REPORT OF BASIC CHEMICAL PRACTICUM VI

"THERMOCHEMISTRY"

BY :
SITI AROFATUL AMRINA
(1913071019)

CLASS 1A
S1 SCIENCE EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND SCIENCE THEACING
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES

UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN GANESHA

SINGARAJA
2019
 EXPERIMENT VI
“THERMOClHEMISTRY"

I. Purpose
Students have the knowledge and skills to use a calorimeter, determine
the calorimeter constant, determine the heat of the reaction between Zn and
CuSO4 solution and determine the heat neutralization solution of HCl and
NaOH.

II. Basic Theory

Heat changes in chemical reactions are studied in thermochemistry. The
change in heat can take place in a fixed volume or a constant pressure. The
change in heat in the volume remains the same as the change in energy
in,ΔU. While the heat change in pressure remains the same as the change in
enthalpyΔH. If the system being studied only concerns solids or liquids
(very small volume changes), then the work done by the system can be
ignored. Therefore ΔU=ΔH.
The amount of heat changes in chemical reactions, can be
measured with a calorimeter (measured is temperature). Each calorimeter
has a characteristic in measuring heat because the calorimeter itself (whether
made of glass, polyene, or metal) absorbs heat, so not all the heat that arises
is measured. Therefore, before it is used, the calorimeter constant must be
determined first. The calorimeter constant is the amount of heat absorbed by
the calorimeter to raise the temperature by one degree.

Graph 6.1: Water Mixing Curve

Hot - Cold water

The change in heat learned is not directly measurable. However, what

can be measured directly is the change in temperature. Changes in
temperature T can be determined graphically, as in graph 6.1 above.
III. Tools and Materials

Tools :
- 1 calorimeter
- Thermometer
- Measuring glass
Ingredients / Substances :
- CuSO4 0,5 M
- NaOH 1 M
- HCl 1 M
- Zn powder

IV. Work Procedures

4.1 Determination of the Calorimeter Set.
1. 20 mL is put into the calorimeter with a measuring glass. The
temperature is recorded.
2. 20 mL of hot water is prepared 10 above room temperature. The
temperature is recorded.
3. Mixed hot water is put into the calorimeter then stirred. The
temperature is observed for 10 minutes after 1 minute after mixing.
4. Temperature observation curves are made over an interval of time, to
determine the price of a decrease in hot water temperature and an
increase in cold water temperature.

Calculation :
❖ Heat absorbed by cold water, q1
q1 = mass of cold water x specific heat x temperature rise
= 20 x c x ΔT J
❖ Heat given by hot water, q2
q2 = The mass of hot water x specific heat x decreases temperature
= 20 c x Δ t J
❖ Calorimeter absorbed heat, q3
q3 =q2-q1 = 20 x c (Δt- ΔT) J
❖ The calorimeter constant, k
K = q3 = 20 x c x (Δt-ΔT) JK-1
ΔT ΔT
 Note :
• The density of water is considered 1g /cm3
• type of water heat, c is considered constant 4.2 J/g /cm3

4.2 Determination of Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) Reaction Heat

1. 40 mL of 0,5 M CuSO4 solution is put into the calorimeter and the
temperature is recorded for 2 minutes with an interval of half a
minute.
2. 3 grams of Zn powder (atomic mass Zn = 65.4) were carefully
weighed and put in a calorimeter that contained a CuSO4 solution.
The temperature is recorded for 10 minutes with an interval of 1
minute.
3. The rise in temperature (∆T) is determined using a graph.

Calculation :
• Calorimeter absorbed heat, q4
q4 = k x ΔT J
• The heat absorbed by the solution, q5
q5 = the mass of the solution X the heat of the type of solution x
increases in temperature
= 40 x 1,14 xClar x ΔT J
• The heat produced by the reaction, q6
q6 = q4+q5
= [k+ (40x 1,4 x Clar)] ΔT J
• Stoichiometrically this reaction involves 0.040 moles of substance.
Changes in the enthalpy of the reaction, ΔHr
ΔHr = q6 Jmol-1
0.040
Note :
• The density of 1 M CuSO4 solution = 1.14g / mL
• The heat of the type of solution, Clar = 3.52 J / g K

4.3 Determination of HCl and NaoH Neutralization Neutral

Determination
1. 20 mL of 1 M HCl solution is put into the calorimeter and the
temperature is recorded.
2. 20 mL of 1 M NaOH solution was measured and the temperature
recorded (adjusted so that the temperature is the same as the HCl
temperature).
3. NaOH solution with HCl is mixed into the calorimeter, the
temperature is recorded for 5 minutes intervals of half a minute.
 4. The graph is made to obtain changes in temperature due to the
reaction.
5. ΔH neutralization is calculated if the density of the solution is 1.03 g
/ mL and the specific heat is 3.96 J / g.K.

Calculation :
Consider a temperature increase of ΔT. In this reaction 0.040 mol NaCl
is produced. The volume of the solution is 40mL. The mass of the
solution 40 x 1.03 g = 41,2 g
• The heat absorbed by the solution, q7 = 41,2 x 3,96 x ΔT J
• The heat absorbed by the calorimeter, q8 = k ΔT J
• The heat produced by the reaction, q9 = q7+q8 J
• Neutralization heat
ΔH= q9 Jmol-1
0.040

V. Observation Result
5.1 Table Determination of Calorimeter Temperature Determination
No Trial Observation Picture

1. Put 20 mL of water in Colorless,

the calorimeter, note odorless,
the temperature. temperature 30ºC.

2. Heated 20 mL of Colorless,
water to 10º above odorless,
room temperature, temperature 50ºC.
note the temperature.
 3. Hot water is mixed Obtained
into a calorimeter that temperature at
already contains cold specified
water, stirred and intervals, the
recorded the solution is
temperature 10 colorless,
minutes later 1 minute odorless.
after mixing.

5.2 Table Determination of Zn-CuSO4

No Trial Observation Picture

1. Put 40 mL of 0.5 M The solution is

CuSO4 into the blue, the
calorimeter, record temperature is
the temperature for 2 30ºC.
minutes with an
interval of half a
minute.

2. 3,001 grams of Zn Gray solid,

powder (atomic mass powder-shaped.
Zn = 65.4) were
carefully weighed
and put in a
calorimeter that
contained a CuSO4
solution. The
temperature is
recorded for 10
minutes with an
interval of 1 minute.
 3. The rise in The temperature
temperature (∆T) is obtained at a
determined using a certain time
graph interval, solids Zn
and CuSO4
homogeneous.

5.3 Table Determination of HCl and NaoH Neutralization Neutral

Determination
No Trial Observation Picture

1. 20 mL of 1 M HCl Colorless
solution is put into solution,
the calorimeter and temperature 30ºC.
the temperature is
recorded.

2.1. 20 mL of 1 M Colorless
NaOH solution was solution,
measured and the temperature 30ºC.
temperature
recorded (adjusted
so that the
temperature is the
same as the HCl
temperature).
 3. 6. NaOH solution with Blue solution,
HCl is mixed into obtained
the calorimeter, the temperature at a
temperature is certain time
recorded for 5 interval.
minutes intervals of
half a minute.
1.

1. Determination of the Calorimeter Set

a. Temperature and time change
No Normal Hot Water Time Temperature
Water Temperatur (minutes) (ºC)
Temperature
1. 0 30
2. 1 33
3. 2 33
4. 3 33
5. 30 ºC 50 ºC 4 33
6. 5 32
7. 6 32
8. 7 32
9. 8 32
10. 9 31,8
11. 10 31,5
 b. Time lapse graph with temperature

0C Calorimeter Set Chart

33.5
33
32.5
32
Temperature

31.5
31
30.5
30
29.5
29
28.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time

2. Determination of Reaction Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq)

Data on temperature and time changes CuSO4 (aq)
No. Time (minutes) Temperature (ºC)
1. 0 30
2. 0,5 29
3. 1,0 30
4. 1,5 30
5. 2,0 30

a. Data on temperature and time changes Zn (s) + CuSO4(aq)

No. Time (minutes) Temperature (ºC)
1. 0 30
2. 1 35
3. 2 36
4. 3 36
5. 4 36
6. 5 36
7. 6 35,5
8. 7 35,5
9. 8 35,5
10. 9 35,5
11. 5,0 35
 b. Time lapse graph with temperature

0C Calorimeter Set Chart

37
36
35
34
Temperature

33
32
31
30
29
28
27
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time

3. Determination of the Neutralizing Heat of HCl and NaOH

a. Data on temperature and time changes
No. HCl NaOH Time Temperature
Temperature Temperature (minutes) (ºC)
1. 0 30
2. 0,5 31
3. 1,0 31,5
4. 1,5 31,5
5. 2,0 31,5
6. 30 ºC 30 ºC 2,5 31,5
7. 3,0 31,5
8. 3,5 31,5
9. 4,0 31
10. 4,5 31
11. 5,0 31
 b. Time lapse graph with temperatur

Calorimeter Set Chart

32

31.5
Temperature

31

30.5

30

29.5

29
0 0.3 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Time

VI. Analysis
6.1 Determination of The Calorimeter Constant
Known :
- Ordinary water mass = 20 mL = 20 grams
- Hot water mass = 20 mL = 20 gram
- C water = 4.2 J / g / cm3
- T1 = 30 0C + 273
= 303 K
- T2 = 50 0C + 273
= 323 K
- T mixture = 31.5 0C + 273
= 304.5 K

❖ Calculation:
1) Heat absorbed by ordinary water (q1)
q1 = mass of ordinary water x specific heat x rise in temperature
= massa of ordinary water x C water x ( ∆T )
= massa of ordinary water x C water x ( T mix – T1 )
= 20 gram x 4,2 J/g/cm3 x (304,5 K -303 K)
= 20 gram x 4,2 J/g/cm3 x 1,5 K
= 126 J
 2) Calculation of hot water heat (q2)
q2 = mass of hot water x C water x rise in temperature
= massa of hot water x C water x ∆t
= massa of hot water x C water x ( T2 – Tmix )
= 20 gram x 4,2 J/g/cm3 x ( 323 K – 304,5 K )
= 20 gram x 4,2 J/g/cm3 x 18,5 K
= 1.554 J

3) Calculation of the calorimeter (q3)

q3 = q2 - q1 or q3 = m x C water x (∆t - ∆T )
= 1554 J – 126 J = 20 gram x 4,2 J/g/cm3 x( 18,5 K
= 1.428 J – 1,5 K )
= 20 gram x 4,2 J/g/cm3 x 17 K
= 1.428 J

4) Calculation of the calorimeter heat capacity, (k)

q3 m x C water x (∆t − ∆T )
k = ∆T = 1,5 K
m x C water x (∆t − ∆T )
= 1,5 K
20 gram x 4,2 J/g/cm3 x( 18,5 K−1,5 K)
= 1,5 K
20 gram x 4,2 J/g/cm3 x 17K
= 1,5 K
1.428 J
= 1,5 K
k = 952 J/K

6.2 Calculations on Determining the Heat of A Reaction

Known :
- CuSO4 = 0,5 M
- Volume CuSO4 = 40 mL = 0,04 L
- Mass Zn = 3,0031 gram
- Ar Zn = 65
- Mr ZnSO4 = (1 x Ar Zn) + (1 x Ar S) + (4 x Ar O)
= (1 x 65) + (1 x 32) + (4 x 16)
= 65 + 32 + 64
= 161 g/mol
- C solution = 3,52 J/g K
- T CuSO4 = 30 0C + 273
= 303 K
- T mixture = 35 0C + 273
= 308 K
 CuSO4 (aq) + Zn (s) ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)

MassZn
Mol CuSO4 = M xV Mol Zn = Mr Zn
3,0031 g
= 0,5 M x 0,04 L = 65 g/mol
= 0,02 mol = 0,049 mol

1) The Heat Absorbed by The Calorimeter (Q4)

q4 = k x ∆T
= 952 J/K x (T mix – T CuSO4)
= 952 J/K x (308 K – 303 K)
= 952 J/K x (5 K)
= 4.760 J

CuSO4 (aq) + Zn (s) ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)

M : 0,02 mol 0,049 mol
R : 0,02 mol 0,02 mol 0,02 mol 0,02 mol
S: - 0,029 mol 0,02 mol 0,02 mol

Mass ZnSO4 = mol x mass molar ZnSO4

= 0,02 mol x 161 g/mol
= 3,22 gram

2) q5 = Mass Solution x C.solution x Rise In Temperature

= 40 x 1,14 x 3,52 J/g K x (Tmix – T CuSO4)
= 40 x 1,14 x 3,52 J/g K x (308 K – 303 K)
= 40 x 1,14 x 3,52 J/g K x (5 K)
= 802,56 J

3) The heat absorbed by the solution (q6)

q6 = q4 + q5
= 4.760 J + 802,56 J
= 5.562,56 J

q6
❖ ∆Hr = 0,040 J/mol
5.562,56
= J/mol
0,040
= 139.064 J/mol
 6.3 Calculation of heat neutralization of HCl and NaOH
Know :
- NaCl = 0,040 mol
- Volume Solution = 40 mL
- Mass Solution = 40 x 1,03 g
= 41,2 g
0
- Tmix = 31 C + 273 = 304 K
- T HCl and NaOH = 300C + 273 = 303 K
- C = 3,96 J/g K

Reaction: HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

1) q7 = 41,2 g x 3,96 J/g K x ∆T

= 41,2 g x 3,96 J/g K x (Tmix – T HCl and NaOH)
= 41,2 g x 3,96 J/g K x (304 K – 303 K)
= 41,2 g x 3,96 J/g K x (1K)
= 163,152 J

2) q8 = k x ∆T
= 952 J/K x (Tmix – T HCl and NaOH)
= 952 J/K x (304 K – 303 K)
= 952 J/K x 1 K
= 952 J

3) q9 = q7 + q8
= 163,152 J + 952 J
= 1.115,152 J

4) Heat neutralization
q9
∆H = 0,040 J/mol
1.115,152
= J/mol
0,040
= 27.878,8 J/mol

VII. Discussion
Thermochemistry is the study of the relationship between thermal
energy and chemical energy. Thermochemistry includes heat absorbed or
released in chemical reactions, sources of phase change, or in dilution of a
solution. In chemistry, an important source of additional energy changes
comes from the heat given or taken from its contents to form a system. So
the heat can be measured indirectly by measuring work. Changes in heat can
be observed at constant pressure and the observed system concerns liquid-
solid so that changes in volume can be ignored. Heat is the transfer of
thermal energy between two objects with different temperatures.
 In this experiment, three experiments were carried out, namely the
determination of the calorimeter constant, the determination of the heat of
the Zn + CuSO4 reaction, and the determination of the heat neutralizing HCl
and NaOH (strong acids and strong bases). This experiment uses a
calorimeter that is used to measure the amount of heat absorbed or released,
and the calorimeter also has the characteristic of measuring heat, because
the calorimeter can absorb the heat absorbed so that all heat is measured.
The principle in this experiment is to mix the two substances that have a
change in temperature in the calorimeter, the substance that has a high
temperature will release the heat and the low substance will receive the heat
released, so that the final temperature or mixture can be determined. Then
one of the unknown variables such as heat capacity, mass and heat capacity
can be determined through the equation. The process in this calorimeter
takes place adiabatically, i.e. no energy is released or entered from outside
into the calorimeter.

a. Determination of the Calorimeter Constant

Determination of the calorimeter constant can be done by mixing
cold water and hot water whose temperature has been measured which
has a difference of 20ᵒC, then put it into the calorimeter. After mixing,
stirring or shaking. This stirring is done to speed up the course of the
reaction between hot water and cold water. Observed the temperature of
the water in the calorimeter for 10 minutes with an interval of 1 minute.
Time measurement using a stopwatch is done simultaneously by pouring
hot water into the calorimeter. Temperature measurements were carried
out for 10 minutes with an interval of 1 minute in order to know the heat
changes that occur. In this process chemical processes do not occur, but
physical processes occur. Because the rise in temperature of cold water
can be calculated using a constant maximum temperature reduction with
the temperature of cold water. While the decrease in the temperature of
hot water can be calculated using a reduction in the temperature of hot
water with a maximum temperature constant.
In this experiment, the calorimeter constant is 952 J / K. Two kinds
of reactions occur when mixing hot water with cold water, the
endothermic reaction and the exothermic reaction. Exothermic reaction
occurs when hot water with higher temperature releases heat, and the
heat released will be received by water with low temperature, that is the
endothermic reaction.

b. Determination of the Heat Reaction of Zn + CuSO4

Determination of the Zn + CuSO4 heat reaction can be done by
entering a 0.5 M CuSO4 solution of 40 mL into the calorimeter. The
temperature is recorded for 2 minutes with an interval of 0.5 minutes. It
aims to determine the increase or decrease in CuSO4 temperature every
0.5 minute (30 seconds) interval. Then the carefully weighed Zn powder
 as much as 3.0031 grams, is put into a CuSO4 solution or into a
calorimeter. It aims to react Zn with CuSO4. And beaten. This shaking is
done to speed up the course of the reaction between Zn and CuSO4. The
temperature is recorded at an interval of 1 minute after mixing for 10
minutes. In the experiments that have been carried out, by adding Zn, the
temperature of the solution in the calorimeter is increasing. The
temperature rise is between 0.5 °C - 1 °C. Changes in the initial and final
concentration of the solution is the change in heat that occurs. If seen
from changes in temperature, it can be concluded that the reaction
between Zn + CuSO4 is endothermic, an increase in temperature indicates
that there is heat absorbed in the reaction. Meanwhile, if seen from the
change in heat produced is positive, it further strengthens that the
reaction is endothermic, a reaction that requires heat.
This experiment aims to determine the calorific value of the
reaction of 40 mL CuSO4 0.5 M with Zn (s) 3.0031 gr. The reactions that
occur in this experiment are:
Zn (S) + CuSO4 (aq)) → ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)
Determination of the heat of the CuSO4 and Zn reactions results in
the ZnSO4 + Cu reaction. In this experiment, the value of ∆Hr (heat
change) was 139.064 J / mol.

c. HCl and NaOH Neutralization (Strong Acid and Strong Base)

This experiment aims to determine the heat neutralizing HCl and
NaOH. This experiment was carried out by inserting 20 mL of 1 M HCl
into the calorimeter. The temperature is recorded. Measured 20 mL
NaOH 1 M. The temperature is recorded, and the temperature is adjusted
to equal HCl temperature (300C). This base is mixed into the calorimeter
and stirred, the temperature is recorded for 5 minutes with an interval of
0.5 minutes. If HCl is reacted with NaOH it will produce NaCl and
water.
Reaction: HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
In this experiment what acts as a system is HCl and NaOH and
what acts as the environment is water and as a solvent medium for the
two substances. In this reaction the temperature of the solution increases
from the initial temperature, this happens because when the reaction
occurs the release of heat. The heat released by the reaction system
(NaOH and HCl) is absorbed by the environment of the solvent and other
materials (calorimeter). As a result the environmental temperature rises
as indicated by the rise in the temperature of the solution. So in that
experiment, what was measured was not the temperature of the system,
but the temperature of the environment where the reaction occurred,
while the system in the reaction temperature dropped and reached a
stable state to form NaCl and H2O. In this case, the ∆H value is 27,878.8
J/mol.
VIII. Questions and Discussion
1. What is the difference between heat type and heat capacity?
Answer: The heat / heat capacity (C) is the amount of heat needed to
raise the temperature of a material sample by 1 degree (∆Q = C
x ∆ T) with unit J/K. Whereas, the specific heat (c) is the
amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of
material mass by 1 degree (∆Q = m x c x ∆ T) with unit
J/Kg.K.

2. What is meant by heat of reaction and heat of neutralization?

Answer: The reaction heat is the heat that accompanies a reaction with
the simplest coefficient. Example :
3 H2 (g) + N2 (g) → 2 NH3 ∆H = - 92 kJ / mol
The amount of heat of the reaction depends on the amount of
the reacting substance, the physical state, temperature,
pressure, and type of reaction (Ptetap or Vtapap). Whereas the
neutralizing heat is the heat that accompanies the formation of
1 mole of water from a neutralizing (acid-base) reaction.
Example :
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) ∆H = +121 kJ
/ mol.

3. In setting calorimeter, why is the heat received by cold water not

the same as the heat released by hot water?
Answer: This is due to the difference in temperature rise. Where to
determine the amount of heat in an increase in temperature of
cold water can be calculated using a constant maximum
temperature reduction with the temperature of cold water (∆T
= TMix - T1). While the decrease in the temperature of hot
water can be calculated using a reduction in the temperature of
hot water with a maximum constant temperature
(∆T = T2 - Tmixture).

4. Why is the temperature measurement not only done once, ie during

mixing? tell!
Answer: In order to know the heat changes that occur. By measuring
repeatedly doing temperature measurements in order to obtain
the initial temperature of the solution, the temperature of each
change of time and also the final temperature of the solution.
So that it can be seen what changes and reactions that occur in
the mixture of these solutions in accordance with the specified
time.
IX. Possible Error
1. In determining the calorimeter constant, the temperature should remain
constant at the beginning until the last minute of mixing, because the
system is isolated. Possible errors during the experiment, namely the
initial amenite pad temperature before mixing evenly so that the next
minute the temperature drops, the calorimeter closure is not completely
closed, and not careful in measuring the volume of water.
2. Inaccurate in measuring the temperature on the thermometer, and also
the error and calculation errors.

X. Conclusions
In the reaction determination of the calorimeter constant can be proven by
the existence of a heat through a simple reaction through ordinary water
with hot water in the calorimeter, and the result of the calorimeter constant
is 952 J / K. In the experiment of determining the heat of the Zn + CuSO4
reaction, the ∆Hr value is 139.064 J / mol. And in the experiment of
determining the heat neutralization of HCl and NaOH obtained ∆H value of
27,878.8 J / mol.

XI. References
Drs. I Wayan Subagia,MAppSc.,Ph.D. and Dra.Suheimi Sya’ban, M.Pd.
2014. Penentuan Rumus Suatu Hidrat. Jurnal Praktikum Kimia
Dasar 1.
Paramita, H. 2017. Termokimia. URL:
https://www.academia.edu/33617144/LAPORAN_PRAKTIKUM_K
IMIA_DASAR_PERCOBAAN_IV_TERMOKIMIA diakses tanggal
12 Desember 2019 pukul 15.00 WITA.

Singaraja, December 12, 2019

Supporting lecturer, Do it,

(Dr. I Nyoman Suardana, M.Si) (Siti Arofatul Amrina)

NIP. 19661123993031001 NIM. 1913071019