HORMON REGULATION IN FROG METAMORPHOSIS

By :
Name : Aisyah Nur Fauziah
Student ID : B1B016011
Group : 2
Entourage : I

PRACTICAL REPORT OF ENDOCRINOLOGY

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY, AND HIGHER

EDUCATION
JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO
2018
 I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Objectives

The objectives of this laboratory activity are:

1. Laboratory student learn to identify and determine the location of the
endocrine gland in fish.
2. Laboratory student learn to identify and determine the location of the
endocrine gland in lizard.
3. Laboratory student learn to identify and determine the location of the
endocrine gland in pigeon.
4. Laboratory student learn to identify and determine the location of the
endocrine gland in mice.

1.2 Benefit of the Experiment

The lab activity was conducted in order to know the location and the
characteristics such as shape and colour of the endocrine glands in fish, lizard,
pigeon, and mice through identification.
 II.MATERIAL AND METHOD

2.1 Material

The tools that used in this lab activity are tissue, magnifying glass, scalpel,
cutter, scissors, cutting board, styrofoam, pin needles, tweezers, specimen tray,
camera.
The material that used in this lab activity are chloroform, alcohol 70%,
male and female specimens of Nilem fish (Osteochilus vittatus), lizard (Eutropis
multifasciata), mice (Mus muculus), and pigeon (Columba domestica).

2.2 Method

Procedure of the experiment that used are:

1. The mice was anesthetized by the chloroform and killed through servical
dislocation method.
2. The dissection area of the mice was rubbed by an alcohol 70% and
dissected from the ventral part of the body.
3. After the specimen was dissected, the location of the thyroid, pancreas,
adrenal, and gonad are being identified.
4. The other specimen such as lizard and pigeon were also dissected from the
ventral part of their body using the same dissection method with the mice,
lizard is the only exception for not using an alcohol 70% before dissection.
5. Observation of Hypophysis gland on fish
a. The fish was taken out from the aquarium.
b. The fish was put above the cutting board horizontally.
c. The head of the fish was cut behind the operculum.
d. The head of the fish was positioned above the cutting board with the
mouth facing the upward.
e. The head of the fish was hold by the finger is inserted to the mouth of
the fish in order to stabilize the grip, the dorsal part of the head was cut
a little above the sphenoid bone with the anterior-posterior direction.
f. The bone of the head that already cut was taken out along with the
removal of the brain, the residual fat and the blood were cleaned up
using a tissue.
 g. The sphenoid bone, sella turcica curve, and the hypophysis were
identified.
6. The fish was dissected at the abdominal part and the kidney,
hepatopancreas, and the gonad were observed and identified.
7. All the observed endocrine glands were captured.
 III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Result

3.1.1 Table of Endocrine Gland Topography in Lizard (Eutropiss multifasciata)

Topography Description

Male gonad in lizard is represented by

the presence of hemipenis which are
located at the distal part of the body.

Pancreas gland in lizard characterized by

the transparent thin layer that sticks to
the duodenum
 The thyroid gland that found in lizard
(Eutropis multifasciata) located between
the trachea with the size of a small dots
with the colour of bright red.

3.1.2 Table of Endocrine Gland Topography in Mice (Mus musculus)

Topography Description

The pancreas gland is located behind the

duodenum and at the posterior part of the
liver. It has an irregular shape with the
colour of pale pink.

Testis of the mice located at the distal

part of the body and it characterized the
exposed of the organ to the outer surface
of the body.

The thyroid gland of the mice (Mus

musculus) located between the trachea
with the colour of pink
 The adrenal gland possesses a triangle
shape and has a brighter colour than the
kidney

3.1.4 Table of Endocrine Gland Topography in Pigeon (Columba domestica)

Topography Description

Pancreas gland of the pigeon located

transversely around the duodenum..
 The adrenal gland is located at the lateral
side of the ventriculus and the posterior
part of the liver

3.1.4 Table of Endocrine Gland Topography in Nilem fish (Osteochillus vittatus)

Topography Description

The pancreas of the fish (Osteochilus

vittatus) is build together with the hepar,
so that is called a hepatopancreas. It
located above the swim bladder,
characterized by a colour of red maroon.

The gonad of the male fish (Osteochilus

vittatus) is located at the abdominal
cavity characterized by two long linear
shaped with pale white colour,
Hypophysis hormone that found in
Nilem fish (Osteochilus vittatus) located
between the sella turcica curve.
Characterized by the white colour with
the shape of a dot and the size is very
small.
3.2 Discussion

Based on this lab activity, we used four types of specimens representating

the vertebrate animals and identifying several main endocrine glands on them.
The vertebrate animal possesses the same endocrine gland and releasing the
hormone which functoned as a growth, reproduction, and other responses. There
are several endocrine glands such as hypothalamus, pinneal gland, pituitary
anterior, pituitary posterior, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas,
ovary, and testis (Sivan, 2005).
Hypophysis is an internal secretion gland which located inside the sella
turcica. Sella turcica is a curve that located inside the sphenoid bone.
Topographically, this gland is one of the most protectee and the most
unreachable part of the body (Turner & Bagnara, 1988). In this lab activity, we
only observed the hypophysis gland of the Nilem fish (Osteochilus vittatus),
because it is the only species that is possible to be dissected by the laboratory
student in the level of the lab experiment. The size of the hypophysis that found
is very small and indicated by a white dot located at the sella turcica curve
.Hypofisis is also necesarry for critical development and functional period of
regulation and energy expenditure ( Ahmed,2018).
Thyroid is presence on all of the vertebrate animal with the variation both
on the shape nor the anatomic position. Thyroid also -stimulating hormone (TSH),
3,5,3'-triiodothyronine(T3) and thyroxine (T4)] can regulate the food intake proces
(Ahmed,2018). The function of thyroid is to make, to store, and to release the
secretion especially the one that is related to the regulation of the metabolism
rate. Mammalian thyroid consists of two lobus which located on each side of the
trachea and usually connected by a thin isthmus which spread above the anterior
surface of the trachea (Turner & Bagnara, 1988). In lizard (Eutropis
multifasciata), the thyroid located near the posterior part of the trachea in the
form of red small dots. The pigeon (Columba domestica) possesses such an
elongated shape of the thyroid gland with a pinkish colour that is located behind
the trachea. The mice (Mus musculus) represented thyroid for mammalian, so it
characterizes by the two lobes located on each side of the trachea, and possesses
a colour of a bright pink.The shape of thyroid gland tissues of the treated animals
with clomiphene citrate (CC) in males, there is a diversity in thyroid follicles
shape, surrounded with a flat layer of compressed thyroid cells with a thin layer
of connective tissue (Awad& Hamad,2017)
Hepatopancreas is the intestinal gland on fish that build from the cells of
the liver gland and the cells of the pancreatic gland. The arrangement of the
pancreas is different depend on the species (Adnyane, 2001). The
hepatopancreas that observed in Nilem fish (Osteochilus vittatus) located at the
lateral part of the swim bladder, characterized by the small irregular shaped and
a red maroon colour. Pancreas gland of mice (Mus musculus) located behind the
duodenum and at the posterior part of the liver. It characterized by the irregular
shape with the colour of pale pink. Pancreas gland of the pigeon located
transversely around the duodenum and it has a darker colour of red. Pancreas
gland in lizard characterized by the transparent thin layer that sticks to the
duodenum.
Adrenal gland is a compound structure that consists of cortex on the outer
side and the medulla on the inner side. The structure of this gland is varies on its
shape, but usually possesses a triangle or the shape of the crescent moon (Turner
& Bagnara, 1988). Nilem fish possesses an interrenal tissue where the adrenal
gland is fuse together with the renal. The adrenal gland of the lizard (E.
multifasciata) is located at the anterior part of the kidney, characterized by a
bright pink coloured with a small irregular shaped. The adrenal gland of the
pigeon (C. domestica) is located at the lateral side of the ventriculus and the
posterior part of the liver. The adrenal gland of the mice (Mus musculus) is
located at the anterior part of the kidney. The size of the adrenal gland is very
small, it has the shape of triangle, and has a brighter colour than the kidney.
Gonad is the sign of the primary sex, including testis on male organism
and ovary on female organism. Nilem fish (O. vittatus) possess the gonad of the
male fish which is located at the abdominal cavity characterized by two long
linear shaped with pale white colour, while the gonad of the female fish,
characterized by irregular shape with the colour of yellow. Lizard (E.
multifasciata) possesses a hemipenis as their male gonad that is located at the
distal part of the body, while the ovary represented for the female gonad, located
in the abdominal cavity. The testis of the pigeon (C. domestica) is attached to
the anteroventral end of the kidney, while the ovary located at the dorsal of
abdominal cavity behind the intestine.Testosterone is needed to complete the
process of spermatocytes along with pituitary secretion from ICSH (Intestill Cell
stimulating Hor-mone) 1 phase and is very instrumental in the process of oocyte
maturation to the GVBD phase. This phase is a stage before ovulation where the
cell nucleus is seen to be one step closer to the chorion of the egg (Mahdaliana
et al.,2015). The ovary of the mice (Mus musculus) is characterized by a small
coiled with a pale yellowish colour and located at the dorso lateral part of the
abdominal cavity. The testis of the mice is located at the distal part of the body
and it characterized the exposed of the organ to the outer surface of the body.
 IV. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

4.1 Conclusion

Based on the observation result and the discussion, it could be concluded

that:
1. The endocrine gland that observed in fish are hypophysis, hepatopancreas,
male and female gonad.
2. The endocrine gland that observed in lizard are thyroid gland, pancreas
gland, adrenal gland, male and female gonad.
3. The endocrine gland that observed in pigeon are thyroid gland, pancreas
gland, adrenal gland, male and female gonad.
4. The endocrine gland that observed in mice are thyroid gland, pancreas
gland, adrenal gland, male and female gonad.

4.2 Suggestion
It is better to separate the endocrine gland identification between species
in order to reduce the amount of the specimen that would like to be identified on
each activity so that the laboratory student could be more focus on the gland
identification to each of the specimens.
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Muthana Mohammed Awad, Hala Mahdi Hamad.2017. Biochemical, histological

and molecular effect of clomiphene citrate on thyroid gland in albino rats. Al-
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