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Physics Project 1
Physics Project 1
SL.NO T I T L E PAGE.NO
1 Introduction 2
2 . A i m 3
3 . A p p a r a t u s 4
4 . T h e o r y 5
5 . P r o c e d u r e 6
6 . D i a g r a m 8
8 . R e s u l t 1 2
1 0 . B i b l i o g r a p h y 1 4
1
Introduction
Many optical tasks require several lenses in order to achieve an acceptable level of
performance. One such possible approach to lens combination is to consider the image
formed by each lens as the object for the next lens and so on. This is a valid approach,
but it is time consuming and difficult. Liquid lens experiment can be used to find the
optical constants of a lens and also to find the refractive indices of various liquids.
The theory behind the liquid lens is based on the properties of one or more liquid to
create magnification within a small amount of space. The focus of a liquid lens is
controlled by the surface of the liquid. Water normally form a bubble shape when
adhered to materials like glass. Thos desirable property of water makes it a very suitable
candidate for the production of liquid lens. Essentially the liquid must be transparent so
as to study its properties. To generate a liquid lens, a liquid is sandwiched between two
pieces of a clear plastic or glass. Glycerin can also be used as a fluid in the liquid lens
system. The surface profiles of the liquid determine the focal length of the liquid lens
system and how the liquid lens focuses the light rays.
If we keep the mirror behind the lens and put the object at the focus of the lens above
it, the image of the object will be formed at the same focus where the object is. If it is
an extended object, its image will be inverted and the size of the image is same as that
of the object. This property has enabled the efficient use of liquid lens to find the
refractive index of a fluid by this method. The focal length of the liquid lens can be
calculated knowing the focal length of the combination and that of the convex lens, from
which the refractive index of the fluid can easily be estimated.
2
AIM
To determine:-
3
APPARATUS
2. Plane mirror,
3. The liquid
4. Glycerine
4
THEORY
Then,
1 1 1
=(𝑛 − 1)( + )
𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅2
(𝑅1 𝑅2)
n= 1+
𝑓(𝑅1 +𝑅2)
When the lens is placed over some drops of the given liquid on a
planmbination of the vconvex and the e mirror, a plano-concave liquid
lens is obtained. If F is the focal length of the combination of the
convex lens and the plano-concave liquid lens, the focal length of
the liquid lens is given by.
𝐹𝑓
F1=
𝑓−𝐹
If the first face of convex lens is in contact with the liquid surface,
the radius of curvature of the upper surface of the liquid lens is R1.
For the liquid lens,
R1 = R1 & R2 = ∞
Hence
𝑅1
nl = 1+
𝑓1
5
PROCEDURE
𝐹𝑓
F1=
𝑓−𝐹
6
Repeat the experiment by keeping the second surface on water
and determine f2
𝑥1+𝑥2
f= .
2
7
DIAGRAM
8
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION
(i)To find focal length of lens
Foc
S l . n o D i s t a n c e o f p o i n t e r f r o m
T o p o f l e n s Top of mirror
( c m ) ( c m )
1 1 0 . 1 1 1 . 1
2 1 0 . 2 1 1 . 2
3 9 . 9 1 0 . 9
4 1 0 1 1
5 1 0 . 3 1 1 . 3
Mean = 10.6 cm
1st surface
Sl.no D i s t a n c e o f p o i n t e r f r o m
T o p o f l e n s T o p o f m i r r o r
( c m ) ( c m )
1 1 5 1 6
2 1 5 . 2 1 6 . 2
3 1 4 . 8 1 5 . 8
4 1 5 . 3 1 6 . 3
5 1 5 . 4 1 6 . 4
9
Focal length of combination , surface 2
Focal length
S l . n o D i s t a n c e o f p o i n t e r f r o m
( c m )
T o p o f l e n s T o p o f m i r r o r
( c m ) ( c m )
1 1 5 . 5 1 6 . 5 1 6 . 0
2 1 5 . 1 1 6 . 1 1 5 . 6
3 1 5 . 3 1 6 . 3 1 5 . 8
4 1 5 . 0 1 6 . 0 1 5 . 5
5 1 5 . 6 1 6 . 6 1 6 . 1
F1 = 15.64 cm
F2 = 15.80 cm
1 1 1
We know, =(𝑛 − 1)( + )
𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅2
= 15.64 (1.33 – 1)
= 5.161 cm
Similarly ,
R2= (1-n) f2
= 15.8 × 0.33
= 5.214 cm
𝐹𝑓
Also f1= =15.576 cm
𝑓−𝐹
10
(iii) Focal length of liquid lens using glycerin
1 19.6 20.6 2 0 . 1
2 1 9 . 5 2 0 . 5 2 0 . 0
3 1 9 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 9 . 5
4 1 9 . 2 2 0 . 2 1 9 . 7
5 1 9 . 4 2 0 . 4 1 9 . 9
CALCULATIONS
(𝑅1 𝑅2)
n= 1+
𝑓(𝑅1 +𝑅2)
= 1 + 2.663 = 3.663
𝑅1 𝑅1
nl = 1+ (glycerine) nl = 1+ (water)
𝑓1 𝑓1
5.161 5.161
= 1+ = 1+
19.84 15.64
= 1+ 0.46 = 1+ 0.33
=1.46 =1.33
11
Results
1. Focal length of convex lens = 10.6 cm
2. Radius of curvature of 1st surface = 1
3. Radius of curvature of 2nd surface =
4. Refractive index of material of lens =
5. Refractive index of liquid= 1.33(water) ; 1.46(glycerine)
12
PRECAUTIONS
1. The plane mirror should be clean and must have fully shining
surface.
SOURCES OF ERROR
13
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Physics ncert textbook .
2. www.experimentalphysics.com
3. www.wikipedia.com
4. Practical physics.
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