ESSAY TEST SERIES 2019

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1. Nothing is absolute, subjectivity applies everywhere
There are two major themes of this essay that needs to be explored
• Perspective and subjectivity
• Evolution and Change in human life
“Nothing is absolute. Everything changes, everything moves, everything revolves, everything flies
and goes away.” — Frida Kahlo
In general, absolute truth is whatever is always valid, regardless of parameters or context. The
absolute in the term connotes one or more of: a quality of truth that cannot be exceeded;
complete truth; unvarying and permanent truth. It can be contrasted to relative truth or truth
in a more ordinary sense in which a degree of relativity is implied.
1. In philosophy, absolute truth generally states what is essential rather than superficial - a
description of the Ideal (to use Plato's concept) rather than the merely "real" (which Plato sees as
a shadow of the Ideal). Among some religious groups this term is used to describe the source of
or authority for a given faith or set of beliefs, such as the Bible.
2. In science, doubt has been cast on the notion of absolutes by theories such as relativity and
quantum mechanics. Attempts to tie together all the known facts about the universe into a
single unified theory (one example is string theory) could be seen as efforts to discover absolute
truth about this set of facts.
“Facts are many, but the truth is one” said Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore. But it is not so easy
in life to discover truth. Life is a very confusing errand for all those who think before they decide
or choose between good and bad or who seek universal standards of morality and ethics to
decide about do-ables and not-do-ables. Man by very nature tries to find absolute truths with
objectivity and avoid confusion and subjectivity. But alas! Life is such a complex thing and the
way of thinking or beliefs are too many and myriad that absolute truths are nowhere to find.
The statement of Kabeer, a sufi saint reminds us about the difficulties of living in a continuous
mode of “consciousness” and “awareness”- The whole world eats and sleeps calmly, but kabbeer
is “awakened” and so he is “weeping” and “miserable”. Thus the search of absolute truths in
life is like a running mirage, the more we delve deeper, the more facets of life open in front of
us and the more difficult it becomes to find the truth.A scientific mind like Newton may say that
truth is ever to be found in simplicity, and not in the multiplicity and confusion of things. But
a social scientist or a keen observer of life may disagree and say that in the process of our
development things become very complex because the structure of our beliefs becomes very
complicated, and we make it even more complicated because we make the assumption that what
we believe is the absolute truth. There are others who have extreme views on absolute truth.
Simone de Beauvoir, a feminist, for example, believes that representation of the world, like the
world itself, is the work of men; they describe it from their own point of view, which they
confuse with the absolute truth.
Truth may exist in the absolute sense, but when it comes into play in life it is filtered through
individual perspectives, conditions and conditioning, agenda and motives, preferences and choices
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etc. Therefore, truth is condemned to be “interpreted” variously and thus to give many “realities”
which seem to be farther from it. Thus there is a danger in treating truth as absolute because
what we see is a filtered and interpreted fact and even moulded fact. The discovery of truth is
prevented more effectively, not by the false appearance things present and which mislead into
error, not directly by weakness of the reasoning powers, but by preconceived opinion, by prejudice.
John F. Kennedy rightly points out that great enemy of the truth is very often not the lie,
deliberate, contrived and dishonest, but the myth, persistent, persuasive and unrealistic. Our age
is essentially an age of understanding and reflection, but we differ in our attitude, mindsets,
motives and objectives and so we choose the truth or partial truths according to our beliefs and
convenience. So truth becomes more subjective rather than remaining objective and absolute.
This is a stark reality. Thus this leads us to recognize the fact that there are different perspectives
on a particular thing and each of us believes that may perspective is the only truth. This freezes
our reasoning and closes the doors of our mind towards extant realities. It is therefore, imperative
to keep our minds open to variety of perceptions while holding our beliefs intact till we discover
that there are other ways of understanding and perceiving truth. Kierkegaard did not rule out
the importance of knowledge, objectivity and reasoning in finding truth but he suggested that
it is very important to have a rational interpretation of the “relation” among the facts. And the
facts closer to life may be different from the ideal, yet they are true because they exist and so they
need understanding, interpretation and rational choices. Friedrich Nietzsche cautions, “ It is not
when truth is dirty, but when it is shallow, that the lover of knowledge is reluctant to step into
its waters.” He means to delve deeper into varied notions and perceptions, beliefs and attitudes
extant in real life, before reaching out to truth and not remaining content with our own “make
believe” ideal world with our own versions of truth.
There is no need to be pessimistic due to myriad realities which form the truth and complexity
of good and bad like George Orwell- “ The very concept of objective truth is fading out of the
world. Lies will pass into history.” In fact we need to reconcile with partial or filtered truths
because they exist that way in the world. In seeking absolute truth we aim at the unattainable
and must be content with broken portions. There are many coours of truth and we have to
choose “our truth” from among them with our values. The truth is that life is delicious, horrible,
charming, frightful, sweet, bitter, and that is everything. One of the contemporary thinkers
Jocelyn Bell Burnell rightly points out, ”A search for truth seems to me to be full of pitfalls. We
all have different understandings of what truth is, and we'll each believe - or we are in danger
of each believing - that our truth is the one and only absolute truth, which is why I say it's full
of pitfalls. Thus keeping our minds open and remaining rational yet firm is the only choice we
have.
Those who believe that they have absolute truth and the only moral system are destructive both
to themselves and to those whom they try to convert.
Perspective
Recently a white police officer pulled over a black man in Oakland, Calif. Both men got shot, and
the policeman died. Who pulled a gun first? And what happened after the shooting?
The answers depend, on which news source you consult—the radical black newspaper (the black
man was Huey Newton, founder of the Black Panthers), the moderate black newspaper, the
radical white newspaper, the conservative Bay Area newspaper, or The New York Times. Each
source gives different account of the same event. This is called perspective. The radical black
groups like, Black life matters, view this strictly from race relations, while mainstream newspaper
saw this as a law and order issue.
A popular cinematic term Roshomon effect is used in academics now to study how perspective
matters most as there is no absolute truth, rather there are versions of truth.
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It is often used to emphasise the point that people’s perceptions about an event can differ
considerably based on their individual personal experiences. Thus, it is entirely possible that an
event may be described in different ways by different people without any of the witnesses
consciously lying.
Perspective and interpretation
Entire media and legal profession work around interpretation. According to sociological research,
interpretation is most important factor to win cases in courts. In the courts, there are mainly
three perspectives. Let’s assume there is case of fraud in court, then three versions will be-
Victim's version- A person who got cheated is the victim. Generally, victim's version comes from
what he heard or saw or what he thought and believed the truth is. It may or may not be true
we don't know.
Guilty's version- person who cheats is guilty. He can create a scenario where it is true and make
you believe it or maybe he's just telling the truth we don't know that either.
Third person version (court)- This is what decides what the truth is. These are facts, proofs,
witnesses etc., but the problem is third person version can be manipulated, anyone could erase
the feed and create a new false one, they could create false proofs or witnesses, there's no telling
which is fake or real if he's a pro. Many a times in light of later evidences, courts also change
judgement.
Change: Change has been a very important aspect of not only human life, but entire universe
itself. It has also been a major aspect of philosophical research and debate. Heraclitus, a Greek
philosopher who lived around 500 BC, propounded a theory about change. His views on change
and flow stand in contradiction to the picture of the static universe presented by his predecessors.
Since then change has been a subject of widespread interest.
The human interest in change is largely due to the fact that while it is inevitable, it brings lot of
discomfort and difficulties for most; hence people are afraid of change most of the time.
According to Plato, there are many examples of opposing concepts; pertinent examples are the
contradictory pairs of day and night, of hot and cold, war and peace etc. In each situation, in
every sphere of life, he identifies change, metamorphosis, transition. As a result, constant movement
and change are inevitable. For instance, day is followed by night, and then, day comes again;
and this cycle never ends. He explains his theory bringing as an example a river: “On those who
enter the same rivers, ever different waters flow”. With this statement, he implies that on the
moment that we enter a river, water around us will not remain static, but will instead be
constantly changing, despite the fact that we describe the “river” as something set and fixed.
“Everything changes and nothing stands still” is quoted by Plato in the dialogue of Cratylus, in
an effort to state the philosophical essence of the “river” maxim.
Change and Human life: Change is seen in the natural world’s transformations as well as its
transition from season to season; change occurs among people who transform – both physically,
mentally, socially, emotionally and even spiritually – every single day of their lives; and change
is seen in civilization, politics, thought, art, geography and economy, etc., in just about every
aspect of the modern world. The word “Change” refers to an act or instance of making or
becoming different – such as history’s change, or transition, from a nomadic to an agricultural
society.
If this notion is valid, then why does it seem that so many people are resistant to change?
People willingly and deliberately do things to go against the grain of aging, such as avoiding
unhealthy lifestyle choices, like sleeping too little, eating unhealthy foods, smoking, drinking too
much alcohol, and stressing too much too often. They think they can avoid the inevitable if they
just try hard enough, though this mentality is just a distraction from dying and death itself.
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People undergoes plastic surgery in order to convince themselves they are further away from old
age and death than they actually are.
But avoiding the natural changes of life only adds more suffering, creating a deep feeling that
one is not being true to themselves and not living according to the natural order of the world.
This, in turn, creates inner turmoil, as their resistance to change does more harm than good.
Prejudice and truth: Everyone has his own version of truth to which he stands. Based upon his
own personality, prior experiences and cognition of facts, one creates an envelope of information
around himself by selectively filtering the truth. Now, this envelop is truth for him and the rest
remain falsehood. He remains firm on his belief as the filtering mechanism is so well proofed that
there remains a minimal chance of pilferage, reducing any scope of further mental enlightenment.
The assumption of truth is based upon logical thinking. The problem is that the individual’s
beliefs, which he nurtures since childhood, at times overlap with his logical thinking ability.
Despite having all the facts and logical reasoning before him, a false conclusion is drawn. The
individual develops a rigid mind framework towards circumstances, relations or people. The
mental blockage give rise to prejudices. A prejudiced individual is bound to fall in social relations.
His false beliefs would hamper his adjustments in any relation as the individual starts behaving
in the manner based upon his prejudice.
How we develop prejudices? Role of parents and childhood environment plays an important
role in development of prejudices. Moreover, the false beliefs, if not broken, develops a firm root
as the age progresses. Generally, children of highly prejudiced parents show greater prejudice
than children of low prejudiced parents. A prejudiced individual develops an authoritarian
personality. Preference for autocratic style of functioning and personal rigidity becomes his trait.
If others don’t behave in the manner as per his expectations, he loses temper and jumps into
clash. His personal prejudice becomes his version of truth. He spends his entire life in his own
world of falsehood. His potentiality goes unexploited. The enigma is that he spoils his future in
his own hands under the influence of some false version of truth.
Conclusion: As humans, most of us are blessed with five senses; touch, taste, sight, smell, and
hearing. These acute senses vary from person to person. What may appear as an orange to one
may appear as a banana to the next. One’s acquired taste for sushi might be considered disgusting
to another. There is a saying “one man’s garbage is another’s treasure.” This saying represents
how not only senses vary from being to being, but how perspective does as well. It is arguable
that perspective all depends on things such as background, beliefs, and perhaps most importantly,
wealth, but these opinions are solely in the eye of the beholder. It is firmly believed that perspective
is influenced by how one see’s an image, object, or person, primarily, and secondly by wealth
etc.
2. Life happens to all, only a few make it happen
“Some died at 25, aren’t buried till 75" - Benjamin Franklin
It is a philosophical topic, in which we have to examine the following aspects:
• In what sense life happens to all and why only a few make it happen?
• What is life?
• What is an ideal approach towards life- taking everything in life as it comes or trying to change
and improve?
• Is life a “bondage” and abounds only “constraints” or is it an “opportunity” to explore and
realize the “potential” bestowed on us by the mother nature? Does life thrust irrevocable
“conditions” on us or offers “choices”?
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• What is purpose of life- Just surviving and fulfilling existentialist urges, realizing material Success
and power, peace and prosperity, seeking greater meanings, purpose and beauty, liberty and
freedom, love and happiness, leading a moral and ethical life, seeking spiritual bliss etc.?
• Is “surrender” to the facts of life is a good way to face the life or “dreaming and doing” for
change and progress is a more desirable, fulfilling and meaningful way to lead our life?
• Do the two processes “life happens to all” and “a few make it happen” are part of a continuous
process of evolution and progress or do they differentiate two kinds of people and approaches?
The apparent and the underlying meaning of the title
The topic’s apparent meaning is conveyed by the first part of the title of the essay, i.e., life
happens to all.” It means that procreation is one of the basic animal instincts and after that
human life comes into existence, as it happens to other animals as well. All of us, like other
animals, are bound to satisfy our basic needs like food and shelter, livelihood and security. Since
humans have more senses and a more developed brain, they have added more things in the list
of basic requirements of life. The first half of the title of the essay, i.e., “life happens to all”
conveys or means that all of us are bound to satisfy the basic biological and social needs,
howsoever smaller or bigger the scale may be. A child is bound to take birth as procreation is
a natural urge of the humans like other animals; s/he grows to adolescence and youth and
thereafter, matures and undergoes ageing and finally dies. In the modern societies going to
school, college, university and getting some employment or source of livelihood, marriage, family
making, celebrating birthdays and anniversaries are all routine matters and these things happen
this way or that way to everybody.
But the underlying meaning of the title becomes louder and clearer if we try to understand the
second part of the title of the essay, i.e., “only a few make it happen.” “Making life happen”
is not just about leaving life in its “routine manner” under basic biological and social compulsions.
It is living beyond “compulsions and constraints” and “the givens” as defined by routine
requirements of life, which anyway everybody is compelled to do willingly or unwillingly. Making
“life happen” means moving beyond the “routine” and the “most basic constraints and
compulsions”. It is not about flowing like a straw in the vast ocean of life, rather it is about
designing your life by dreaming and making passionate effort to achieve your cherished dream.
It is about “controlling” and “disciplining” your life to realize the cherished dreams and
preparedness to go to the “edge of earth” to find your “love” and enduring all the pains and
rigor smilingly till the goal is realized. “Making it happen” requires a romantic heart filled with
dreams; an unfathomable amount of love and longing for life; a will power of iron and steel; and
an invincible courage, confidence, faith and endurance to live life for realizing the innate potentials
as well as cherished dreams. “Making life happen” means “living on your terms.” It is not taking
things as they are, but transforming things in life as you wish and dream. It is about change
improvement and progress and not about “surrendering” to the circumstances that we inherit.
It is about leaving a better world than that we inherited.
Which is a better choice: Happening of life or making it happen?
Now there are many views on the above two theses, i.e., the first and the second part of the title
of the essay. Is it not better to “just live” as life comes to us, rather than trying to “change” the
conditions of life to achieve a “dream which is farfetched from our ground realities”; and “which
may remain unachievable forever” amid several constraints around us and many exogenous
forces which are beyond our control? Why not to be like a “yogi”, who takes life in strides as
it comes without any resistance; why to be so “indulgent” and remain always dissatisfied for
“what we do not have” and “ignore the things which we possess or which are around us that
make us happy? But there are people who believe that “surrendering to life” as it comes to us
is not “what makes man a man.” Man is an animal of superior sense and mental faculty and,
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therefore, man should not “give up” to inherited conditions of life, rather s/he should aspire for
a “better and happier life” for self as well as for others.” This gives meaning and purpose to life
and this also gives beauty and aesthetics to life. Therefore “man should not be just “driven by
life”, but s/he should be on the driving seat. Even after dreaming and doing, man fails to achieve
the cherished goals, it doesn’t make life any miserable, but it fills with a sense of fulfillment and
satisfaction that ‘I did what I could.” And efforts and labour never go in vain. We have seen that
humans have made life better because they dared to dream, aspire and act with vigour and
passion, with faith and confidence, with patience and endurance and made the world better
than they inherited.
Nevertheless, it is important to realize that life itself is so beautiful that it gives opportunity for
“making life to happen” to everybody no matter what conditions and constraints one is faced
with. In fact making life to happen assumes different meanings to different people at different
stages of development ladder or existence. Earning two square breads with self reliance, courage,
confidence and dignity rather than starving to death in poverty is in many cases equal to
“making life to happen.” A poor youth while seeking livelihood in cobbling in the US makes
a Jesse Ovens, an all time great athlete of the world; is also “making life to happen”. Becoming
of a Missile Man from a family of poor fishermen, APJ Abdul Kalam is an outstanding legacy
of “making life to happen.” Mahatma Gandhi, Ambedkar, Rosa Park, Martin Luther King and
Nelson Mandela all “made life to happen.” They did not take life as it came to them. They tried
to live their lives according to their own values and for their cherished dream and for liberty,
equality and justice. Mahatma Buddha, Swami Vivekananda Kabeer and Guru Nanak are on the
other side of the spectrum who became realized souls and beacons to lighten the dark paths of
human life and provide solutions to the most puzzling dilemmas of life. They did not just follow
their lives as it came to them, but they introspected and enquired about it and realized the light
to understand its truth and give the message of this truth to the world. However, in their lives
they never resisted anything; they just established a symphony with nature and humanity. They
did not try to make things happen; rather they allowed life to happen to them in its purest form,
not by resistance but by surrender. Thus the title “life happens to all and only a few make
happen” should not be taken as compartmentalized views of life. Life is continuum from one
stage of existence to the other level of existence, from raw level to a much more nuanced level.
Some people declare at an early stage the “end” of possibility and reconcile with whatever life
offers them whereas some people continue to enquire and experiment, and often make “life”
happen as they imagine and cherish.
Routine Life- Life happens to all
We need water, food, and shelter to survive. Birth, growth, adulthood, livelihood, marriage,
procreation, householders’ duty, maturity, ageing, death happens to everybody with twists and
turns. Depending on several factors people do get these things with ease and choice. But in
ultimate reckoning these are mere paraphernalia which life and society has given to us. These
things are not futile or senseless; but there is no sense of completeness, fulfillment and achievement
after sometime as gradually we become used to and things become boring, repetitive and
meaningless. But we need also meaning to live. Even when we have everything we believe it’s
necessary, if we don’t have a meaning for those things, life seems empty.
Search of purpose and meaning and satisfying the finer senses
It is necessary to live a meaningful and purposeful life for fulfillment and satisfaction. It brings
happiness. However, there are several ways that can help us in achieving this gaol and there is
no stereotype.
The existentialist philosopher Kierkegaard said that there are three possible ways to deal with
life: the aesthetic, ethical and religious stages. Each one of them represents an answer to the
question: what makes my life worth living?
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According to Vedic philosophy human life has a definite purpose. Whilst the final Goal of life
is “Moksha”, there are three other (intermediary) goals of life. These together are called four
objectives or pursuits of life, which are as follows:
1. DHARMA - Righteousness
2. ARTHA - Acquisition of wealth by proper means and its right use
3. KAMA - Fulfilment of noble desires
4. MOKSHA - Liberation or the final Goal
Whereas, according to Charvakas, we should believe in the present life and their dictum is to live
this life fulfilling all pleasure. They promote egoistic hedonism, i.e.- pleasure for one’s own self.
Of the four purusharthas - dharma, artha, kama and moksha; the Charvakas have accepted only
Kama and Artha.
Is life pursuit of happiness?
For most people in the world, a worthwhile life is one that you must enjoy to the fullest.
Discovering other countries, dating beautiful people, driving a brand new car, enjoying a lot with
your friends, attending to the best parties, showing up with your hot body, and so on. Life
should be an exciting adventure.
However, for many people the pursuit of happiness is a bottomless activity. The more you look
for pleasurable experiences, more you feel that there is something else even more satisfying that
you could be doing.
For example, social networks encourage our aesthetic experiences. We want to share pictures of
our travels, videos of our fun parties, the status of our relationships, and so on. We want to tell
the world that we know how to enjoy life.
The aesthetic adventure will eventually come up against some limits. We don’t have the time, the
resources, and the energy to live always like that. And even if you have a good wealth, you can’t
always enjoy things to the fullest. If anything can be pleasurable, nothing is really satisfying. The
pursuit never ends, and it’s very frustrating.
Is Life pursuit of Ethics?
People who seek meaning for life through values: being a good and honest person, working and
taking care of family and friends, building a wealth, and trying to live an authentic life.
Those in this stage usually seek a job with purpose. Something they can do to improve them and
make the world a better place.
This kind of person believes that life motivated only by pleasure is frivolous. So they want to
establish stronger and deeper bonds with other people.
The modern well-being society made we feel that we don’t need just a job to make money. We
need a job with purpose. Doing something we love. More than a job, we need an ethical experience.
Change the world or something like that.
However, the failure of the ethical perspective lies in its disagreement with the world. The events
in our life don’t obey the sense of human justice. Being a good person doesn’t protect anyone
from an unfortunate accident, suffer unjust violence, lose something, or even be misunderstood
by other people.
Is life pursuit of God/ultimate truth?
Still, some people seek a spiritual belief to find comfort and shelter for their anguish. Sometimes
they can be radical and fundamentalist about that, but not necessarily.
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Religious people find in their dogma meaning for their lives, and their belief helps them through
hard times. For example, they can believe that God or the universe will reward them in the future
if they’re suffering now. Or that the difficulties they’re experiencing will turn out to be a greater
purpose.
Kierkegaard said that the failure of this path lies in giving up on your personal freedom. In other
words, to make your own choices. To obey a religious morality for exchange of feeling safe and
protected from life isn’t a fair trade.
Thus, we can say that different people pursue different objectives in life and none is really
superior to others. Most importantly the pursuit shall keep the person satisfied. Also, there shall
be some success in that pursuit. A hedonist must get some pleasures; else s/he will always be
dissatisfied, similarly an ethical seeker must be able to find balance and justice around him/
herself and a spiritual seeker must get close to ultimate truth.
How to make it happen?
“The greatest obstacle to living is expectancy, which hangs upon tomorrow and loses today. You are
arranging what lies in Fortune’s control, and abandoning what lies in yours. What are you looking at?
To what goal are you straining? The whole future lies in uncertainty: live immediately.” — Seneca
Each major religion and philosophical system has given the path to fulfilled life, for example in
Christianity it is the 10 commandments, five arkan in Islam, noble eightfold path in Buddhism,
and four purushartha in Hinduism. Also, there is no shortage of modern self-help literature
about success and its achievement.
In earlier times, the foundation of success rested upon character ethic (things like Discipline,
integrity, humility, honesty, fidelity, temperance, courage, justice, patience, industry, simplicity,
modesty, etc.). However, in modern times there are added dimensions of “personality ethic”
(where success is a function of personality, public image, attitudes, and behaviours) as well.
Dr. Stephen Covey, a leading authority has summarized that as 7 principles:
1. Value the important over the urgent.
2. Focus on what matters most.
3. Seek first to understand those you lead.
4. Sharpen the saw. What is one doing daily to develop your character, confidence, skills, or
relationships with those you lead?
5. Begin with the end in mind.
6. Remember ‘Someday’ is not a date on the calendar
7. Be proactive
Conclusion
Life is a puzzle and a mystery. Different people have different reasons and purpose to live as
mentioned above. Life is beautiful in whatever way it comes to us. Even if one lives an honest
and pure life as it comes, life turns out to be beautiful experience. Ordinary lives are often more
blissful if it is not constrained by shortages of basic needs. But life’s beauty is not just confined
to our existentialist urges and basic biological and social needs. The beauty and aesthetics of life
needs to be explored further by constantly dreaming and doing, exploring and experimenting,
irrespective of constraints, challenges and uncertainties. A few people make life to happen
because they decline to accept the routine, monotonous and constrained options given by life.
They do not stop where life places them. They continuously try to evolve, change and progress
at individual as well as group levels.
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And it should always be remembered that the end result everybody seeks is happiness. Nevertheless,
happiness is often subjective and difficult to measure. Success is often judged externally or by
comparison to other people. People long for and aspire success (become wealthy, powerful and
popular) believing that success will automatically make them happier. But happiness is confused
often with comfort, luxury and convenience or fleeting moments of pleasure and sometimes even
with satisfaction of the false ego. However, this fleeting feeling of happiness doesn’t add up to
sustained satisfaction or bliss in life. Satisfaction is retrospective and constituted by accumulated
memories of having done meaningful things and lived an ethical and purposeful life. There are
different parameters of living a meaningful and purposeful life as discussed above. The best
approach is not to have any kind of regret and remorse for whatever reasons with the kind of
life which has been given to us by nature and society. We must confess and adjust to the reality
and facts of our lives. This provides us an opportunity to rise and grow, but only if we dare to
dream and work towards realization of our dreams, no matter what. Both the options- taking
life as it comes and making an effort to improve it make life “full” and “ a complete” experience
leading to satisfaction and fulfillment. Irrespective of whether we win or lose in our efforts in life,
true and genuine efforts to realize the standards of excellence at individual level and aiming to
make the world around us better than we inherited always end up in “enriching” the life as a
whole.

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