THERMODYNAMICS

A. Purposes
1. To determine the heat capacity and specific heat of bomb calorimeter.
2. To determine the Q and ∆H of reaction.
3. To draw the graph relation between temperature versus time.

B. Basic Theory

Heat released (heat of combustion) in a chemical reaction can be determined

experimentally by using an adiabatic calorimeter. The reaction must proceed without
any side reactions and sufficiently fast that the heat exchange with the surroundings
is negligible. In such calorimeter, the combustion reaction occurs in a closed
container under constant volume (“bomb”).
The bomb is immersed in a weighted quantity of water and surrounded by an
adiabatic shield that serves as a heat insulator. Continuous stirring ensures that heat
is distributed evenly in the calorimeter. The bomb and the water bath, which are in
direct thermal contact, constitute an adiabatic bomb calorimeter. In this experiment
the heat of combustion of an inorganic compound is determined using an adiabatic
bomb calorimeter. The heat of combustion is directly related to important quantities
such as the internal energy and enthalpy of a chemical reaction.

The amount of heat absorbed or released by the solution can be determined by

measuring changes in temperature (Ted Lister and Janet Renshaw, 2000).
Because energy can not be created or destroyed (Thermodynamics Law I), then:
∆H = - Q solution
Q = m · c · ΔT
When you add a known amount of hot water to a known amount of cold water in
the calorimeter, the heat from the hot water will be transferred to the cold water and
some heat will be lost to the surroundings. This relationship that called as Azas Black
can be expressed mathematically as follows:
Q absorbed = Q released
(Q cold water + Q calorimeter) = Q hot water
(m · c · ΔT) cold water + (m · c · ΔT) calorimeter = (m · c · ΔT) hot water
C. Materials
 Milimeter block  Stopwatch
 Graduated cylinder  Beaker glass
 Thermometer  Cold water
 Bomb Calorimeter  NaOH 0.25 M
 Spiritus Burner  HCl 0.25 M

D. Procedure Trial 1
1. Weigh the initial mass of bomb calorimeter.
2. Add 25 ml cold water into bomb calorimeter.
3. Measure and record the temperature.
4. Weigh the mass of bomb calorimeter and cold water.
5. Measure and record the temperature every 30 s until 4 minutes.
6. ̊ .
Immediately heat 25 ml of water in a beaker glass until 60 C
7. Immediately pour the hot water into bomb calorimeter that has been filled with
cold water.
8. Put on the lid and stir.
9. Record the temperature of the mixture every 30 s while stirring the solution
constantly. Continue this procedure until 4 minutes.
10. Record the final temperature obtained by the mixture of hot water and cold
water.
11. Weigh the mass of calorimeter + mixed water.

E. Quantitative and/ Qualitative Data

Cold Water Addition of Hot Water

Time ̊ )
Temp. ( C Time (s) ̊ )
Temp. ( C
(minutes)

4.5
0

5.0
0.5

5.5
1.0

6.0
1.5
 6.5
2.0

7.0
2.5

7.5
3.0

8.0
3.5

4.0

m initial of bomb calorimeter :

m bomb calorimeter + cold water :
m bomb calorimeter + mixed water :
m cold water :
m mixed water :
m hot water :
T cold water :
T hot water :
T mixed water :

F. Task
1. Determine the heat capacity of bomb calorimeter!
2. Determine the specific heat of bomb calorimeter!
3. Draw the graph relation between temperature versus time!

G. Procedure Trial 2
1. Weigh the initial mass of bomb calorimeter.
2. Add 25 ml NaOH 0.25 M into bomb calorimeter.
3. Measure and record the temperature.
4. Weigh the mass of bomb calorimeter + NaOH.
5. Measure and record the temperature every 30 s until 3 minutes.
6. Pour 25 ml HCl 0.25 M into graduated cylinder.
7. Carefully but quickly pour HCl into bomb calorimeter that has been filled with
NaOH.
8. Put on the lid and stir.
9. Record the temperature of the mixture every 30 s while stirring the solution
constantly. Continue this procedure until 3 minutes.
 10. Record the final temperature obtained by the mixture of NaOH and HCl.
11. Weigh the mass of calorimeter + solution mixture.

H. Quantitative and/ Qualitative Data

NaOH Addition of HCl

Time ̊ )
Temp. ( C Time (s) ̊ )
Temp. ( C
(minutes)

3.5
0

4.0
0.5

4.5
1.0

5.0
1.5

5.5
2.0

6.0
2.5

3.0

m initial of bomb calorimeter :

m bomb calorimeter + NaOH :
m bomb calorimeter + mixed solution:
m NaOH :
m mixed solution :
m HCl :
T NaOH :
T HCl :
T mixed solution :

I. Task
1. Determine the Q of the reaction!
2. Determine the ∆H of reaction!
3. Draw the graph relation between temperature versus time!