Tecnologías para Educación

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No. Topic Item No. Ti t l e Objectives No. Topic Item No. Ti t l e Objectives
Specific Heat, Equivalent of Heat and
1 M1 F01 Mechanics of Machinery 7 13 H1 F16 Thermal Expansion 3

2 M1 F02 Newton's Law Experiment 4 14 H2 F09 Universal Law of Idea Gas 4

Pendulum, Free Fall and Spring Harmonic
3 M1 F08 3 15 O1 F10 Geometrical Optics, and Interference 7
Oscillation
4 M1 F07 Projectile and Collision Experiment 3 16 O2 F21 Polarization of Light 2

5 M1 F11 Centripetal Force and Rotational Inertia 3 17 O3 F20 Microwave Optics 13

6 M1 F12 Compound Pendulum & Torsion Pendulum 2 18 E1 F06 Fundamental Electricity and Electronics 7

7 M1 F13 Determine the Young's Module 3 19 E2 F17 Electric Field Mapping Apparatus 4

8 M2 F03 Fundamental Fluid Experiment 13 20 E3 F18 Magnetic and Electromagnetic Experiments 10

9 M2 F14 Experiment of Venturi-Tube 4 21 E4 F19 RC & RLC 2

10 M3 F05 Ripple Tank Experiment 8 22 A1 F22 Determine the Planck's Constant h by Laser 3
The Measurement of Wavelength
11 M3 F15 Standing Waves and Resonance 5 23 A2 F23 2
Spectrum on Grating Observation
12 M3 F04 Resonance Tube Experiment 1 Labware

Science Tables

Mechanics Heat Optics Electricity Atomic

W ith some fundamental principles
regarding mechanical work-energy
conservation proposed, Archimedes once
exaggeratedly said, "give me a place to
stand on with a lever, and I will move the
Earth". To further qualify physical
phenomena demonstrated above, our
experimental equipment including lever
arms and assembly pulley evaluating
effort-saving are established in this
subject. Of course, the spring coefficient
on Hooke's Law as well as static frictional
investigation is also examined. Thus the
identification of effort-saving might be
effectively implemented through the
performance of experimental devices
carried out in our mechanics package.
Objectives Experiment
1.Static equilibrium forces combination, force decomposition. Static Equilibrium--- resultant forces at common point
2.Torque balance- parallel force of plummet, lever experiment on the As the force equilibrium is reached, the resultant forces acted
different/same side, multiple torque, wheel & axle, the center of mass upon a point must be equal to be zero using the method of
& gravity.
parallel combination. Thus equation might be established.
3.Force of inclination-maximum static friction, coefficient of static friction,
coefficient of dynamical friction and pulley system.
4.Pulley- single/double sheave pulley, the comprehensive experiment of
pulley.
5.A variety of comprehensive experiments for practical application.
6.Hooke's law.
7.Single Pendulum.

Features
1.The board formed by one-piece plastics makes experimental device
more stable and easily mounted. The photograph of Force combination
experimental device in parallel method
2.Some parts have strong magnets on the back in order to avoid falling
off during the experiment.

The force-length (cm)

Back adherence of strong magnets The rigid materials are made

avoid the falling off part during out of one-piece plastics.
experimental operation.
01
Objectives
1.With the aid of optical timers, slider's acceleration to verify Newton's
Second Law of Motion could be determined.
2.Slider's acceleration along the component of inclined plane, 'gsin '
Experiment---Acceleration
Invoke fixed pulley system subjected to hanged weight, the slider,
with velocity of V and Vo, travels through both optical timers in
separated distances, its acceleration ,compared to theoretical
value, could be formulated by

is found to be dependent on the inclined angle, but irrelevant to

slider's mass.
3.Conservation of momentum in elastic and inelastic collisions.
4.Kinetic energy not conserved in inelastic collision.

Features
The self-designed slider on aluminum track not only provides a special
No. 1 2 3
advantage in precision demand as well as easy-to-use characteristic, m2 (kg) 0.074 0.074 0.094
it also could be extended to force vibration, damping analysis and
m1(kg) 0.321 0.421 0.421
friction experiments if additional unit is involved. theory
m2 g 1.84 1.46 1.79
m1 + m2
V0(m/s) 0.844 0.844 0.858 0.741 0.738 0.746 0.817 0.823 0.821

V(m/s) 1.194 1.197 1.205 1.056 1.057 1.061 1.172 1.174 1.173
experiment
a(m/s2) 1.771 1.770 1.768 1.396 1.408 1.408 1.765 1.752 1.754
average
av(m/s2) 1.770 1.404 1.757

(%) 3.9% 3.9% 2.0%

02
Introduction Experiment---Free fall
By means of air resistance (also called drag), parachute helps the pilot With a object freely falling through both vertical positions s1, s2
drift to the ground slowly and safely. That is attributed to the drag corresponding duration t1, t2 determined, gravity acceleration,
in this experiment, might be estimated using a photogate timer
counteracting free falling initiated by gravity acceleration. To meet this
purpose, a comprehensive experiment kit features several characteristic 2(s2t1 s1t2 )
g t1t2(t2 t1 )
are proposed: (1) experimental gravity acceleration might be figured out
using a photogate timer to measure the falling velocity of object at both Iron ball, weight 63.6 g
different heights. (2) According to the period recorded by photogate timer
times 1 2 3 4
and the length of pendulum, the experimental gravity acceleration can
s1 (cm) 20
also be determined.
s2 (cm) 40
t1 (s) 0.07180 0.07174 0.07165 0.07187
Objectives t2 (s) 0.13056 0.13039 0.13046 0.13059
1.The period of simple pendulum is measured by photogate timer in gravitational experiment 946.9373 954.3902 934.2869 954.4257
acceleration
order to study the phenomena of isochronism. g(cm/s2) theory 980
2.The velocity of free-falling object is measured by photogate timer, so error(%) 3.3 2.6 4.7 2.6
the user can estimate the acceleration of gravity.
3.The elastic coefficient of spring can be calculated on Hooke's Law.

Features
1.Using magnetic adherence avoids operational error.
2.Adjusting the length of pendulum by double screws makes periodic
swing oscillation become more stable.

03
Introduction Experiment---Elastic collision
These experiment kits is designed to demonstrate the dynamic projected As elastic collision between two balls is assumed, the momentum
motion, which provides the user an useful manner to understand the conservation will be satisfied during the collision process.
conservation of mechanical energy. Here the transformation of potential/
According to the equation: P1i P2i P1f P2f
kinetic energy in elastic/inelastic collision will be clearly discussed.
When the steel ball is jetted horizontally with three different velocities in m1 v1i m1 v1f cos 1 m2 v2f cos 2

various angles, the initial velocity can be predicted by the horizontal 0 m1 v1f sin 1 m2 v2f sin 2
distance of a projected particle travels. Coupling with 2D or 3D of
momentum conservation momentum conservation, the lost of kinetic O2'
energy will be converted to potential energy, and the initial velocity of a
steel ball for ballistic pendulum might be computed under the consideration
2
of perfectly elastic collision. O O1 O'

Objectives 1

1.Kinematic equation of projectile motion can be formulated.

O1'
2.Momentum conservation of a steel ball in elastic collision can be verified.
3.With conservation of momentum and mechanical energy for perfectly
elastic collision, the initial velocity of a ballistic pendulum in can be
computed.
Experiment---Inelastic collision
When the mass m is released from initial height of Rcmcos , the
Experiment---Projectile motion
impacted velocity of body M, after inelastic collision, might be
With adjustment of different angle and time, the horizontal distance of
a projectile can be computed and compare to the measured value. estimated base on formula given M
1 vb m 2gRcm (1 cos )
According to equation: x xo (vocos )t y yo (vosin )t 2 gt
2

2.5
Horizon Range x(m)

2
R cm
1.5
R cm

1
Experiment
Theory
0.5

0
hcm
0 20 40 60 80
Angle

04
Introduction Experiment---Moment of rotational inertia
As our daily appliance, the rotational device could be found everywhere Base on the Newton's second law F=ma and rotation motion for T=I ,
at anytime. Just like the rolling wheels in car's motion, gyroscope in the systematic moment of inertia could be summarized by individual
steamer, even the spinning skill in the athletic game, hurricane arisen moment of inertia, which depends on the separated mass and their
from air of large vortex and the existence of spiral galaxy in universal distance to the rotating axis. I m i ri 2
space, they all are assessed from the dynamical characteristic of body
rotation. In this subject, the experimental kit is designed to experience Generalized from these experiments,
a disk, mounted as the vertical shaft, O'
the characteristic of force responsible for rigid body in circular motion,
and rotational inertia for rotating object induced by torque. is subjected to an external torque
T
induced by a mass connected to a
stretched string around pulley. Based on r
Objective
the value of hanged mass m, radius of
1. Centripetal force induced by various mass in different radius.
disk R and angular acceleration, the rotational inertia
2. Angular acceleration and moments of inertia of different bodies.
of disk can be determined.
3. Steiner's theorem (parallel-axis theorem).
Disc
Experiment--- Centripetal force Acceleration, a (m/s2) Mean a
weights (g) I' (g cm 2)
A body of mass M moves on a circular path, variable angular velocity repeat I repeat II repeat III (m/s2)
might be produced by adjustable radius and rotating rate. The required 35 0.03484 0.03491 0.03491 0.03489 61230
centripetal force for the body, in terms of relative parameters, will be
45 0.04489 0.04492 0.04491 0.04491 61096
developed below.
55 0.05478 0.05490 0.05489 0.05486 61066
65 0.06485 0.06490 0.06491 0.06489 60951
75 0.07483 0.07486 0.07478 0.07482 60926
mean 61054
2
Theoretical value 50977 g cm
2
Experiment value [I'-I 0-I theo]= 49802 g cm
error=2.30%

05
Introduction
Base on Newton's second law and energy conservation, we will forward
torque and rotational theory to study harmonic motions in reversal
compound pendulum and torsion pendulum, which have been widely
used in practical application such as torsion or pendulum clocks, crank
system of engine, mechanical pressure gage, damping device and rotary
flow meter etc.
Objectives
1. compound pendulum the magnitude of gravity acceleration
2. torsion pendulum the stiffness coefficient of metal wire.
Experiment---Torsion pendulum
A torsion pendulum, in Fig.a ~ Fig.b, is made up by a circular disk of
mass M suspended at a copper wire of length L. Here the smaller periodic
oscillation will be induced while the distortion of material's stiffness
recovers from the torque subjected.
Here I0 indicates disk- rotating moment of inertia and I1, means the total
rotating moment of inertia if additional circular shell is co-axially
positioned above. Base on the oscillating period of rotation T, material
stiffness coefficient n might be determined.
Experiment---Compound pendulum
Consider a mechanism of compound pendulum as the sketch below.
Here both nuts, taken as rotating pivot by turn, might be screwed on
the pendulum, in which one is fixed and the other might be regulated.
Thus both corresponding periodic profiles of T1 and T2 , resulted from
the exchange of rotating shaft, could be accessed. While survey the
equilibrant period T1=T2 as setting the moving nut at appropriate
situation, the maximum value of + ( the addition of distance from
mass center to individual rotating axis) coupling with corresponding
period T will be used to precisely predict the magnitude of gravity
acceleration. That is the working principle of so called" inverted
pendulum (another style of compound pendulum) " proposed in this
experiment.
Mass Center
Axis1 Axis2
T1 T2
06
Introduction
The Young Modulus, named after Thomas Young (1773 to 1829) who Steel wire
was an outstanding British polymath in material fields, is usually used to F(N) 80.9
define the proportionality of normal stress and normal strain for metal F external force (N)
L0(mm) 848
material subjected to external force. Such proportionality constant only L the elongation of bar (m)
L the length of bar (m) L(mm) 851.13
prevails within the working region below elastic limit i.e., transient
d the diameter of bar (m) L(mm) 3.13
distortion or deflection of material might be recovered after the external
L0 initial length of bar (m) D(mm) 0.37
force is removed. It is, of course, far lower than ultimate limit accessed 2 2
where the permanent strain or failure of material will occur. Thus using S cross section area of wire (m ) Y(dyne/cm ) 20.4
the Young Modulus to predict the validity of substance, especially in Experiment---
elastic behavior, seems to be inevitable prior to it being in engineering
application. Also it could be treated as an effective manner for engineer to
Determine the Young' Module by Deflection of a Beam
evaluate the safety factor of substance selected for public construction. Secondly in beam-deflection method, the central deflection will be
gradually augmented as the force F is enforced at. And Young's
Objectives modulus based on the ration of bending stress and bending strain,
1.Determine the Young' Module by metal wire might be yielded below while the state of material still falls within the
2.Determine the Young' Module by deflection of a beam elastic region.
3.Determine the length and thickness by caliper gauge and micrometer

Y: Young Modulus Steel bar

Experiment--- Determine the Young' Module by metal wire
H: central deflection of beam F(N) 27.5
To estimate the Young's Module of material, tension method and beam-
deflection method are usually introduced using the instrument of load cell, F: driving force H(mm) 8.36
vernier calipers and scalar meter. Firstly in tension method, the L: the length of beam between both supports L(mm) 139.56
measurement of wire -enlargement ration L/L, caused by force F B: the width of beam B(mm) 22.97
t : the thickness of beam t(mm)
subjected to metal wire of one end fixed, might carried out, here radial F
0.75
2
displacement is assumed to be far smaller than the axial extension, i.e., Y(dyne/cm ) 23.1
only the shear stress and strain along the force component, in this subject, H

will be taken into account.

L0

F L
F

07
Introduction
it is generally designed as a venturi meter to measure the flow rate or
flow velocity, includes liquid or gas, inside the piping system of varying
cross-section. Base on the conservation of flow as well as mechanical
energy (Bernoulli equation), i.e. V(flow velocity) x A( cross-section area)
=constant and P (hydraulic static pressure)/ g + V2 /2g =constant, the
fluid flowing through pipe-throat will have the maximum local speed and
minimum hydraulic pressure which will induce the rise of water. While
refer to the elevation of liquid, the fluid velocity flowing along the center Here Vi is the local velocity flowing across the corresponding diameter
line of piping system might be successfully. Di of pipe cross-aera Ai with liquid elevation hi and Q means
volumetric flow rate.
Objectives
1. Measure flow rate by timing the water collection. 1 2 3 4 5 6

2. Measure flow rate by flow meter of float-sink.

3. Measure flow rate by dynamical tube.
4. Measure flow rate by venturi tube. D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6

Experiment ---Venturi Tube

The magnitude of static pressure, dynamical pressure as well as
estimated flow velocity might be easily accessed from the profile of liquid
elevated at each tube, which is mounted at different scale of diameter
along the pipe and used to confirm the validity of Bernoulli equation.
Coupling with volumetric flow continuity and Bernoulli equation in Eqs.(1)
~Eqs.(2), flow velocity traveling through venturi-pipe of variable diameters
will be developed in Eqs.(3).That also means local flow velocity might be
expressed in terms of liquid elevation indicating the static pressure
induced.
09
Introduction
With the development of sound and hearing technology, such mechanical
or digital device, widely applied in our daily lives, has attracted public
interest and attention. By way of air medium, sound source, for example,
conveying some specific frequency and amplitude could be easily detected
by human ears, even the intensity is in lower state. In this subject, substance-
wave behavior for ripple experience on the water pool is designed and
experimented.

Objectives
In this subject, the water tank experiments are intended to produce different
wave pattern depending on various geometry of actuator. Relevant ripple-
experiment listed below will be surveyed.
1.point wave 4.wave's refraction 7.reflection mirrors
2.straight wave 5.wave's diffraction 8.refractive lens
3.wave's reflection 6.wave's interference 9.Doppler effect

Features
1.The special designed product of aluminum and stainless behaves an
easy-to-use characteristic, which makes the self-assemble accomplished,
in five minutes, become possible.
2.The primary LED irradiated source including white light, green light and
blue light is enforced. Here Sine-wave signal source is used to configure
free space wave-pattern, which could be also available in static and
dynamical photo.
3.By way of transparent projection board, ripple-profile might be promptly
accessed with the paper drawing on above.
4.Sparking frequency of irradiated source might be fitted while the photo
is performed by IPHONE.

10
Introduction Experiment---Standing wave in closed pipe
To survey the pipe-resonance of sound waves, a small amount of tiny This experiment is designed to investigate the standing waves in
Styrofoam balls is uniformly deposited in the transparent horizontal tube
closed pipe. When the released sound wave is interfered with the
initially. And then related wave patterns of specific frequency, emitted from
the loud-speaker, might be generated by regulating frequency-function wave reflected off the end of closed tube, the standing waves might
generator. Just for sound resonance inside half open and half-closed pipe occur due to the superposition of identical waves with opposite sign.
are concerned, an incident sound wave released from the speaker will be By way of the envelope of Styrofoam balls, user can characterize its
interfered by the traveling wave reflected from the end of pipe. As both
identical but opposite-sign waves collide, the resonance of standing wave, formation and characteristic. : pipe-lenghth
through the superposition of wave packets, will be developed out if proper
frequency is well-defined by function generator. Thus the resultant graphic
profile could be easily visualized by the separated group of Styrofoam balls
distributed inside the pipe. That will also lead the user to understand the No. of wave node freq. f (Hz) experiment (cm) theory (cm) relative error (%)
characteristic of standing wave such as the accessed wavelength, fluctuated
amplitude corresponding to individual resonance frequency.

N A N A N

B C A /2 E

preasure node preasure antinode

average
Standing antinode Standing node
Objectives 400
1.As the resonance occurs in open or closed pipe, the experienced nodes 350

Wavelength(cm)
and antinodes of standing waves might be determined from the experiment 300
as well as theory. 250
Experimental values closed pipe
2.View from the ripple pattern, the crest and trough existing at sound wave 200
150 Theoretical values
profile will be characterized.
100
3.Base on the measured wavelength, the traveling velocity of sound wave 50
could be calculated. 0
4.With the fallouts accessed from experiment, the discrepancy of resonance- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 open pipe
formations for open and closed pipe will be investigated. Wavenumber n

12
Introduction Experiment---Boyle's law
To survey fundamental thermodynamics, experiment kit of thermal engine, Through isothermal expansion performed by thermal engine, gas
build-in-piston and gas cylinder, is developed to investigate the relationship pressure varying with volumetric expansion could be formulated by
among gas pressure, volume and temperature. Here the essential pressure sensor, which will be used to examine the suitability of
experiments including Boyle's law, Charles, Gay-Lussac's law, combined Boyle's law. From the equation: pV k
gas law, as well as Carnot cycle will be performed in this subject. Through
thermal expansion or compression, work done accessed from heat engine Pressure (kPa) Boyle's law
cycle, operated in closed thermodynamic system, could be determined. 50.0
45.0 y=-0.001x+47.401 r2=0.998
40.0
35.0
30.0
Objectives 25.0
20.0
1.In this subject, ideal gas, used as a working medium, will be taken into 15.0
10.0
account. Here the magnitude of pressure multiplied by volume will remains 5.0
0.0
constant under the isothermal process. And a linear proportionality between 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000
volume (mm3)
volume occupied and thermal temperature will exist if iso-bar process is
embarked. In addition, a linear relation for ideal gas pressure vs. thermal
temperature is found to be followed for constant volume held.
2.Examine the reversibility of Carnot Cycle. Experiment---Charles and Gay-Lussac's law
Through isobar expansion achieved by thermal engine, the relation
Experiment---Carnot cycle of gas volumetric expansion varying with working temperature could
The objective of this experiment is to establish a reversible gas power- be determined by thermometer, which will be used to examine the
cycle system. Here the work diagram, constituted by four p-v process,
suitability of Charles and Gay-Lussac's law. V bT
indicates a net work done/cycle (area bounded by the work diagram), and
each might be estimated from the variation of gas pressure (p) with volume.

Pressure (kPa) Carnot cycle Temperature ( ) Charle's law

80.0
25 70.0
b 20 c 60.0
50.0
15 40.0
10 a 30.0
20.0 y=0.002x+17.982 r2=0.991
05 d 10.0
00 0.0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000
-20 00 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
2012 3 26 09:27:46 Pulley 11mm (mm) volume (mm3)

14
Introduction Experiment---Colors mixing and propagation
As we know, optics is very influential in everyday lives i.e., various
colorful objects, from the moment we open our eyes in the morning,
will be captured promptly. Maybe that is primarily attributed to different
wavelengths of lights, reflected off objects, irradiated into eyes. Base on
it, camera works might be carried out and developed. That means light
rays from an object will pass through the lens of the camera and get
recorded on a film. This experimental kit is designed to familiarize the
user with the properties of geometrical optics and physical optics by
observing light of different wavelength, reflection, refraction,
interference, etc. Experiment---The measurement of lens focus

Objectives
1.Propagation of light.
2.Colors--Additive and subtractive mixing of colors.
3.Mirrors--Determine the focal length of images on concave or convex
mirror.
4.Lenses--Determine the focal length of images on concave or convex
lens.
5.Prism--Deviation and invertion from refraction.
6.Snell's Law--Determining the refractive index from rectangular lens
Experiment---Single slit diffraction
or refraction tank.
As the light travels through a small
7.Wave optics--Compare the single slit, double slit and multiple slit,
size slit, it will diffract and spreads
and determine the wave length of laser light source.
out to the both sides on the screen
which is located at a specific distance
Features from lens. After comparing theoretical
1.Easy to use measuring tape on the optical bench will be beneficent and experimental value, the width of
to the experimental performance. central bright line yc and the spacing
2.Magnetic accessories are designed for effective demonstration. dark line yd might be yielded below.
3.Record data on the bench could be easily accessed by varying the
position of displaying screen. L L
4.Laser generator on the micro-scale adjustment will help effective yc 2 yd
demonstration. a a
15
Introduction
The electromagnetic waves consisting of most common light source,

Intansity(mW)
such as Sun or laser ray might have its oscillation in different plane by
turn as it travel toward specified direction (unpolarized light). Of course,
we also might use a polarizer to change the mean distribution of light
energy i.e., the intended component of incident ray (polarized light) will Angle(degree)

be allowed to pass through while the other components are left to be Experiment---Brewster's angle
filtered. When an unpolarized light reflects off a nonconducting surface, it
is partially polarized parallel to the plane of the reflective surface.
Objectives There is a specific angle, 1 , called Brewster's angle at which the
Malus' Law of Polarization reflected ray and the refracted ray are 90 degrees apart and the
Brewster's angle light energy parallel to reflected plane will disappear.
incident ray Reflected ray
(unpolarised) (polarised)
Experiment---Law of Malus
As a completely plane polarized light is incident on the analyzer, the
intensity I of light transmitted to analyzer is directly proportional to the
square of cosine of angle between the transmission axes of the
analyzer and polarizer. Refracted ray
(slightly polarised)

As unpolarized light is sent at Brewster's angle into a series of glass

sheets, electric field vector of refracted ray will become weaker due
to the component perpendicular to incident plane might be partially
disappear. s-polarized

unpolarized

p-polarized

16
Introduction Experiment---polarization and Brewster's angle
Similar to light behavior, microwave, known as a style of electromagnetic
wave, possess both volatile characteristic including wave propagation
I
as well as matter particles. Here three fundamental wave propagations, (0 )
(90 )
such as micro-diffraction, reflection as well as absorption, have been
acknowledged. To effectively undergo the intended experiment, the
wavelength 3cm of frequency 10.5GHz, far greater than 400~700nm
of visible light and 1.7cm of ultimate wavelength in sound wave, is i
~56
selected. That not only features as a strong diffused manner to
investigate the microstructure of substance, but the lower energy
required also meets the demand of local experiment related to geometric Experiment---Michelson interference
and wave optics, acoustics, and electromagnetic communication.

Objectives
1.Geometric optics reflection, refraction and standing wave.
2.Interference diffraction, double-slit interference, Michelson
interference, Fabry-Perot interference, Lloyd's mirror and Bragg's
diffraction.
3.Polarization Brewster's angle, light polarized experiment.
4.Bragg diffraction
Experiment---Double Slit Interference
5.Fiber optics

Experiment---Bragg Diffraction

dsin dsin d

17
Introduction Experiment---Ohm's Law
Just for the twentieth century, the electricity, widely used for a variety of As the voltage V is subjected to both ends of a conductor, the current I,
applications, has played a significant role in our daily life. In this experimental inversely proportional to the resistance R, will be induced. That means
kit, students could learn how to constitute circuit loop without breadboard V = IR
needed, which makes the experiment undertaken easily. In addition,
9
teacher's demonstration on teaching board will become effective using 8
test component enclosed by transparent block whose back is designed 7
6
to be attached with magnet. Thus the user could instantly check the 5
working state of electrical component inside the box and change it if 4
3
necessary. This experiment is designed to familiarize the user with the
2
concept of resistance, current, voltage, and basic properties of the transistor 1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Objectives
1.Base on the measurement of voltage, current and resistance, Ohm's Law Experiment---the properties of diodes measurement
might be examined.
This experiment is designed to measure the current of diode under bias
2.Using Kirchhoff's Law to study current or voltage induced in multiple loop.
specified. A closed circuit will present if forward bias is enforced, and
3.Referred to Wheatstone bridges circuit- resistance is measured.
4.Study the properties of diode and its working performance. induced current will be cut off if the reverse bias is operated.

ID(mA)
180
5.Study the properties of PNP and its I-V characteristic curve. 160
6.Study the gain value of PNP. 140
120
7.Study PNP resistor's I-V curve. 100
80
60
Features 40
20
1.Multiple experments regarding the electric 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
circuit might be quickly constituted, which
VD(V)
the breadboard is no longer needed inside
selfdesigned box.
2.Teaching demonstration on classroom
board of magnetism-adherence will provide students an advantage in
subgrouped experiment.
3.With the special design of experimental box made of transparent plastic,
the diorder component might be replaced through the perspective view
of circuit embeded.
18
Introduction Objectives
reference position
Base on Coulomb's law, the magnitude of electric field E produced by 1. Parallel plate capacitor
single charge Q might be given below, which induce an irradiated 2. Two points within a field
outward electric field for + Q or irradiated inward direction of electric +
field for - Q. 3. Point and plane A

While consider the work done of charged particle moving in the electric 4. The lighting rod
field, the resultant potential difference might be formulated as below.
Here the direction normal to measured equipotential lines, Vi =0, Measuring position
Indicate the intended electric field(as shown of dash line), in other
words, the distributions of eletric field might be also concluded if the
profile of equipotential lines is determined. Experiment results

+Q Q

The designed device of smaller size, economical cost and easy-to-use

offers a single conductor-bar shifting on the testing board of graphite,
embedded in plastic plates with four popular patterns, permanently
printed on in highly conductive paint to constitute the Wheatstone-bridge
circuit, and then various equipotential lines, induced by different dipoles,
might be easily outlined by individual contour with equal sub-potential
accessed using single conductor-bar. In this subject, experimental knits
will help us visualize the pattern of electric field (line of electrostatic
force) which are orthogonal to the distributed equipotential lines
measured from various aspects of electric dipoles.

19
Introduction Experiment---Tangent Galvanometer
In1820, an electromagnetic theory was initiated by Oersted. Here the With rotating angle of magnetic pin measured, axial magnetic field
physical experiment relative to magnetic field induced by a current-carry induced from solenoid Baxis could be determined.
wire was proposed. During 1820~1827, the theoretic model was further N=15
Current(A) Angle( ) Baxis H
quantified by Ampere's. In 1831, the so called Faraday's law amounted 0.500 51.5 4.620E-05 0.367491
the current induced along the closed loop while a time varying magnetic 1.005 66.5 9.286E-05 0.403775
1.495 74.0 1.381E-04 0.396103
flux, across the sectional area of coils, is undertaken. That also explains
2.000 78.5 1.848E-04 0.375979
the mutual relation between electric current and magnetic field, and has
become a fundamental principle for electromagnetic application in our Experiment---Current Balance
daily life. Base on quantity analysis from theoretic or empirical model, Apparent weight on the load cell,
the experimental kits, in this subject, also provides some interesting experiment of Lorentz force,
demo related to electromagnetic demonstration. could be induced by a current
carried by two parallel magnets.

Objectives
1.Geomagnetic measurement :
Tangent Galvanometer
Experiment---Faraday's law
Determination by the magnetic moment If a magnet is passed through a coil of conducting wire, a voltage
2.Magnetic effect of electric current and applications : is induced (created) in the coil. The faster of the magnet moves
Current Balance DC Motor through the coil, the greater strength of voltage.
3.Electromagnetic induction and applications :
Faraday's law Lenz's law
Self-inductance and mutual inductance
Generator Transformer
Magnetic communication

20
RLC circuit has a very important feature, that is, the produced amplitudes

of circuit-current will closely depend on the input frequency. Generally

speaking, partial signal will be filtered, but partial might be augmented as

several power sources with different frequency, in the circuit, are delivered

simultaneously. Here amplified signal of frequency is primarily determined

by the value of L and C selected. However the converse effect will appear

as the higher resistance R is involved. Thus the so called "filter effect"

might be taken as an important characteristic in RLC circuit. In addition,

RC circuit, in the absence of power supplier, is usually performed as a

convertor of electric energy in the envelope of electric field. Here the electric

energy charged into or discharged from capacitor C is based on the demand

of current flow in circuit. That might be also used as "Quick Battery" existing

in almost all electronic circuits.

Objectives Experiment---RLC
R L C
1. Investigate the time constant for value of C in charging or A fundamental RLC series circuit,
discharging process of RC circuit. figured right, is primarily constituted
2. Learn the resonant-frequency response for RLC in series by electric resistor R, inductance Vs
deployment. (L), capacitance (C) as well as AC
voltage. Specify a set of L,C in
circuit and a parallel voltmeter across the resistor R, a varying
Experiment---RC
voltage signal might be readable from voltmeter while adjust the
In RC circuit, the voltage across capacitor is relative to the charge and
driving frequency of power source. As the regulated frequency is
discharge time of capacitance. In fact, dimensionless-time value of R*C close to natural oscillating frequency yielded below, signal resonance
we said it as a time constant for will occurs in RLC circuit and the maximum voltage could be
circuit. By way of time varying displayed on the panel of voltmeter. Here the resonant frequency
voltage profile accessed from
will be also available to the fluctuated frequency
charging or discharging
process, the needed value of accessed from the circuit-current and voltage signal across the
capacitor might be determined. resistance. Referred to the so called "resonant frequency"
Charge (discharge)circuit diagram formulated above, corresponding response might be figured below,
and here the value of gain

, defined as the ratio

of terminal voltage and

n
Charge on capacitor
vs. time duration
power supplied voltage,
might be estimated on
the profile sketched below.
Discharge from capacitor
vs. time duration Resonant response of voltage
vs., time duration

21
 h
Introduction

100 x Diffraction Angle (Rad)

Rather than the energy continuity considered in classic physics, the
energy level of a photon or an electron, viewed from quantum theory,
Incident light
exhibits an integer multiple of hf (here h is planks constant and symbol
of f indicates the frequency of light wave). That means a light is emitted diffracted light

from or absorbed by an electron and the energy, hf, will be quantized.
While laser light is irradiated to a light-emitting diode, the induced current
will be further retarded due to weaker forward voltage unable to overcome
the energy barrier, i.e., most electrons are still constrained in depletion
layer. However, a current of fast growth starts being induced if potential
supplied V0 is just adequate to break through the barrier. Thus planck's
constant h might be determined from the equivalence of energy emitted
from laser diode, hf, and power absorption of photon e ( V-V0).
Reflecting Grating
Incident Grazing Angle (Rad)
Experiment---V-I characteristic of diode laser
Base on V-I characteristic profile accessed from diode laser, an
approximated equation following the linear behavior might be given.
Here Vo, an interested point of linear equation and horizontal axis
( induced current), indicates the breakdown voltage of diode laser.
And then the estimated planck's constant h, yielded below, is close
to the result measured by Millikan (1916).

Objectives
1. Measure the Laser's wavelength by reflective diffraction or grid
diffraction.
2. Utilize the V-I characteristic of diode Laser to find the emitted voltage.
3. Determining Planck's constant.

Linear Regression
Experiment---Laser wavelength by Reflective diffraction
Base on the pattern of interference fringes reflected from the multi-
gratings on steel straightedge, the wavelength of laser might be
determined. Here the bright fringes occurs at
=dCos -dCos( + n )=n where f= vc/

22
Introduction Intensity
In general, light spectrum could be classified into discrete spectrum m=0
3 2 1 1 2 3

and continuous spectrum. However, both absorption and emission are

the main typical pattern for discrete spectrum. Unlike the discrete way 0
(a)
mentioned above, typical continuous spectrum, in this experiment, will
be investigated. Here a slice with 500line / mm grate will be used to
observe the spectrum from incandescent lamps, sunlight and candles 3 2 1 m=0 1 2 3
(b)
(experimental mechanism as shown in Fig.1). While the below condition
Fig.2 The plot of intensity for bright fringe
is subjected, the wavelength of first order bright fringe (bright line
spectrum) emitted from mercury-containing fluorescent lamps and Objectives
LED lamps could be accessed as you view from the grating, whose 1.Observation of continuous spectrum from incandescent lamp
corresponding intensity will be displayed in Fig.2. Symbols d, l, s 2.Determination the wavelength of emission spectrum from
individually designate the grating spacing, half width of first order bright fluorescent lamp
line and the distance from light source to grating.
Experiment---
2
Wavelength spectrum of mercury-containing fluorescent
screen Light
source

Deep Purple
Aquamarine

Purple
Yellow
Green
Red

Red
S

3 6
5
8
1 2 7

7028 6234 4964 4047 ( )

eye 6908 6124 4358 4078
6714 6073 5461 4916
5791
5770
Fig.1 Diffraction of grating light with wavelength

23
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