and retention of urine.
Eye Contact Exposure to high gas concentrations may cause
temporary blindness and severe eye damage.
Direct contact of the eyes with liquid anhydrous
ammonia will produce serious eye burns.
Skin Contact Liquid anhydrous ammonia produces skin burns
on contact.
Ingestion Swallowing of the liquid results in severe
corrosive action of the mouth, throat, and
stomach.
First Aid Measures
Eye contact Immediately flush eyes thoroughly with water for
at least 15 minutes. Hold the eyelids open and
away from the eyeballs to ensure that all surfaces
are flushed thoroughly
Skin contact In case of contact, immediately flush affected
areas with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes
while removing contaminated clothing and shoes.
Call a physician. Wash clothing before reuse.
Discard contaminated shoes.
Inhalation Remove victim to uncontaminated area wearing
self-contained breathing apparatus. Keep victim
warm and rested. Call a doctor. Apply artificial
respiration if breathing stopped.
Contact with nose and throat Irrigate the nose and mouth continuously for 15
minutes. If the patient can swallow, encourage
him to drink large quantities of 0.5% citric acid
solution or lemonade. Never give anything by
mouth to an unconscious person.
Ingestion Ingestion is not considered a potential route of
exposure.
Fire Fighting Measures
Extinguished media Carbon dioxide, dry chemical, water spray or fog.
Specific hazards No reactivity hazard other than the effects
described in sub-sections below.
Advice for firefighters No information available
Firefighting instructions Take care not to extinguish flames. If flames are
accidentally extinguished, explosive re-ignition
may occur. Allow fire to burn out
Protection during firefighting Compressed gas; Asphyxiant. Suffocation hazard
by lack of oxygen.
Special protective equipment for fire fighters Wear gas tight chemically protective clothing in
combination with self-contained breathing
apparatus. Standard protective clothing and
equipment (Self Contained Breathing Apparatus)
for fire fighters.
Other information Heat of fire can build pressure in cylinder and
cause it to rupture. Flammable and toxic vapors
may spread from leak and could explode if
reignited.
Accidental Release Measures
For non-emergency personnel Evacuate surrounding areas. Keep unnecessary
and unprotected personnel from entering. Shut off
all ignition sources. Do not breathe gas. Provide
adequate ventilation. Wear appropriate respirator
when ventilation is inadequate. Put on
appropriate personal protective equipment.
For emergency responders Protective equipment
Environmental precautions Water polluting material. May be harmful to the
environment if released in large quantities.
Collect spillage.
Methods and materials for containment and Immediately contact emergency personnel. Stop
cleaning up leak if without risk. Use spark-proof tools and
explosion-proof equipment.
Handling and Storage
Protective measures Do not breathe gas/vapour. Avoid all contact with
skin, eyes, or clothing. Emergency eye wash
fountains and safety showers should be available
in the immediate vicinity of any potential
exposure. Wear leather safety gloves and safety
shoes when handling cylinders.
Advice on general occupational hygiene Eating, drinking and smoking should be
prohibited in areas where this material is handled,
stored and processed. Workers should wash
hands and face before eating, drinking and
smoking. Remove contaminated clothing and
protective equipment before entering eating
areas.
Storage conditions Store in a cool, well-ventilated place.
Store only where temperature will not exceed
125°F (52°C)
Exposure Controls and Personal Protection
Appropriate engineering controls Use a local exhaust system, if necessary, to
prevent oxygen deficiency and to keep hazardous
fumes and gases below all applicable limits in the
worker's breathing zone.
Individual protection measures Wear metatarsal shoes and work gloves for
cylinder handling, and protective clothing where
needed. Wear appropriate chemical gloves during
cylinder change out or wherever contact with
product is possible.
Eye/ face protection Wear safety glasses when handling cylinders;
vapour-proof goggles and a face shield.
Hand protection Wear metatarsal shoes and work gloves for
cylinder handling, and protective clothing where
needed.
Respiratory protection Use an air-supplied or air-purifying cartridge if
the action level is exceeded. Ensure that the
respirator has the appropriate protection factor for
the exposure level.
Environmental exposure control Emissions from ventilation or work process
equipment should be checked to ensure they
comply with the requirements of environmental
protection legislation
Other protective equipment Keep suitable chemically resistant protective
clothing readily available for emergency use.
Wear leather safety gloves and safety shoes when
handling cylinders.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Form Gas (compressed gas)
Colour Colorless
Odour Pungent
Odour threshold Not available
pH Approximately 11.6
Melting point -77.7°C (-107.9 °F)
Boiling point / Boiling Range -33°C (-27.4 °F)
Critical temperature 132.85°C (271.1°F)
Flash point No information available
Evaporation rate No information available
Flammability (solid, gas) Extremely flammable in the presence of the
following materials or conditions: oxidizing
materials.
Lower explosion limit Lower: 16%
Upper explosion limit Upper: 25%
Vapour pressure 114.1 (psig)
Relative vapour density 0.59 (Air = 1)
Density 0.0481 (32°C / 89.6 to °F)
Water solubility 540 g/l
Auto-ignition temperature 651°C (1203.8°F)
Viscosity, dynamics No information available
Explosive properties No information available
Oxidizing properties No information available
Ignition properties No information available
Stability and Reactivity
Reactivity No specific test data related to reactivity available
for this product or its ingredients.
Chemical stability The product is stable.
Possibility of hazardous material Under normal conditions of storage and use,
hazardous reactions will not occur.
Conditions to avoid Heating of cylinders
Incompatibility materials Oxidizers and Yellow Metals (brass & copper)
Hazardous decomposition products Under normal conditions of storage and use,
hazardous decomposition products should not be
produced.
Toxicological Information
Acute toxicity Product: Ammonia gas
Result: LC50 Inhalation Gas
Species: Rat
Dose: 7338 ppm
Exposure: 1 hours
Irritation /Corrosion No information available
Sensitization No information available
Mutagenicity No information available
Carcinogenicity No information available
Reproductive toxicity No information available
Teratogenicity No information available
Potential acute health effects
Eye contact Causes serious eye damage
Inhalation Harmful if inhaled
Skin contact Causes severe burns
Symptoms related to the physical, chemical and toxicological characteristics
Eye contact Pain, watering, redness
Inhalation No specific data
Skin contact Pain or irritation, redness and blistering may
occur
Ingestion Stomach pains
Ecological Information
Ammonia gas can cause damage to the ecology due to its high alkalinity and affinity for water. pH
changes can occur in the immediate environs of a spill which could affect both flora and fauna
Disposal Consideration
Disposal methods Ammonia may be disposed of by discharge into
water of sufficient volume to absorb it.
Nitrogen oxide [3][4]

Details
Common Name Nitric oxide
Trade Name Nitric oxide
Formula NO
Hazards Identification
Main Hazards Poisonous, oxidizing gas with an irritating odor
Adverse Health Effects Extremely toxic by inhalation
Biological Hazards In high concentrations may cause asphyxiation.
Vapour Inhalation Exposure to nitric oxide gas in low concentration
produces an irritating effect on the mucous
membranes of the eyes, nose, throat and lungs,
which can include choking, coughing, headache,
nausea and fatigue. Severe over-exposure may
cause methemoglobinemia, cyanosis, delayed
pulmonary edema, mental confusion,
unconsciousness and death.
Eye Contact Severe injury and swelling of the eye tissue may
occur.
Skin Contact The gas may be irritating to the skin, especially in
a moist environment. Symptoms of skin over-
exposure may include itchiness, pain, and
redness.
Ingestion Ingestion is not a likely route of exposure for
nitric oxide.
First aid measures
Eye contact If contact with Nitric Oxide and the eyes results
in irritation, open victim's eyes while under
gentle running water. Minimum flushing is for 15
minutes. Victim must seek immediate medical
attention from an ophthalmologist.
Skin contact immediately begin decontamination with running
water. Minimum flushing is for 15 minutes.
Inhalation Remove victim(s) to fresh air, as quickly as
possible
Contact with nose and throat immediately begin decontamination with running
water. Minimum flushing is for 15 minutes.
ingestion Ingestion is not considered a potential route of
exposure.
FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES
Extinguished media All known extinguisher can be used.
Specific hazards Supports combustion. Exposure to fire may cause
containers to rupture/explode.
Advice for firefighters No information available
Firefighting instructions If possible, stop flow of product. Move container
away or cool with water from a protected
position. Prevent water used in emergency cases
from entering sewers and drainage systems.
Protection during firefighting Gas tight chemically protective clothing (Type 1)
in combination with self-contained breathing
apparatus.
Special protective equipment for fire fighters
Other information
Accidental Release Measures
For non-emergency personnel
For emergency responders
Environmental precautions
Methods and materials for containment and
cleaning up
Handling and Storage
Protective measures
Advice on general occupational hygiene
Storage conditions
Exposure Controls and Personal Protection
Appropriate engineering controls
Individual protection measures
Gas tight chemically protective clothing (Type 1)
in combination with self-contained breathing
apparatus.
No information available
Evacuate surrounding areas. Keep unnecessary
and unprotected personnel from entering. Shut off
all ignition sources. No flares, smoking or flames
in hazard area. Do not breathe gas. Provide
adequate ventilation. Wear appropriate respirator
when ventilation is inadequate. Put on
appropriate personal protective equipment.
If specialized clothing is required to deal with the
spillage, take note of any information in Section
8 on suitable and unsuitable materials.
Try to stop release. Reduce vapour with fog or
fine water spray. Monitor concentration of
released product.
Ventilate area. Wash contaminated equipment or
sites of leaks with copious quantities of water.
Hose down area with water.
Put on appropriate personal protective equipment.
Do not get in eyes or on skin or clothing. Use
only with adequate ventilation. Wear appropriate
respirator when ventilation is inadequate. Do not
puncture or incinerate container. Use equipment
rated for cylinder pressure. Close valve after each
use and when empty. Protect cylinders from
physical damage; do not drag, roll, slide, or drop.
Use a suitable hand truck for cylinder movement.
Empty containers retain product residue and can
be hazardous. Keep away from clothing,
incompatible materials and combustible
materials. Do not breathe gas. Keep reduction
valves free from grease and oil.
Eating, drinking and smoking should be
prohibited in areas where this material is handled,
stored and processed. Workers should wash
hands and face before eating, drinking and
smoking. Remove contaminated clothing and
protective equipment before entering eating
areas.
Store in accordance with local regulations. Store
in a segregated and approved area. Store away
from direct sunlight in a dry, cool and well-
ventilated area, away from incompatible
materials
Use a local exhaust system, if necessary, to
prevent oxygen deficiency and to keep hazardous
fumes and gases below all applicable limits in the
worker's breathing zone.
Wear metatarsal shoes and work gloves for
 cylinder handling, and protective clothing where
needed. Wear appropriate chemical gloves during
cylinder changeout or wherever contact with
product is possible.
Eye/ face protection Wear safety glasses when handling cylinders;
vapor-proof goggles and a face shield.
Hand protection Wear metatarsal shoes and work gloves for
cylinder handling, and protective clothing where
needed.
Respiratory protection Use an air-supplied or air-purifying cartridge if
the action level is exceeded. Ensure that the
respirator has the appropriate protection factor for
the exposure level.
Environmental exposure control Emissions from ventilation or work process
equipment should be checked to ensure they
comply with the requirements of environmental
protection legislation. In some cases, fume
scrubbers, filters or engineering modifications to
the process equipment will be necessary to reduce
emissions to acceptable levels.
Other protective equipment No information available
Physical and Chemical Properties
Form Gas ( compressed gas)
Colour Colourless
Odour Sharp, unpleasant
Odour threshold No information available
pH No information available
Melting point -164 °C
Boiling point / Boiling Range -152 °C
Critical temperature -93 °C
Flash point Not applicable for gases and gas mixtures.
Evaporation rate Not applicable for gases and gas mixtures.
Flammability (solid, gas) Non flammable.
Lower explosion limit No information available
Upper explosion limit No information available
Vapour pressure No information available
Relative vapour density No information available
Density 0.077
Water solubility 67 mg/l
Auto-ignition temperature No information available
Viscosity, dynamics No information available
Explosive properties Extremely flammable.
Oxidizing properties Oxidizer
Ignition properties No information available
Stability and Reactivity
Reactivity Unreactive under normal conditions.
Chemical stability Stable under normal conditions. Decomposes at
room temperature to other nitrogen oxides and
nitrogen. Oxidises in air to form nitrogen dioxide
which is extremely reactive.
Possibility of hazardous material Violently oxidises organic material.
Conditions to avoid Heat
Incompatibility materials Air, Oxidiser. May react violently with reducing
 agents. May react violently with combustible
materials.
Hazardous decomposition products Under normal conditions of storage and use,
hazardous decomposition products should not be
produced. Decomposes at room temperature to
other nitrogen oxides and nitrogen. Oxidises in
air to form nitrogen dioxide which is extremely
reactive.
Toxicological information
Acute Toxicity Result: LC50
Species: Rat
Exposure: 4 h
Dose: 57.5 ppm
Irritation /Corrosion Severe corrosion to the skin at high
concentrations.
Sensitization No known effects from this product.
Mutagenicity No information available
Carcinogenicity No information available
Reproductive toxicity No information available
Teratogenicity No information available
Potential acute health effects
Eye contact Causes serious eye damage. Contact with rapidly
expanding gas may cause burns or frostbite.
Inhalation Fatal if inhaled.
Skin contact Causes severe burns. Contact with rapidly
expanding gas may cause burns or frostbite.
Symptoms related to the physical, chemical and toxicological characteristics
Eye contact Pain, watering, redness
Inhalation No specific data.
Skin contact Pain or irritation, redness, blistering may occur
ingestion Stomach pains
Ecological information
May cause pH changes in aqueous ecological systems.
Disposal consideration
Disposal methods Waste disposal must be in accordance with
appropriate Federal, State, and local regulations.
Return cylinders with any residual product to
Matheson Tri-Gas. Do not dispose of locally.

Nitrous oxide [5][6][7]

Details
Common name Nitrous oxide
Trade name Nitrous oxide
Formula N2O
Hazards identification
Main hazards Nitrous oxide is non-flammable, but readily
supports combustion.
Never permit oil, grease or other readily
combustible substance to come into contact with
high concentrations of nitrous oxide.
Adverse health effects Nitrous oxide should not be used with any
condition where air is entrapped within body, and
 where its expansion might be dangerous such as
head injuries with impairment of consciousness;
artificial, traumatic/spontaneous pneumothorax air
embolism; decompression sickness; following a
recent dive; following air encephalography;
severe bullous emphysema; during myringoplasty;
gross abdominal distension; intoxication;
maxillofacial injuries.
Biological hazards Administration of nitrous oxide, more frequently
than every 4 days should be accompanied by
routine blood cell counts for evidence of
megaloblastic change in red cells, hyper
segmentation of neutrophils.
Vapour inhalation Use of nitrous oxide causes inactivation of
vitamin B12 which is a cofactor of methionine
synthase. Folate metabolism is consequently
interfered with DNA synthesis is impaired
following prolonged nitrous oxide administration,
disturbances result in megaloblastic bone marrow
change. Exceptionally heavy occupational
exposure or addictions have resulted in
myeloneuropathy and subacute combined
degeneration.
Eye contact No information available
Skin contact No information available
Ingestion Depletion of methionine has been implicated in
the neurological deficit seen in chronic abusers of
nitrous oxide.
First Aid Measures
Eye Contact No known effect
Skin Contact No known effect
Inhalation No known effect
Ingestion Inapplicable, unwitting or deliberate inhalation of
nitrous oxide will result in unconsciousness,
passing through stages of increasing light
headedness and intoxication, and, if the victim
were to be within a confined space, death from
anoxia could result. Treatment is removal to fresh
air, and if necessary, the use of an oxygen
resuscitator.
Fire Fighting Measures
Extinguished media As nitrous oxide is non-flammable but strongly
supports combustion, the correct type of
extinguishing media should be used depending on
the combustible material involved.
Specific hazards Nitrous oxide vigorously accelerates combustion.
Materials that would not normally burn in air
could combust vigorously in atmospheres having
high concentrations of nitrous oxide.
Advice for firefighters
Firefighting instructions Evacuate all personnel from the danger area. Use
self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and
protective clothing. Immediately cool containers
with water from maximum distance. Stop flow of

Protection during firefighting
Special protective equipment for fire fighters
Other information
Accidental Release Measures
For non-emergency personnel
For emergency responders
Environmental precautions
Methods and materials for containment and
cleaning up
Handling and Storage
Protective measures
Advice on general occupational hygiene
gas if safe to do so, while continuing cooling
water spray. Remove ignition sources if safe to do
so. Remove containers from area of fire if safe to
do so.
Wear gas tight chemically protective clothing in
combination with self-contained breathing
apparatus. Standard protective clothing and
equipment (Self Contained Breathing Apparatus)
for fire fighters.
Containers are equipped with a pressure relief
device. (Exceptions may exist where authorized
by DOT.)
Oxidizing agent; vigorously accelerates
combustion. Contact with flammable materials
may cause fire or explosion Smoking, flames, and
electric sparks are potential explosion hazards
No action shall be taken involving any personal
risk or without suitable training. Evacuate
surrounding areas. Keep unnecessary and
unprotected personnel from entering. Shut off all
ignition sources. No flares, smoking or flames in
hazard area. Avoid breathing gas. Provide
adequate ventilation. Wear appropriate respirator
when ventilation is inadequate. Put on appropriate
personal protective equipment.
Ensure emergency procedures to deal with
accidental gas releases are in place to avoid
contamination of the environment.
Immediately contact emergency personnel. Stop
leak if without risk. Use spark-proof tools and
explosion-proof equipment
Put on appropriate personal protective equipment.
Contains gas under pressure. Avoid breathing gas.
Use only with adequate ventilation. Wear
appropriate respirator when ventilation is
inadequate. Do not puncture or incinerate
container. Use equipment rated for cylinder
pressure. Close valve after each use and when
empty. Protect cylinders from physical damage;
do not drag, roll, slide, or drop. Use a suitable
hand truck for cylinder movement. Avoid contact
with eyes, skin and clothing. Empty containers
retain product residue and can be hazardous. Keep
away from clothing, incompatible materials and
combustible materials. Keep reduction valves free
from grease and oil.
Eating, drinking and smoking should be
prohibited in areas where this material is handled,
stored and processed. Workers should wash hands
and face before eating, drinking and smoking.
 Remove contaminated clothing and protective
equipment before entering eating areas.
Storage conditions Store in accordance with local regulations. Store
in a segregated and approved area. Store away
from direct sunlight in a dry, cool and well-
ventilated area, away from incompatible materials
Exposure Controls and Personal Protection
Appropriate engineering controls Use only with adequate ventilation. Use process
enclosures, local exhaust ventilation or other
engineering controls to keep worker exposure to
airborne contaminants below any recommended
or statutory limits.
Individual protection measures Emissions from ventilation or work process
equipment should be checked to ensure they
comply with the requirements of environmental
protection legislation. In some cases, fume
scrubbers, filters or engineering modifications to
the process equipment will be necessary to reduce
emissions to acceptable levels.
Eye/ face protection Safety eyewear complying with an approved
standard should be used when a risk assessment
indicates this is necessary to avoid exposure to
liquid splashes, mists, gases or dusts. If contact is
possible, the following protection should be worn,
unless the assessment indicates a higher degree of
protection: safety glasses with sideshields.
Hand protection Chemical-resistant, impervious gloves complying
with an approved standard should be worn at all
times when handling chemical products if a risk
assessment indicates this is necessary.
Respiratory protection Select a respirator that meets the appropriate
standard or certification.
Environmental exposure control Emissions from ventilation or work process
equipment should be checked to ensure they
comply with the requirements of environmental
protection legislation. In some cases, fume
scrubbers, filters or engineering modifications to
the process equipment will be necessary to reduce
emissions to acceptable levels.
Other protective equipment Appropriate footwear and any additional skin
protection measures should be selected based on
the task being performed and the risks involved
and should be approved by a specialist before
handling this product.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Form Gas. Compressed gas
Colour Colourless
Odour Characteristic
Odour threshold Not available
pH Not available
Melting point -90.8°C (-131.4°F)
Boiling point / Boiling Range -88.5°C (-127.3°F)
Critical temperature 36.55°C (97.8°F)
Flash point Product does not sustain combustion
Evaporation rate Not available
Flammability (solid, gas) Extremely flammable in the presence of the
following materials or conditions: reducing
materials and combustible materials

Lower explosion limit Not available

Upper explosion limit Not available
Vapour pressure 745 psig
Relative vapour density 1.53 (Air = 1)
Density 0.115 lb/ft3
Water solubility 1.2 g/l
Auto-ignition temperature Not available
Viscosity, dynamics Not available
Explosive properties Not available
Oxidizing properties Oxidizer
Ignition properties Not available
Stability and Reactivity
Reactivity No specific test data related to reactivity available
for this product or its ingredients
Chemical stability The product is stable
Possibility of hazardous material Hazardous reactions or instability may occur
under certain conditions of storage or use
Conditions to avoid No specific data
Incompatibility materials Highly reactive or incompatible with the materials
such as combustible materials,reducing materials
grease oil

Hazardous decomposition products Under normal conditions of storage and use,

hazardous decomposition products should not be
produced.

Toxicological Information
Acute toxicity No information available
Irritation /corrosion No information available
Sensitization No information available
Mutagenicity No information available
Carcinogenicity No information available
Reproductive toxicity No information available
teratogenicity No information available
Potential acute health effects
Eye contact No known significant effects or critical hazards.
Inhalation Can cause central nervous system (CNS)
depression. May cause drowsiness or dizziness.
Skin contact No known significant effects or critical hazards
Symptoms related to the physical, chemical and toxicological characteristics
Eye contact No specific data.
Inhalation Adverse symptoms may include nausea or
vomiting, headache, drowsiness/fatigue,
dizziness/vertigo, unconsciousness

Skin contact No specific data.

ingestion No specific data.
Ecological Information
Nitrous oxide is heavier than air and care should be taken to avoid the formation of nitrous oxide-
enriched pockets. It does not pose a hazard to the ecology.

Disposal Consideration
Disposal methods Small amounts may be blown to atmosphere
under controlled conditions.

Nitric acid [8][9]

Details
Common Name Nitric acid
Other name Acide nitrique, Aqua fortis, Azotic acid,
Hydrogen nitrate
Trade Name Nitric acid
Formula NH3
Hazards Identification
Main Hazards Corrosive to metals
Causes severe skin burns and eye damage
Adverse Health Effects Very hazardous in case of skin contact (corrosive,
irritant, permeator), of eye contact (irritant,
corrosive), of ingestion
Biological Hazards
Vapour Inhalation May be fatal if inhaled. Effects may be delayed.
May cause irritation of the respiratory tract with
burning pain in the nose and throat, coughing,
wheezing, shortness of breath and pulmonary
edema. Chemical pneumonitis, bronchitis, and
possible death.
Eye Contact Causes severe eye burns and loss of vision. May
cause permanent damage.
Skin Contact May cause severe skin irritation. Causes skin
burns. May cause deep, penetrating ulcers of the
skin.
Ingestion Causes gastrointestinal tract burns. May cause
perforation of the digestive tract. Burns in
mouth, pharynx and gastrointestinal tract.
 Vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain,
kidney damage and death.
First Aid Measures
Eye contact Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case
of contact, immediately flush eyes with plenty of
water for at least 15 minutes. Cold water may be
used. Get medical attention immediately.
Skin contact In case of contact, immediately flush skin with
plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while
removing contaminated clothing and shoes.
Cover the irritated skin with an emollient. Cold
water may be used.Wash clothing before reuse.
Thoroughly clean shoes before reuse. Get
medical attention immediately.
Inhalation If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not breathing,
give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult,
give oxygen. Get medical attention immediately.
Ingestion If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless
directed to do so by medical personnel. Never
give anything by mouth to an unconscious
person. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie,
belt or waistband. Get medical attention
immediately
Fire Fighting Measures
Extinguished media Use extinguishing media most appropriate for the
surrounding fire.
Specific hazards Oxidizing material – contributes to combustion of
other materials. Emits toxic fumes under fire
conditions. Contact with other materials may
cause fire and/or explosion.
Advice for firefighters No information available
Firefighting instructions Stay in danger area only with self-contained
breathing apparatus. Prevent skin contact by
keeping a safe distance or by wearing suitable
protective clothing.
Protection during firefighting Do not enter fire area without proper protective
equipment, including respiratory protection.
Special protective equipment for fire fighters Stay in danger area only with self-contained
breathing apparatus. Prevent skin contact by
keeping a safe distance or by wearing suitable
protective clothing.

Other information
Accidental Release Measures
For non-emergency personnel
For emergency responders
Environmental precautions
Methods and materials for containment and
cleaning up
Protective goggles. Protective clothing. Gloves.
Combined gas/dust mask with filter type B/P3.
Equip clean-up crew with proper protection.
Prevent entry to sewers and public waters. Notify
authorities if liquid enters sewers or public
waters.
Soak up spills with inert solids, such as clay or
diatomaceous earth as soon as possible. Collect
spillage. Store away from other materials. Absorb
spillage to prevent material damage.
 Handling and Storage
Protective measures
Advice on general occupational hygiene
Storage conditions
Exposure Controls and Personal Protection
Appropriate engineering controls Emergency eye wash fountains should be
available in the immediate vicinity of any
potential exposure. Provide adequate general and
local exhaust ventilation.
Individual protection measures Avoid all unnecessary exposure. Combined
gas/dust mask with filter type B/P3. Gloves.
Protective clothing. Protective goggles.
Eye/ face protection Chemical goggles or face shield
Hand protection Wear protective gloves
Respiratory protection Gas mask
Environmental exposure control
Other protective equipment Do not eat, drink or smoke during use.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Form Liquid
Colour Colourless to light yellow
Odour characteristic Pungent
Odour threshold No data available
pH No data available
Melting point No data available
Boiling point / Boiling Range No data available
Critical temperature No data available
Flash point No data available
Evaporation rate No data available
Flammability (solid, gas) Non-flammable.
Lower explosion limit No data available
Upper explosion limit No data available
Vapour pressure No data available
Relative vapour density No data available
Density 1.2 g/ml
Water solubility Soluble in water.
Auto-ignition temperature No data available
Viscosity, dynamics 1.13 cSt
Explosive properties No data available
Oxidizing properties No data available
Ignition properties No data available
Stability and reactivity
Reactivity Corrosive vapours.
Chemical stability Not established.
Possibility of hazardous material Not established.
Conditions to avoid Direct sunlight. Extremely high or low
temperatures.
Incompatibility materials Strong reducing agents, strong bases, metals,
aluminium, ammonia, combustible materials,
halogens.
Hazardous decomposition products Nitrogen oxides.
Thermal decomposition generates : Corrosive
vapours.
Toxicological Information
Acute toxicity Not classified.
Irritation /Corrosion Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.
Sensitization Not classified.
Mutagenicity Not classified.
Carcinogenicity Not classified.
Reproductive toxicity Not classified.
Teratogenicity Not classified.
Potential acute health effects
Eye contact
Inhalation
Skin contact Corrosive to skin and eyes.
Symptoms related to the physical, chemical and toxicological characteristics
Eye contact Causes severe eye burns and loss of vision. May
cause permanent damage.
Inhalation Chemical pneumonitis, bronchitis, and possible
death.
Skin contact Corrosive effects.
Ingestion Vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain,
kidney damage and death.
Ecological Information
The product may affect the acidity (pH-factor) in water with risk of harmful effects to aquatic
organisms
Disposal Consideration
Disposal methods Dispose of this material and its container to
hazardous or special waste collection point.
Incinerate the material under controlled
conditions in an approved incinerator. All wastes
must be handled in accordance with local, state
and federal regulations.

Nitrogen dioxide [10][11]

DETAILS
Common Name Nitrogen dioxide
Trade Name Nitrogen dioxide
Formula NO2
Hazards Identification
Main hazards Toxic gas
Adverse health effects 1. Result in severe irritation and burns of eyes,
skin, mucous membranes, and any other
exposed tissue.
2. Delayed pulmonary damage and breathing
difficulty may occur. Severe over-exposures
can be fatal.
Biological hazards Release of this gas mixture may cause hazard to
plants and animals in the environment if
accidentally released to due to toxicity.
Vapour inhalation Inhalation over-exposures to this gas mixture
may result in severe irritation and burns of eyes,
skin, mucous membranes, and any other exposed
 tissue.
Delayed pulmonary damage and breathing
difficulty may also occur.
Eye contact Irritating to the skin or cause burns in the
presence of moisture due to formation of nitric
acid and nitrous acid.
Skin contact Irritating to the skin or cause burns in the
presence of moisture due to formation of nitric
acid and nitrous acid.
Ingestion As this product is a gas, refer to the inhalation
section.
First Aid Measures
Eye contact Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water,
occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids.
Check for and remove any contact lenses.
Continue to rinse for at least 10 minutes.
Skin contact Flush contaminated skin with plenty of water.
Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Wash
contaminated clothing thoroughly with water
before removing it, or wear gloves. Continue to
rinse for at least 10 minutes.
Inhalation Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a
position comfortable for breathing.
Ingestion As this product is a gas, refer to the inhalation
section.
Fire Fighting Measures
Extinguished media Use an extinguishing agent suitable for the
surrounding fire.
Specific hazards This material increases the risk of fire and may
aid combustion. Contact with combustible
material may cause fire
Advice for firefighters Evacuate all personnel from the danger area. Use
self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and
protective clothing. Immediately cool containers
with water from maximum distance
Firefighting instructions DANGER: Toxic, oxidizing, corrosive liquid and
gas under pressure.
Protection during firefighting Promptly isolate the scene by removing all
persons from the vicinity of the incident if there
is a fire. No action shall be taken involving any
personal risk or without suitable training.
Special protective equipment for fire fighters Fire-fighters should wear appropriate protective
equipment and self-contained breathing apparatus
(SCBA) with a full face-piece operated in
positive pressure mode.
Other information Cylinders are NOT equipped with a pressure
relief valve.
Accidental Release Measures
For non-emergency personnel Evacuate surrounding areas. Keep unnecessary
and unprotected personnel from entering.
For emergency responders No information available
Environmental precautions Ensure emergency procedures to deal with
accidental gas releases are in place to avoid
contamination of the environment
Methods and materials for containment and Immediately contact emergency personnel. Stop
cleaning up leak if without risk. Use spark-proof tools and
explosion-proof equipment.
Handling and Storage
Protective measures Put on appropriate personal protective equipment.
Contains gas under pressure. Do not get in eyes
or on skin or clothing. Use only with adequate
ventilation. Wear appropriate respirator when
ventilation is inadequate.
Advice on general occupational hygiene Eating, drinking and smoking should be
prohibited in areas where this material is handled,
stored and processed.
Storage conditions Store in accordance with local regulations. Store
in a segregated and approved area. Store away
from direct sunlight in a dry, cool and well-
ventilated area, away from incompatible
materials. Cylinder temperatures should not
exceed 52 °C (125 °F). Store locked up. Separate
from reducing agents and combustible materials.
Store away from grease and oil. Keep container
tightly closed and sealed until ready for use.
Exposure Controls and Personal Protection
Appropriate engineering controls Use only with adequate ventilation. Use process
enclosures, local exhaust ventilation or other
engineering controls to keep worker exposure to
airborne contaminants below any recommended
or statutory limits.
Individual protection measures Emissions from ventilation or work process
equipment should be checked to ensure they
comply with the requirements of environmental
protection legislation.
Eye/ face protection Safety eyewear complying with an approved
standard should be used when a risk assessment
indicates this is necessary to avoid exposure to
liquid splashes, mists, gases or dusts.
Hand protection Chemical-resistant, impervious gloves complying
with an approved standard should be worn at all
times when handling chemical products if a risk
assessment indicates this is necessary
Respiratory protection select a respirator that meets the appropriate
standard or certification. Respirators must be
used according to a respiratory protection
program to ensure proper fitting, training, and
other important aspects of use.
Environmental exposure control Emissions from ventilation or work process
equipment should be checked to ensure they
comply with the requirements of environmental
protection legislation.
Other protective equipment Appropriate footwear and any additional skin
protection measures should be selected based on
the task being performed and the risks involved
and should be approved by a specialist before
handling this product.
Physical and Chemical Properties
Form Gas
Colour Yellowish-brown, brownish-red, yellow, brown,
red.
Odour Pungent.
Odour threshold No data available
pH Not applicable
Melting point -11.2°C (11.8°F)
Boiling point / Boiling Range 21.2°C (70.2°F)
Critical temperature 157.8°C (316°F)
Flash point Product does not sustain combustion
Evaporation rate Not available.
Flammability (solid, gas) Not available.
Lower explosion limit Not available.
Upper explosion limit Not available.
Vapour pressure 14.7 (psia)
Relative vapour density 1.58 (Air = 1)
Density 0.204
Water solubility Not available.
Auto-ignition temperature Not available.
Viscosity, dynamics Not applicable.
Explosive properties Not available.
Oxidizing properties Not available.
Ignition properties Not available.
Stability and Reactivity
Reactivity No specific test data related to reactivity available
for this product or its ingredients.
Chemical stability The product is stable.
Possibility of hazardous material Hazardous reactions or instability may occur
under certain conditions of storage or use. For
instance, contact with combustible materials risk
of causing fire
Conditions to avoid No specific data.
Incompatibility materials Highly reactive or incompatible with the
following materials: combustible materials,
reducing materials, grease and oil
Hazardous decomposition products Under normal conditions of storage and use,
hazardous decomposition products should not be
produced.
Toxicological Information
Acute toxicity Product: Nitrogen dioxide
Result: LC50 Inhalation Gas.
Species: Rat
Dose: 115ppm
Exposure : 1 hour
Irritation /corrosion Not available.
Sensitization Not available.
Mutagenicity Not available.
Carcinogenicity Not available.
Reproductive toxicity Not available.
teratogenicity Not available.
Potential acute health effects
Eye contact Causes serious eye damage. Contact with rapidly
expanding gas may cause burns or frostbite.
Inhalation Fatal if inhaled.
Skin contact Causes severe burns. Contact with rapidly
expanding gas may cause burns or frostbite.
Symptoms related to the physical, chemical and toxicological characteristics
Eye contact Adverse symptoms may include the following:,
pain, watering, redness
Inhalation No specific data.
Skin contact Adverse symptoms may include the following:,
pain or irritation, redness, blistering may occur
ingestion Adverse symptoms may include the following:,
stomach pains
Ecological Information
May cause pH changes in aqueous ecological systems.
Disposal Consideration
Disposal methods Do not attempt to dispose of residual or unused
quantities. Return container to supplier.

References

39 http://www.afrox.co.za/en/images/Ammonia%20%28Rev%203%29_tcm266-27591.pdf

40 https://www.airgas.com/msds/001003.pdf

41 https://www.airgas.com/msds/001039.pdf

42 https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/295566?lang=en&region=US

43 https://www.airgas.com/msds/001042.pdf

44 https://www.weizmann.ac.il/safety/sites/safety/files/uploads/MSDS/Nitrous-oxide.pdf

45 http://www.afrox.co.za/en/images/Nitrous_Oxide_MS013266_27702_tcm266-409503.pdf

46 http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9926241

47 http://www.triachem.com/Products/OtherProducts/Nitric%20Acid.pdf

48 https://www.airgas.com/msds/001041.pdf

49 https://www.mathesongas.com/pdfs/msds/MATH0031.pdf