Metode Numerik

PENGANTAR
&Jal 1ahun 1988 pc.ouho mcng.,J>r mact kubab Mctode Numc11k

di Jo,osn Tekoik �if"I FUult"' Tck"1k UlllVt<.,1&S G•dJah M•d• Yogyahrta
U.iok kcpcrluan meng.,iar penub, 1nc11yu<un b.ah>o kula.b, )'llll@: oemula
hall)'> 1,e,u.,. at>lan kuh.ah. Dar, t>hun le uhun maten tcnebut oclalu
d,pcrb.a<k, dan d1>Cmpurna}:u, vb,ngg., akhiroy,, ""'")Odi bulu uu
Tuiuan pcnllllian buku uu •dal•h untuk m<og,,i kel>'W'UD kcpus1aka·
an dalam baha.a !!>done. mcmbonbn peogcruan 11><<><Wal teotaq met<>•
,lc oWDCnk, Jan scbag>, bulu pega,>gu bag; .... b,.,..,... S !, S·2 don pi,,a
!'"oc6u dal.am mengdrnt, perkuh.ahan Win mei.h,nakao p<<>ehtwi ya�
hc,ka,,an <l<:ngao h1lunga.o numcrik da.n IDO<i<J ..,,,.cm.atik Unluk mempc,
nouJ>h pcmabun.on !eon)'>"& Jobc:rihn, i<lup ma1cn r,,ng J,b,!i.a> dik"3
(jl" dengan cooto,b ....i da.n pcnytlc,..,anny, .. .-1, program lomputer
"'""311•..
l',ogrom kotn!Jlll« dotuhs d.d>m bo.hll"' F0<t,on do.o hn p<rangbt
lund WATH)R7T.
M>teri )'U3 tcrkat>dung d.al&m bub U'li mcrupahn rangkuman d.m

l"kr>po buku rdcremi $Cpen, )1Dg dd,uiklft d>L,m <Wtor puslola,
p<.ng,.laman pcoul,. dalam ""'mberik•n lul>&h, p<>ICbtan ,;bn mc�kan
hd1<rapa pdcria•n p,,g terwt deng.,n maulah model matcmu.tk. Slid•�
, uiup banyok bul;u t<Dl•"& mctodc numenk. terutam., yang b<rbab= lngg,1$
,! rn l<rJC<ll-lh•• cb,, bul:u as,ng. Muu,g ....,ng buku ter><:but m<ml'U"Y"'
1�nohn•n mal<rr )�"II b<,be(b Buh iru d;tekatlo.o pad> ,p!tk...,
don
• ..im'lOll>l'l•WIIC
•
... ,Gd< il,i""P" _,il Wul W&) \nr•M pt>'- ---- l)e.
... � boob ;,.. +ht ....... n t · • ....... '- --i,olljan leb<t.
•*•
. ....
J.,L,n .... n JUI dibtril:.ao <blao, k o, 1 ,... •• o-
•h• - ..-v,:i..w, ie,lcl,ol, d.diolo .,; yooc ....., dibml,...., tthmA•
pada .. . b,l,.alr, okaa l<hh ·- ,, .... p -- ,.... dil,cnbo,
ob I dan boko ial -= "'flKN

pu , .B_ an, ,_.... .. ...
,_., - ,_. -- - ,.I:... ......,r.,..., .....
pendal,111 .... Pa& ,ncrnh<<ibo
DAFTAR ISi
..,.i-F...... - ..
meoa•I oUl'·IU• pcnom.ua d.ao m<n<ln IUI
I'
du,-· --
ot, IW, II - Ill ; t,.,n car a
pa -••
IM .....,_ ........ d1pd1j¥I .W.. Bab lV t.ltrpolau darikao
<b1am EW, V, � Be, VI npcltpn ol ..-...._ Bob VU odolal,
"""""- pc- -.
�pon,,l ..... iku,da.la.ol !lab VIII
p<.,....,, .
l>alaa t-,,
...... di dal>m woopcllpi -m
P'•., """"""...,. woobu,bo -• Kpom-.
nl,ol, -• -•• <- ... k.r..i,
,- lril,,). StlAul •"$ikOII k\,li.,h d .. pcllf<laou 1""C ..._.,pa,tu, olcb
.... ..... •• ,.... -- .... •" boloaa k...i, ...... l'lcNGANfAR
di, I lnh+• ... 1..W lou)'O •""*" ., h&..11, � - DAf'TAR ISi
mcoubo tembali ..,,,; 1enc:t.1 1<1111- ••- pew == ,_. dM

-- """'- lklot- ...,...... ,..- pc,.._... Pl:NOAHULUoVi
du ..... qa .......... -· -- - ltt,il, _,,.,....... - 11.u-
"-- P W .,,, -Olk wr,l: w..l. � ,.... ..... i.-• 1.2. , (-)
•'
dalooo bodus ;plct ...w. l<poo .w, i-i ... ...,p•m u,01 •• 1 ,,.,
bool.o - daf,11 .. ; J11tr1 pn,s,w l -, ., ,.... ..,._. .W.. """"I' 1.1 , Abrolool du 11.d,U'
r '""-""''"odol,u._. 14 O..aT.,to.
pc
I ! o.fc..,_.i -nlc "
14Soal L..oukM
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II AXAR AltAI! l'EllSAMAA1"' "
2.1 l'tadah•I......,
1.1.MaodoSm at • ......,. n
l. l Maodo ,_""'"" 1.-... x
l 4. Mtlod.o Nt .. OG·lh�
UMaodoS«-
U. Maodo ha..,
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l1 Sool l.el,tu.
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• MIITODIINUMF.JUX
UAnM< ISi •
VII PERSAMAA,N DIFEREN\IAL BIAS>. ,M
"" ,�
Ill SlSTEM PERSA!>IA.AN LINll;.R
31 Pendahul...,• 7 I P«>d•bulu•n ,M
s,,,., uopah
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72. M<1odc
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J2 NOi.., Mau,1,
13 M<todc Etder
3.3 Metode Ehm,n..., G•uss
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3 4 Me1od< G,u.,.o.J0<<bn 61 H Ke>alllh .. Mw,Jc Ewe,
B Dc,ct Toylor Dcogan O,dc, 1..cb,h Tingg, ',"n
3 6 Motnb Tnd"'l""W (',lc1ode S.pu1a Ga<>d., Cholt:>ki)
3 7 MnnLs Jny,:.,.
J.ll. Mc1ode u.,...
6.'i
7l
n
7.6. Mclodc: Hcu.o
7 7. Mctod< l'oliJ<>n
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3 9 S.0.1 L..t!ihan SS 7 S. Mc100< 11o..,. Kull> ,�

7.9. Sool Lotilo>.n ,n
IV Al�AUSIS REGRESI ff/
VIII l'FRSAMAAN Dl�'ERl:!NSlAL PARSH!.
4 l Pendahulu,o 'ifl
4 2. Mcngmgat Kembab lkber>po l'nn,1p Stm,uk 811 8 1 l'c,,,..huluan
8 2. ll<bct>p., lkntul Per..,_m.,n D,fe,c.,..•I Parn�
'�
w,
4.3 Me1odc Kuod,01 Tcrkml 90
8"l. Pul,r�n D,fcm,,...I Dc.agon Bed.a ttu>gp
44 Mctode Kuad,ac Tc,keal Un<uk """� 1-'ni«
4.S Llnieri.,..; Ku,va T,d,k l,n;.,,
9'l
98 8 • !'w,yeles;,;•n Pcr>llmUo l'o,obol• '"
M
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4 6. Rcgreu PollD<llllW 109 8 • 1 '>l:cm• Jmpl""'
8 • I Skc"'• E..plwl
4 7 Rcgrcu �r Dcnga.o &ny:,k Vonabcl
4.8. Soai.l.auhan
U4
116
8•_1 �kem,Cnnl-Nocl,ob.,..
85 l'eoyele .. ,;o Pc.....,. .. Ebpo
"'
"'
m
V lNTERPO!.ASI 119 � b Mctod< l'enyele>awi Pcruo,..._o Elhp, w
8 7 Pc,,.....,o H;pe,bou
5 I l'codahulu,n
s.i. 1n1c,r,<>Wi hn;.,
l\9
�)C ),o,,11.auh.an "'
Interpol.; K�u!
111
123 "'
S.3
S 4 l!enluk Umum Joio,polas,. l'(>l,.....,,al 1V
1j l111<1po!a,., Pobnomial Lag,angc 131
S.6 Soa.l Lat,bon 136 6 S Integral Dcog.,n r ..Jang P.ao TWk S,,m.,
VI JNTEGRASI NUMERJK 66 Me1odc Kuodrotur
6 l umum 6.7 Soal L.atihao
6 I M<te><k Trape•mm
6.3 Mciook T,apesium Dcngan 11,nyok Pi"'
6.4 M<tod< s,mp,.oo
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I. PENDAIIULUAN
I I. Umum
Mo<<><.I< numcr,k adal•b tekruk uncuk n,o:oye.,,..,kan pc,m ... lall.an·

l"''"' ... lah•n )'>'18 doformuW'k•n """''' m,,c,....d <l<oga,, cat• Of>CI.., b,.
'""II"" (""'limcnc) Be,t,;,ga; pc,o,o,al..b,o J>lam 11,dmg Wl>u pcc,g<!llln,,n
<l,n ltk....,..,g,. (Upal <l,gamlwk,n dol,m bcncul pc,...m.,n mol<m>hk
Ai"b.J• pcr!.Ullal.ll t<'5cbut mcmpunyo, l><muk ,cde,h..na, pcoyelesa,.n.or,
,I ,(»I d1lokuk,n >e<.ar> ,.,1.,,. Tei.po � umumnya bcntuk pc,.,....,, ,ul•
<l,sc� ,.,k,n «ar> ,n,ld1$, ,<b,ngg, pcn1<k.w.an•y• d,l,kuk>o ><<•" nume•
·j···
'" 1i..,1 d,ro pcn)d< .. ian nwnen< mernpak,o n,I;, pc,k., .. n JUU pco<ie
du, pcnyde,..,,. 11J1>hl1> ., •• eu.>k I<>•••• ..... ru... n,1 .. pco.k
l,1,11. ..,,, ,c,<lapal k ... lahan tc,h>d,p n,1,, elsoi: 1<.t., k...,W.,n tetsebul
h;,us <ukup kec,I t«�>P ,;ogl:at ke,alab,o yang <Lte1apkan
D,l,m m<tod< nun><r;k twlapat bebcrap,, bcntul I'<""'-' h,tunga,,
"'" ,Jgornma w:11uk mcny,,lesa,l,n "'"" llpc pc, .. ..,,n ""'"""'" II�"°'
"" oum,:r,); dap.c dil,hh.!! dcog,n me.,gg,.,nakao uW. wu d,,; bcntuk
f""''"Mung,n - � efi""'" yang ...,,,,,,,lull• wtltu l,,1uoga.o p,l,n1
«1»1 Op,:, .. i huong>• dil.ak"l•n deoga.o lt«lll d,la,n JUmlab y,,o.g ,a.ng.,t
'""Y"k <i.,n bc<ul•ng·ul.ang. Olcb kor<,.. ,to dipe,lol:•n bao11tuon kompuiu
unluk md•k<...o•kon op,:•IS> h,tungaa t<r,ebut Tonr,, �tuon kompuier
rn,.todc numc:nk ud•< b,oy,,k 1t><mbcnlw, m.,.fut
, I PI.NDA'IUIJJ-.N ,
M«odc: numo:uk ,uJ>h rukup lomo d,k<mb.anglcan, Nmun ?Cm>h;,n. 1•:ck1r>an d,guoak,o uotuk ,neowoi,lan l,;bog,.o c.tu.k 5U<[u bdangao
ny> J>l>nl pe,m.,.lah.an png a<la d• t,e,bq,,, !»dong belum tnelu, Hal IA! ,hl)Ula,.kao pad, I""'" kc n dcn�o '""""'"" oemua ,ogu d, sebelah -"••••
J,s<b.bkon k>r<H � ma,. ,.,..,but •lat b>ntu b,tuugon )'ll"!I bcrupo � ••• P'>'"' ,c,...,bul l>C>I, Scdong aogl;.• p,da po<,<, ke a l<nebn! t<dok bcrul>ah
kamputcr bclum bao)ak J�u.oakon ,cu,a moluas. Bcbcnp, o,huo ,e,okhu """ d,nu.kbo .,,u d,g,.t )'a"& tc,goolu"I apakab n,Ja, tel$WUI lcbih kcal atau
'"' pe,lceml,anga.r, kcmompu•n k<l"'pWer ,.op,pes,t dan bargLOy>pun kt"h be,ar dar, 1«t<11gah dar, a.ngka poois, kt n,
"'°'"k"' tcrJa.ngllu. schmgg; t<tJ•<l, penuigl<at•• peouhw, melod< o•,racnk \cbog,,1 ootll°"' .;i.;
untuk mc<')'Clt,.,U.n bcrb,ga, p<nnts&lohao. SU<"'' metode nume,ik tolab
t,c,keml,aog <Ieng .. pe,.., don rncrupokon alat yang ,..ope ampub untu.i< me• dopar d.bul>iho n><nJad, 863)00:)
n)'<luail•n p<rm.,.lahon J;l•m berbap, b«lang. M<toJc num<nk mompu dap,t d,bulatt.ln m<•J•d• 3.1•
mcnJ'<ks>•I.•• ,o.atu ,...,,.., pcrum»n r>aa bew, t,d.u; hn><• dan S>ng,t
K<$llah;n pe-oogan tc,jad, """"' 1odok d.Jaluhnny> hnungan
OomplcU yang t><bk murljlkln <l»<lcS>ihn 0<caro anal I!».
,.,...,., <kngan 1•ooedur o,atcmat,.k yang bena,, Scbagar ooilUoh "'''" pr0<c1
Mesk,pu,, m<IOOC """"'"' b,anyak d>lomb>ng):•• okh par• ahb .,.,,. i,l 1<,h,ngga d,gaoi, Jeogao I""°""'
bcrluogg, o; d>l>nr mO!emar,l_o, "'""
, .. hk>. t<topo ,lmu tenebur \,l,l.>n bonya milil n,c,cto llmu n><tod< numml fu"&" dap,at d1pr=nta.,a.k,n dobm beoouk dcrel tak l«h>nW, rnisalkaa,
.d,lah m,hk "'"'"" ahh dan bcrNg,U btdu,g. "'!'<"' boda"!I tcknik (,..pJ,
•'-1 +�+£+£+£+ ' l 'I 4''
mc»n, clcktro. brrua, •trOD01.10a, dan scbag.,"')'ll), ke<lol;o«on, ekooorn, ..,.... 2!
.1. dao l>ld>.ns thllu lo,n.n)�. R<•b•gai lll2!.ll.ah )'>Di ad• d.alam berb>jl:u d1>1·
1�,n ,lmu peoget>buao dopal dJ&Ulllwkao dal>m bentuk ma,c.,.,,1 dan be• N,1,; ei<.>); dan / d,pcroleh ap,abila scmua ,uku d>r; Je,e, l<rscbut ,t;.
t"&>o fcoomc .. yq berpe�,uh Mi,.,.lo)'I gerll ou dao polul•n <la .. huan, pc,hitungk.an 0,1,., prol<t<k, ,u.1,1 me-,perlu!urogho scmua su.ku i.amplll u.k
,uoga, dan laut, ah,an "<b<•. pe,,.,i,.,._. panu, dcReks, watu pl>I d .. ba� ic,hmgga Ap,W., h.any,, d1p<rlutullgt><1 bebe,apa ,uku perlama "Jl, rnab.
,l>n ..,baga,ny, dop>t dig,.mtwk,o d>l>,n beDluk matclllo!!l !.I..,>•)'> h:u.Joy1 cw;fa.k ,a.m, drog,o olW cbak. Kualah"" .kareru baoya d,pcrititung
lcnom,ru, y,og bupeng>ruh «=but clLlup ba.oyak du .ang>I komplch, don hnnya bcbe •• p,, ou.ku pe,i,m, d•oc:bul dc"t"• k""1ahao P""""°"S""
un1uk mcoy<:dc,haoak,.,,y, Jd.okukan bcbcrapa ,nggopao ..,b,oW bcb<r•p> f..<>alahan pc.,.,.ooga.o '"' akan d,jclaskan lchLb meod,Um dalam Sub b•b
fcDQrt>C .. yaog kurang berpeng>•uh dopa! d»ba,h.o MCUJpuo tclah d,!oku, 14 tenlar,gdu<tT,yto,
kao p<ny<:derhao ... , n,mun sen•& per,am.un l<fscbu{ t>d>.k bis.> d;.el-r.a,,
k,n ,ccar• anat.11> IJntuk �" DWLI <l>pcrMan mclode ""'"'"'" u.otuk l.l K"'al.ahon A'"'"'"' d•n Rrb11r
mcny<:lesa,kao pcr,am ... tcrscbut llubuog,n ,otaro n,!a, ek,ak, nila, perk,r .. n dao .k«alahao dopa,
J,bcri.kao d>l•m bcntu); t,e,;ku[ ,.,
U, Knolohon (""")
p•p,+E,
Pcny<:luaan sec,.,, nurn<:,;, d>h ,.,tn per,.amHD molcm,t,k haoya
,ocmbcr,kon n,la; pe,fo,,o yang rn<:odeka11 n,Ja, <k"k (yaog be=) don dcog,o,
penycle.. ,.o ><1>l1tu lkmH d>lam pe")'Cksa,ao numcnk l«scbut tcrdop"
p .;1;,cbak
l.c,alahn tcrhad.ap n,1., ch•k Ad> 1,go macam ke .. bbao �· ke,alahao
i>•w:a•n. kc,.lahan pembul,1an dan keWllha.o p<'""'oog,m, p, , nilai r<•k;r,,n
Kc,alahan t,.,w.,o ,,blob kc..:lllha.o d>n n,Ja, dat,, Kes,l,h>n 1encbu1 i, ' .ke..lab,o tc,hodop n,Ja, ok,tl
1,,., tctJ><II karcna kckchruan dal,m meny,l;n dalo, .,bh mcrob>ea sl>lo >l>U
lndck; r rn<ouojuHan l>ahwa kc..:1,hao d•b>ndu,gkan tc,badap nolo,
l.ual•h•n ''""' ku<>ng,,)'> pengert.an n><ngen.o, bukum·hukum ru;k dar,
chak, Drn bcn1u.k l><'"'"U• d, ota> <lapat d,s,ntP<lkan l>ahwo k ... l,hao
dall yang u,uku,
•daloh pcrbeda,11 '"'"" ntla, clw.k d•n n.i,, pcrk,ra,n, youo ,
Kcsal•h•• pembulaton «rJad• kuena todok d1pe1h1lu"V'•••)• bebera
p> •!>ika o<r,.kb,r d,n ••••• t,,laogoo, Kc.,1,1t,o uu 1«jaJ; ,pabila '""'""°" (11)
s
o,wroo, MJ\,ra,x '"" "'"''''"'
lkntuk iesabh.an ,er<rt< J,be,;bo ol<n Pc...,m.>•n ( 11) dt><OUI dc•
�n );c.,.abhan •bwlUI K=l•h•o >bsoill1 ud>k meouojukk>n bc:saroya tong·
�., k=l•h.an '><l»g,., contob, kual•h•n .. 10 1<nt,m<1ct r•d• pcngukuran
l""J'"B pcos,1 ak•n sang;ol ,., ... J;t,,,,,,fo>g dcnpn kcsabh.an yang ,.m,
p,d; pcngukut>o r,,nj>ngjcmbatao ' -· · '' , ur,ilu1•n p,n1ang jcmi:>;,,,_. don pen.,J m<mbmk,n ha!atl 999:1 cm
I'
ll<;.>rn)� 1,ngh1 k=l•h.ao dap,t d;nyoi,t,n d>l•m bc:o!uk � ... 1,h,n ••• •, "' "-1"''"1' r,,n1••1 y,.ng b<nar (chak) bwurut-turul •d•l•h 10.000
rdat>f, yadu dcnpn mc"'b.,ndmgl::>o k<.>&lalt.ao y-...g l«J><L dcng.on n;I.,, • ,l,n IIJ , m, t,"""S k,,.Lab.an abiolut d>n rcl.luf.
ch•k
,. �•• ,,lo-•••••
··- - (l 2) , � .,1,h,., ,bwlu1
I, ,nl"'""
'
dcng.,n ,, adal.ah i.e,.1,h.an rel.au! t<rbad,p n,la, cbal.
Ke,..l•h•n 1cl.a1 f ,.,,;ng d,b<roho dal.m bc:ntut. pc=• ,cpw, benkut 101
,, f, 10(0)-9999,.lcm
,,•-x100% (1..J)
n,l>m '
Pcr,;mun (1 l), (l 2) d>n (1..J) kc .. 1,k><> JID,nd•ngl::,n ,.,.,.. f",•\0-9•1cm
J,p nil,, ciuk N,I,, c.,.k "'"'""' "'-•ra
J,p,,1 J.kouhu, ,p,b,la '"""
I, 1;, -,1,h•n rclatof
lung.,, 000 de;ck.aikan "'""" ,nabt1> O,lam me<O<k oumcr,I;, t,,..._.y-, n,Lai
twa<ln,, 1odai J,l;c1,hw U'"uk ;,u kcs>l>h>• dmy-,iakan bc:"las.,ka• rula, lcmb,,an
I'"''""'" ,erlwk dan nib, <� ,eh,ogga lo,..1,bon mcmpuoya, bc:nluk E, I
,, - f x 100% • \O (XX} xtOO'l, • 0,91 %
hcr,kut
,,•-x100% ( l 4) l'c•;ol
dcng.,a ,,. �xt00%•l0%

1
E, );es,l,h,o tcrbad,p ruilll pcrk,rHo torb,,k "'bclun,ny> d,n pe,k,rnn .<d>fang, J.._. k.._.1,11,n rcl.uf d,bc:,.hn ulch
P• . 1111,, pcrl,run tc'W,k
lndcks 8 mcnunJUkk,n b,h,.,. lc>Mdb.an J,bar>doog••• L«b.ad•p ntl.1
i'Cfl."a•n ("IJP'W'mUI< \1lhJ<)
D, d;l.lm O\<toJc numcuk "'""ll
d,l.ltoho pcnd<k""" ><<><> ,1,,.,,r
P ,d, pcndck,11n tcr,cbu1 J><''""'"
,cO,nng d,bu>t b«d>.,,l,n pc,k ••uo
"bc:lumny:>. D,1,m h>I ,ru, k<.<al..han adal,b pcrbc:d.aan "'"" pcrk,run
1..<,ntoh t<rschlit m,c:ounJuHan b,ahwa n>esl:.,pun kcdu• le,.,1,h,n ada
,t, "''"' Y"'" 1 '"'· tclapi l.e,.l.lh•n rcl,t,I pe,,,J ad•l•h i•uh l<b,h 1,u.a,
"''"
'""f'i'l,n y,n� d,� di,mb,I b,hwa peogulur,o J<tnb.tan member tho
t,.,
h '"I ,;ng b••k (memu>sl.,n). I<""'"'"'
b ... l pengukuun pe=l l>dal memo·
I ""''"' l
,hpc,h,tungl;,n btber•p,, suku J><"'"" "'l" 1',I., c.,.1 Jan<

•ir:•
H,cung ke"'-1,11,n )"•Og l«Jldl do,; 01.l,11 ,• <lcng>n x•O,S lp,,bil,
•
hcn<ul. l,cnlut · 1,648721271
,, • ,r.rr-p, .....
•• 1 •
, - r..,..i.•••••
{1.5)
llntuk n>enun1uklon p<nprub hany,, d1perlutuogkaony1 bc:bc:ul" wku

1,c,(,<,,. <.Lm dc«l l«b,dap bcSllrny• k.._.1.11,.an pcmolong.,n, m,lc, h>lung.,n
d,blc•):,n un1uk bclxrap• kcad,.n Kc>daan pcn>m• •p•bil• hany>
• Ml!TODE NUMEIU� I 1'1.l>DAHUI UAN ,
d,pe,h,1unghn .. ,u ,uku penam•, keoduo M:dua Olnr,o dua 1uku p<r1>ma, Tabcl 1 I H .. ,1 h,h.Lnpn ke,.bh,.o
''"°'""')" ,�
dan
d,l,,1uog bc,d,,..,,,n d<rot bcuk"' .,,;
; ..
ump,, mcmpcrh•lu"V•• 6 •uh pcnam> N,la, t' d.a!'>'
-+.!-+
Sulu
' '
�.,
•• (%)
,..
•• (%)
.
•'-1+.r+- +.!
21 J t
a. D,pe,huungk,n ,..,u wku pc,tama

at '•
z ,i.sas, "
,• ., '" "'
"'·"�
l,64583:m:l 0.11S
1,i\.Cl!fJ)�
Ke .. hohan ,<1,1if ot,had.ap nil•• eU.k dih,1uog d•Ot>• Pe,;am»n (lj) ·
,, • £. x 100 % • 1 e'f.72,,.!!' !.,- I x lOO % •:l'J,15 'I,

1.4 Lltm Tailor
'• 1 6'llllm'917 "o"o'•"• 0 0158
p 1""" •• 1.,1
b D,pe,h,tung): •• dua ,uku pe,tam, 1.4 l. l't,...•nn d<ttt T,)1o,

Duet Toylo, merup,koo ,ho.or unluk me.o)'<'kso;k.an m.,.W, d>l>m
t'-1+.r .,,,:<ode ownml, lcrutom.o pcoyc!...,,o pe"'m.uo chfrreRS<lll J,U '""'"
fu,,g,.i {V) d,kciahu, di 111.Ll z, du ><:muo lurunu <W, f tcrbadop� d1k<1ahw
untukx•O.> nuka
1...i, ,�,k '"'"'""'· m>k> d.:opo <l<re• Toylo, (r.,.._ ... ,. l.6) <,1.;p01 d1oy>
•Oj•l+O.S•l.S ''''" oil.u f pad> rntk..-,.1 ytmt lm<lak f)d4lt Jl"dk r,., don n<.Lt r, Gamba,
I I menonjlllk>n pc,k.,un .. ,,u fung:,;1 dcngm dc1<1 Toyloi -=a•• gr,f.._
K.<.,.lah,n relchf l«h>d.ap niw duk ..W....
/(-.. ,) - Kr,) + / '{r,) � + / "(r,) � + / '"(r,) �J
, .1,6"8121n1-1,;;x100%•902%
• 16487212'11 '
K.,..1,han bc,d.,.rhn per<lfa.,n terl»1k ddutllJII, <Ieng.in Pe, .. m.ua (I •)

•• ..... I• (r,r" ,.
:j-+11. (1.6)
E,
,,•- ><100%• .!J..=...! xl00$•33,3J%
P• 1..1
U,puhOlullgkan 3 ,uku penama
, QJ'
<-1+,+!..-1+0.5+ -•!,625
'. a
• l,648Tll:'71 - l.1,625 )< lOO% ml 44 'l,
•• l,6'8721771 '
s, lf.:l.�- ll ----
'•" "100%• ,,, ><100%•7/>'l'Jo
P• l� L,._-'.--�-,
! lnuop.n dil,nJulkao <lc•t•• .,..,,,.,h,tunek•• l>mp>, 6 >ul.u re,11m1, d,o i Id
ha,o)n)'I d,bcukan Ual>m Tob' J, rn,h,
P« .. m••• ( I 10) do><buo ""''""" .,..i.,, du,
0 U !. K,.,.lahan pcmo,oo,•n ("""""""" ,_)
/'.! / . turu .. o (>Cfl•m>. );edu•,
Ax : Lo,,g<ah ruang, y•�• w•• anta"r, danx,, 1 Uer<t hrlor ilio m<mbcr,<•n pc,k,,>an '""'" fungs, ,tengan bcn"
,,. \emu• ,uku <l•n dcrot t<o...:bul d,pc,h,tung<,n D,l,m ptol.ock baoy,
II:, k< .. l>han p,:mocong.,o t,bc,opa ,uku pcr,ama "J'
)>og d,pc,h,1uoglan ,ch,"fglO b,.,_,I pc,lu,.•n
. operator f.k1<,,-,.I, mi.al<•• t,<oouk 3!• 1 •2x3, 4 ' • 1 x 2x 3•' ood,O "I"' ""l><rh pad., p<O)��,an anal,n< Ad• ke»lab,n hrcn, L.t•k
.1,pc,h1tungkannyo ,uku suku ,crakh" J,,, der<t T ayl<� Ke,..tah•" ,n, d..,,bul
D,l>m l'<r .. m»n (16) ke,..J•h.,n pi:moh,<>g.>D R, JoborLkon olcli bcotuk ,I, •.;an kc"l•h•n pctnOIO<lg>n (ll>mcatw,., mo, 1/.0), yong d,tul1> do lam
b<ril<ul ,n,. I• "'"k
(1 7)
Rn• 0(11.<"'1)
Per,.amallJI (L.6) l""il mcmpuni:a,; ,uku ,cl,,.n)"U tok terh•ogg> •<•• lndck, n mcnun1uklwi bah..,, Jtr« )�ng d,pe.,h,IU»gk•n •dolah
m<:mbeukan pe,b, ... n mla.1 ,uotu lung<•''"""' <kngon p<D)',.n ek .. k· ""'"' p,,<I• ,uku ke "· ,c<lang ,ub>kr,p "+ 1 ""'""'\'"Han bah1<a kc.,1,h,n I'
•r• D,lam p,iliek sul,1 mempc,h�uDg-,n .. mu• ,utu tmcb\d da,, 1,i.u.aoya mo<ong.,n mempun)�' order n + l N�a,, 0(6,/ ' ) h<ra,t> l>,hw, >e.. 1,h
1
hanya d,pe,lu1ungl:,o b<bcrap, ,ulu Jll pe,,.,,,. .. �" l"'nx<c,og,n ""'"'l"'"f>; o«k.r 11.<•• "'•" kc .. l.ah.1., ..dalah ><b.nd,ng
•, ,g.,n ljngl•h "'"'"&
pangk,L n t l Kc,..l•h•n J><"""°""'"
ocrsebuo ad,l>h
1 /.1,:mp,rtwuagl."" saru ,ulu putam• {�d<r no,/) 1,,._,1,l"b•I•
Apa!,,la h.ln'(• dop,:rhllungk,n "''" ,uku p<rt•m.a d•" '""' tao.an, rnte"al &> ••1'1,h kroi.
m,lo re,..mun (I 6) dapol d,tul"' dalam b<ntuk momr,orh,to"@.'>n klnb t,..npk ;uh <Ian \!er<O T>)�K
.ftt',+>) -11,,:,) {1.8) l';d, pc,kn>•n c.-<le, ""'"· be,a,nya t,.,.lah,n pcru�""i-'" ,d,t,h
Pada Pcr,.m.a>n ( 1.8) l'""i d1><0lll ..,b>;;,, perkn,n <><<l<r ....i, rubuf l 11.<l &al
p4'J> htob,+ 1 '"'"'' dcn:g,.o n;w padu, Pc,ku ••• lm":bul ,d,t.h t>cn>r J•h O{llx)-1 (x,)T,+f "l<,)y+ (ill)
fu"!!" )l"i d,pcrlarak,n adal.,b ,uotu '""""" J,k, lunpi ud,• kons<on,
m,k• ba,us d,p,:rhO!u•sl•• ,utu "''" bcnkuloy• d,r, <k,eo Ta)b , < n,r,...,.,;.1 l�um•dk
O,[emrn,l numertl d,gun•k•n untuO rnempcrt,nlan bcntuk d,f<reo"·
l Mtmp<ri,,rr,01}1>11 Juo ,uku p<tramo (otd<• I)
,I l'"'''"l" mcniad, bcnlul. <l�kfeo. O.fe,e,,.,•I numenk ,n; b•nyak a,gun,k,o
lkntuk """'' T•)lo< o«l<r ,.,.,, y>ng n1<mpcrh1tnniLI• dua ,uiu ""'"' men)de....,k,n pc,,..ma•n d,!erons••I lknLut ter,d,ut d.ipal d,turun·
, ,o bcrda>ar d<rel Ta)lor
pc'1am•, <bpal d,1ulc, <lal,m bcntuk
Rr,+1) '"f(G) + f'(x,) � (l.9)

I1•l lun. ... n ptr<a,,,,
De,ct T >)io< (P«""'.," 1 6) <iap>I d"ul;. d.,l•m bcntuk
r•ng ,,...,upak.an b<nluk p<r»m •• n g,,r1> lu,u, (hn,cr).
3 M,mp,rll,nu,gll.•n l!fll '""" p<Mmo (ttd" di<a) /(x,. ,) '"fl,x,) + f "(x,).U + 0(11.<') (! 12)
Dcrct Taylo< y•n11 mcmpc,h,.ungk•n ug,, ,ur.u pert•"'-' d,n "'"' k•

nan dap,ol duul,s mcniad• ·
"'"
I rt.NOAHULUN<
"
MIITOOl!NVMf�lK
, "
(1 ll) J{.<,. ,J - f{r,- 1) • 2/'(r,)6.r + lf ' i<,) � +
S.pc,1; d,1unj"klw, dalam G•nibar 1.14u Pers...,. .. (113), '"'" .. "
p<rt•m• dar, f t<roadap r d; ta,k .<; dKlckob <>l<h ke""""ll'" "'"' Y"'l! mda '''"
lu, unk B (r,.J(.<,)) dan ,;,,1 C {,-,., ft.,:-. H))
,. �-/'i<,l·&··•�;;(.,,-1) I
''""
� • I 'f.G) • flr;· •�--;,.,f_(r.-•> + O(Ar) - (! 17}
,, ', ><�=�r;�":i:'J�p<-°""'"
:;��::!:��;;:;;�:.�:;:
\, �e<d, ,.;1,; ke<.>Lih ..
' yang berord<r 2 (A<) l<W. l;u,I d.,r,
,.Ju l (6r). llal w O><OOOJOU .. bah,,... p<rkuno drf<reo.sr.al l<IJ>ll"'l lebo.b
"'"' d,booJ,og J,fere=al m•J• .C•• muoJm. Kel<L>•• ,.., J,ig:I da� drhh.11
/ ,,..,1., Gan1bar 12 K<mu,01•• g,,i:, Y•'I!: mdalo, ,�;k A du C (dJerco'1•1
,, , 1>011>1) b""'p,r ,...,. d<ngao temor,nga,, gar" '"ngguog d,r; luog,.i dr ht,l;.r,.
,,�,..nd,"ll clengan keo,m�o "'"' ""f.&""i ya .. mdalu, tM!l A dan B
(Meren.,•I mut>dor) ,1,0 ,;,;); B d•n C (�;r,,,.,;.i m>ju).
Gamba, l l Perkuun pns .uoggung ""'"" foog,.,
U.l Dl,....n,,.l cu.,.na• l<t<lo•
11<:o<uk d;fe,c,wal <Un Per..-.n (1.13) d,sel,ot ddor<...al ""'ju
1\oronan kedo• dan '"''" longs, d•� d,p,:,oleh clenpt> mcnJwnLab,
O<d<:< .. tu Oi><bot diferto1>al nlloju k•mu meorgu.,,ak.n data pad> t�;J,.r, l,n r.... ......., (16)deopo r,...,.,., .. (114)
4.., -Gd lll\luk mcmp<rh;ru.nglwi d,fere.....,L Job dolO y>ng d,gunaku,
odalab d, tMU r, d>u,-1, maka dlS<bol d,lemwal mundu,, d"11 d<r<t Taylo<
n><nj>d, . l J
/(r,.1) + J(.<,-1)•21{.<,) + 2/ "(,:,) 6; + 2/
/(.<,-1)•/(x,)-/'f.G)�+f"(,,)� _,. '"')� + '""

/"(,:;) - &!• ,) - 2/�J + &,-,) - /""(r;) '%1 -
ru
"'" •••••
/(r,-,) • fir,) - f '{,-,)M + O(&')
iJ. •
(!IS)
I '(r;) • N, >tl - 2/V-,l + fi.<,-1> 0(6r')

6r'
i!f_. I (x,J • Ax,) - !{.r;-1) + (1 15)
,1,,l
O{&) (1.18)
• M
AJ"b1la d••• yang d,guflllu ""'"" ""'mpcrklrahn Mcru...,I d .. , Don uraion J, >las d.apal dl!lmP"lkon bahlVil benouk dJcreasul (bu,,.
fong,., >dabh p;oda t,t,l r,- 1 dan x,. ,, m>to p<rkir ..nny> &,cbl,t d,fere<llW ,raupuo pa,...,1) J,pa, Wub.,b Wl,m benlUk Mereiwal nwnc:nk (bed.a lw,g,
icrpu�.J,ka rer .. m.uo(l.6) d,l<o, ..g, Per>&m.an (I 14)<hdopat
"'
I ti �IJMIUl UA�
" "
.
lSJ rnl<1no1al 1uniea l<bob tlnjW (1.2-4)
Deng.an """ wup,;, ><rert, y•ng lcl>h chbc,.kon d, <kpao, d>f»t
!1..,f,,.,-f.,,
d.cu,unhn dofcrelllW Lurn ... n yang let,,h fotgg, «p<,h d,bcnho bcukut ID&
D,fe,ens,.al 1uninan k<l'I!• ·
,, (1.25)
,}_ !"''·) N,,1)-lfµ-,.,J+'!f(x,.,)-f(r,-1)

.i,.l - \-' • .. w
(1 19) .- -
!1. ,•• ,,, /;-,,,
(! 26)
•. - ... - . !1. .. f,,,., -,.,,-,

2. O,fcre....,I tu,un>n \;«mJUL
!! f '"·) Jt,,.,)-4{µ",,1)+�.)-4{(.<,-,l+/{.r,-,J • u., (1.27)
�
(I 20) •.,.,.J,
D<ogao """ )'log Am•. luru..noo kcdu> [crb>d.lp, d•o y dop;,t u,,oi,s
IS •. 1 ""'""" ttrb•d•p ,.,,bb
m<""'ndung >atu ,..,,.t,,:I t,cl,as Ap,t.l• fu�, m<nganduog lel,.h d m satu
«: . . ,.,-, -1{.,
.
+ ,. ,.,
.
,.,,.1,,:.1 bebas, l<p<rtL!{,,y), m•k• ben1 uk <lcn:l Taylor m<nJad• (I 29)
.t/ t.l
.v ,u t.• ;, ru' i1 t.i

2• .�l -
:>F
,. ' J+l )•"·•)+ I' + "'""-· -
.:.0;,.- I' +=I- 2' . lJ J"''"II"" '"'k
,,.,., , .. , "
., ( ,•mbJ,
I, , .• I, J•lun
m<nuojukkao
"'"°'" k00fd1natx du) (du, J,mco")
huuog.on uotuk lungs, r•ng
(1.21)
1 / ) - f(x,,y,)
.
Dcnga.o cau y>ng .. ma l<p<rH telah <l1j<lubin d, Jcpan, 1u,uoan ,icr· µ
t•m• tcrh,dop ,�,ubcl r dan y bcnurut-turut dap•I d,tulo< d,l,m bcnluk "
(M«cn, .. 1 main) Y
1
!f. ,.
'
,. , (l,J
•
I)
( I 22)
, 11-,.� 1-,) r.. , D
!!f. .. &,,/:), ,J
,,- &,,n) (I 2l)
,
(lHI
Untuk m<n)"<le,htnakan penul><>n, ..,i..oiulny• bcntuk/{<, Y)) <t.,ulu
mcnJ>d, /, J dcng>n ,ubslt,p I d•• I mcnunJukhn <mnponcn d,lun ank
,uml,u x d•n ,umbu y Ap.al,,lo lungs, bc,•d• dalam "'°'''"
1,ga d•mca,,
,,
(s..iom <OO<d;nac,; y, ,), m•hN, y-, :,) d,tul" meoiod,f, J , DopS>n oar• •• '
><pc•h 1lu mako P«>amuo (! 22) d"" (l.2.l} d•J»! dnuhs moniod•
" "
Scnng diJwnpai pc,m...,.l•h•• d, m, .. ,iu1u fUJI&" ><Luo tuga.n,ung
J>d, nol•; eh,k ""'"k f(,�1) •d>.l>..b 1,5 Ap•b..l• d�uo,k>o d<«t
p><r<b,.o.r !'<,.._..••• (l.8) d1d•p>1
S<p<th banJ" """ i,asong 1urul Ji.o pcrombal>n p>n .. D•l•m hol in, tmun,o
fu"i"fi.<r) terbadap w•ktu (r) d>p>l <li1ubs d,L,,n bco1uk f(r,+1 • l) ../tt',•OJ ., (1,5
iJf_ [,".' - !,"
••• (I JO)
J ••.
\<p,c,t, t<rbb.at dal.am Gambar U, p<fkirun order nol oda.l,b kori
,1..,n kc,,,al•h•n p<motor,s,,nny, odal.ah ,
o.,.,., r.,....... n
(!.:JO) >Up<tW1p ID<OUOJU1'kai, bahwa .. , .. bd f E, • p - p, • 1,5-0,5 • 1,0
m<rup.,k>n fong,, "�ktu. Gomb>t i • od•l•h i•nng>o 1aik h�ung>n yang
d,gun>hn uotuk mempcrk11ak,n d.!cr<....,I pu .. il fung;,/ 1«b•d•pi d.ao I IIP"bol• J,gu••k•• <1<,<1 T,jlor or<l<r .. co, n>l.a,ft,-,+ 1 • l) dapat d,h,
'" r ,kngan n><oggun>ho fcr'"m""" (19) f<rtam.a Oh d!hitung lwuoan
'""'" ol, 1,11b,•O.
• ""'rP dip<rolb
•'
f., •p -p. • l,S-0.7S •0,73
• Ar>,b<lo d,guo>lln <km 1ajlor order d11>, oil,.; /(r,+ 1 • l) <lap,,. dLh1·
•• ,kngao n><oggun•h• Pe,...mun (l 11) Dllutung lurw,•o ke,lw, d,,;
'""f" ,I, 1•,b,·O·
Co,ntoll l
D,kcuhu, su.atu fuog,, f(:r) • Qlk1 +o.s,' +0,2i<+O,.S Dcne,.n .,,,,,,.
"
' ..I , _.
gun>k•o dcrcl T,ylo< order nol, utu., d .. , don nga, pcrhakao luop «,..but �•.,J • �•)•11• ),>,H'(,JT,'
rad• Ut<k •,<\•I, bc,d...,. n,1., fung,., p;do ,u.i: r,•O T•1k r,+ 1 • ! bcrada
rad.> i•••k Ar•\ d•n tlhk ..-,•O ••
P<ni�l<••j••
Kar<,.. bcotul fuap, wdab <l,kt•lnu, maka d.apat d,h,tutt� od,,
•""'' 0 d>o 1. C,ambo, U. inenunJukhn fangi, <cr><but
ft•)
•• ••
2
Un1uh,•O .,.hfix•O) • 0,25(0)' +0,5(0) +0,25(0)+0.S • OS
Uotuk r,+ 1 • l mah fl,•!) " 0,25(1)' +0,5{!)1 +0,25(1)+� • 1.5
,i
"
I Nl!At!UlUAN
I�..,. '" M•o.5 dap,t J,Mu"i nila, fu"i'• r>d• •••kr.-,,.r., d•n -'•• l
"
f"(.<) • 1,1<+1 • 1,5(0)+1 • 1,0
x,-,•O fv;,-,)•OJ
><iw,gga d•perokb ·
.... • 0,5 • f{t;) • 0,7lll2S
ft<,-1)-/(,.,) + I "t<,) 4x + f · (,;) �
_.-,•1•1,0 • f(r;H)•JJ
,. o.s + Q.,i!i>< l + ])< 1!2 • l,2S I", ''" ,,n tn,un•n pc,,a,n• de�n d,leren,...I mundu, .
Dalam Gamb.,, l.5. pukor..._. o,-<jc, du. odal>h P'" lengl.w,g, da.ll ke,.lab /(.<;)-f(,-,-1) !!J7lll2.S-0J A«,c
!(OJ)• • •
._. p<tn(ll<>ng>nny,, od>l•h . ru o.5 ,,,..,.,..,
E, • p - P• • 1,5-1,2.S • 0.2.l � ,l,hJn,O,h>J•pnol•;•k<•l
Ap>.bil• d,guna.t.an der<t Taylo< 0<<lcr 116>, Pe, .. m.a.,n (1.6) IDCD)W · ,. ,oo • • 0,9375-0,S,15 x 100% • 40%
,, • x
p 0,937S
1+ 1 .. .._..1rT
,r.x,.,)-1"\r,)+f . (1-, )r1u ,_,rTuo'
u!' + 1 .•• "'' 1· , 1.,,'" '"'"""" pcmma dcng.u, d,fercn,.,•I maiu
Turun.,. kt,g., dan fuogo, ,d.Jah
/'"(x,•O) • l,S i ,, ,I, "' t« hadap n,I•• oh•k
' ,,. ,_. ,,

scb,ngg,, dip,:rokh · • 0,93?S-14Jn x 100 % • -SJ.3%
'• o.nn
J(.<,. 1m l) • O.S + 0,2S>< J + l x I Xl +
' 1><2><3 t. , 1,, , ,n 1urun•n pcnama Jeogan J;fe,cn,.,ol 1<tpUSOI
Kcsalahan p<,,,,,.Ot'J'lnny,, a,bbb
•o<> ,&•• iJ-&,-,) l.S-OJ,.
E, •p - p. • 1,5-J,5 • 0,0 ,( �,· 2& '"lxo,5 10
'
\cca,a anah,,. ,urunan pen am• dan kcdu, ,I ,h,.,

Ted,bac bahwa Jengon mcnggunokan Jere< Ta)io, or<lcr tig.,, h2s.J
peoycksa••• nun,,:r,); um.a dcng.,n p<D)'<i<,..ian ck,.:,J;
dar> fungs, .d.alah
'
c.... ,oi, � t«h•d•p
1 rula,
'
D,letahu, , .. 1u fung,, /(J.) • O,ZS. +O, 'Ir' +0,2.k+0.5 Pcrkorol,o tu
d...,k
runan per,._.,, (kem,nngan kurva) Jan'"'""'" k<dua dan pc,,...,..,.
tcr,e•
t,,,, Ji ullk �·O.S "'"'V" mc"Sl!u11>.bn laoiuh ru,ng 6.<•0.5. • 093?S-l,O x
'• 100% • -P%
r,nJ<l<»lam
o.nn ·
, ,,, , ,., , "'""'" keJu.a · .
, ) ftr,H) - 2((<;) + f(<.-1) •
ru
' ,,..,.
,1,h,., t«h•dap '"''' <Wk
175-t7SXIOO%•OO% lJ-2x0,7ll12.5+0J.1.7'i
•• 0,9375 ' (O.sJ'
f 'l,r,•0,.S) • 0. 71'' h+0,25 • 0.7S(OJ) +0,H0,2S • 0,'IY/5
, , ,..,i,., l 6 mcounJ,thn kemmng>n anal••• d; t�,k-' • O..I J.n pcrk,
f"l,r) • !�+1 • l.S(O,SJ+l • l,7S , ''" "" ,,. fung" d, t,t.k t«,ebut
" I •• "'AIWI IIM•
"
' ? •• ,
,, T.
• ,, + K,,,dl T. . ?.
> (,,., - 27, + <,<i)
&
PrnJela;,o l<b.h unc, m<•H<n>a ptny,:�••• pe,,omun <hf«<ns"I
I'" ul (l'c=m••n (I)) dobmla.o do.lam B,b VIU
I• ,,..,t l_..Hl,an
/
I 1,lnng ksalah.an Y'"I! tC•J•J; <lengao h>ny> d,J'C,h"uoghnn)a bcb<r>Pll
---""'.� I
olu l"''"m• ( .. mr,1 S su);u pcnom,) d.,n dcrcl bcnkut, d>J> 1,iu,ig rul•
I .... ljh,n rel,tdO)>
l x' /' .'
,'---.1....,.--�..�
. -.-.-.',.-,�-
{µ)• I -:r,+ 4' - 6' +s,-
1 •,ld,huo ,u>1u fung;, /{r) • - lt' + 12/-20<+8,.S. De"3"n mengguo.,
G,..,b,, 1 6. Pcrkor••• kcmu,ng.,o fung,., I"' Jc«( T•ylor ord<T nol, ,.,.., du•, dlo 1,g,, pe,k,.ak>n fuog;, ter><but
1 ,.1, .,,,h, • 1 •Q.1 lx•dam n,I., lung,., pad• tJtilc r,•O
loo<oh � < '"" '''" Je,<1 To)lo< ()fd<r nol .. mp., cmp., p«lu•k•n/(2) untul fong·
, II<)�? <k11g,>o ""'"l!t"""k•n hhk ,,.al p•da r•O. H,tung ke.<.a· L.O,n
Tuh., bcnLuk ptr .. ma,.n difrmw.ol parn,I bcnku<, y:,ng m<rur,ahn , , l ,1,f untok .1<U•p pc,ku.a.o
pcrsam.,.ao peramb•••• pa_,, pad;, bat•og. � bcn1uk pm,,ma•• difcren·
.
..,,1 nu.,.,;}; I hlu,hu, pe,,.....,n lxnkut ...,
dT • I( iT '
f(r) • ;:r· - y
,,, "' f(r•O) • I

.,..,..i... 1 •• I h.,mg f(,, • l) JLk> doketahu, !(<•OJ • l dong>n menggun•k•n IA!erval
lxng,.n menggunak,n ca,a .. pt,h ld>h J,jtlulcao J, <lcpan, bcnluk \, • l

turunan pc<t:un.a tu�pl dao '"'""'" ,cJu., 10,h,dapx <1>1,., d,,ul,s d,1',m \t b.,ka., .1epe,1; "-"' No • untuk lung., lxnkut
bcntuk
.-·
�r .. r,""-r,'
al
"
Ir r,'-, -2r," + r,'.,
ru-' I hlctahw ,u>tu fuopi !(,,) • - z,,J +LZ.2 -20<+8,S p.,1,,.,,,. tu,unan
i><<l•m• (kcmu,og,n kucv•) din lurnn;uo kodu• <lat, !"'™mun ter>ebu!
,I, t,t1k x•0,5 <kngan m<nggunak•n l,Dp:,J, ,uang M•O,S H;tuo,; pul•
<cb,ngg., Pcr .. m••• ( l) meo)>,111
·...•·l_?' .· . •,,•.,- ,•,,•••,,•., ,1,.,l>II• M•O,ZS
l'c, k,,.hn tu,unan pcn•m• d,n b:Ju, dan pc,,..m •• n <lal•m 'ioal 3 d<·
{!J .. x. &
' '""'" m,nggun;k>o '•ngl;•h , •••, M•O,'i HUUOR pula op,al>II• '1<•0.�
••••
•
8 Suadukuog po,...., kchl;ng,,.)'> mcn<nm> bcb•n .,.,.,. q
Dell<4' plat dapac di.bnuog bud>S>.o lu, p<r,.,n.uo ben•Ul .
•
j , +2 •! ! •
+ !1. .. !L
;,x• d>.l�/ oy' D
Tul,,J>h bcntuk pc, .. .,••• d,f<rcru,.J p,,,;nl l<<S<l>ul d>llim bcotuk per·
.. ,,,••• d;fc,en•••I numcnk
9 Penyebar>n polutu pod• •loran m<l.,lu, ••lu,on tcrt,oh d,r,t d1pr<SC11·
t>.,k:u, ollah bcntuk pcu,,.m.,o d,fo,cn><>I !)U>Jd tcr><but dal>m bcotuk pc,
,.,. ••• d,fc«ll<Oal oummk
\0 D,kc1ahu, Pc,,..mMn Lapla.c< bc"I.Ul
i£.,i£ .. o
•' .;
Tul&>.h bcntuk pcrumuo M«cn<,ul par<ul 1m,cbot d.olam hcnouk oe<·
.._.,,,o dilercn,;ul oun>er..l l I f.,.nd,hulu,n
U, d.1.bm � tni dtpelaj.,., bebeupo me1odc untul: ""'"""-" okor abr

,,., I"''........., Untu.l puumun pot,noc,ml detaJod duo, pc,,...,,. dap,l
, I, �•kan de� ,...., .. pc...._..,..
kudrat y:,og oa.og,t ,edc,b,o,.
+lx+<:•O, dop•l d1ca11 allr-allnya '°""" ,n,1;i,.
M, aln,• bcntul. u
<�,,.'" ruo, .. bcnkUl y
"' - 1
-b:,: b --
Unoul. perum• .. pooDOJllW d<rajod t;p M•u empot, rumUi·rum"'

, ,J, "'"gal \;ompkk< du, )&l'""& ..it.ah d,gun,bm Sedmg ""'ul. p,:,,..
"' • "' ,kngao derai>J Y'-"i k:bih ungg, 1><1.u ad• n>mllS yang d>pal dogun•k•n
"'"' mcnyek:,.,karu,yo Ben,"k pCT>OmalD lcr,d,ut ,,....Jr,yo adalah
fr?;)-}+}-3'-3·0
f(x) •x' + 2z• + )Jl + 4.l-3'- I •O
fi.x) • t'- 3..-•0
/�)•3J+o;u-c"•O
I,• !•..ga,nyo
n
lkntul pc:rsamun-persamun S<pen, tcr><""1 d, .... win atau trdd

• I �1<1od< <;,cenpA lnlfr>•I
n,uogi<,n dlklcwlon "'""'" cbphsll. Mc1odc numcnl m<mbcnk•n <"•<>rJ
un<uk meo)':ic>aJkan bcntuk pe,samaan ter>Cbut -.a•• pc:,fo •• n saml"'• M<tode p,:,1,ma yaog ok.an dd>aha.> od,loh rnetOO< setenga.l, ll\tms,I,
d,pc:mleh 1>&,;1 Yl",11 mcn<l<ka,, pen)<:b.>;,,o cksak. .,..,. meoul)Uon bcntul; p.,long !.Cdr:rhaoa dt '""" bcbcr>I"' mclode yoog
ol•• ,l,l"'loJ•n. Gomb>r 2.2. adal,h proocd•r bolung>n >tar> gr•fl> un,uk
P<n)<:lcsa;on ""'""';l <Ll>hlkan dcng.,o pe,k;,u,. yoog b<,u,ut>n
- n,l•p>lhn ako, persam»n, s<Jan.g lojpk• ci>n l"°'"'dur h,(ungan d,l,er,
(,tero,.), «de,ruk,•• ,..,a;nu,, 5<hop l>.a,.;I od,1>.h lcb,h tel,,; .hr, perk.run '" ,IJl;n, c.,,rnt,ar 2...J L..,ogi<:•h L,ogk•h yoog d,l.,ku••• pad.a pcnycle,_,,,,.
sebclumny,, Dcngon mel,kuk.oo 5<JUml•h p,<>Kdur �er .. , yang d,oogµp
I" , "'""" defl8"D roetodc ><t<ngob 1otmcal odiolak scbo&» bcuku< Ln,
cukup, tlJ111nya drd•p,t hurl pcrllro&a yang mendcbt, h••rl ck>.ok (lwd
)"••& bco>r) d<ng>n l<>kr,..., 1'eul•lw> y,rng dn1,nkao. 11,,.,n� lungs, p>dJ ,n,e,.,.I y,,ng "'"'" d.m .< umpar pada pcrub>b ..
I o•I• o!m lung,, f(r,) d.,n .I(<,.,). yaotu ,p,,b,la fµ,) �f(r, • 1)<0
s..Jah .. ,u c.r• )">DI! pab<,g >Cderha .. ""'"" rnend.lJ>'llkon pen)':lo•
I , , '""" pemm, d,r, ,ka, x, d,h,tung re,;,o, mla,x, d.m.r, 0 I
»••• pe,k,,a,n ad•l•h denga,r me_,,.ha,Uo fu- rer><llur ,i..n lcmud,.o tl¥1
dhr, ,;,;1 po(Ofl(trl)"• d<oga,r '"'""" x yoog n>CDUDjUkhn >lu d•" pCfQ
m .. n t<r>ebut (Lamb.at 2 1) Tetapt cau ;.; haoya membcr,ka,, b....! y,rng "
- r, +x,�,
a (11)
<>.ng>1 h,..,, Urena will uo<uk mc:oclOp<an rula1 >&mj>ll bcbcr,pa dogrd d1
"'"' rvolurn bcnlmt un1uk me""ntuk•n di dollm ,ub ,..,eMI "''"' ok•r
bc1Hani! "-• honyo de"&'• olCmbKI. y.mb>, Metodc lo,o ur>tul mtO)<:le· 1• , '-'m"n bc:<><IO
sa,hn pc, .. mun ter><but odalah <le"I'• ""'" ooh.a l,aoding. y,,;,u dengoo
mcncoba nrlar x ><mh.orong kemud,an ru<>"ldww >J>"hl nlW/(r)"O l,b tula, , 1•••f(,,)xJµ-,)<O al.,r pcrsamun be,><Lo p4'ia wb ,ntcn'lOI p<nam._
.< hd.ll sarno deng,n nol kemud••• d"""" n,la, x )'il",11 laur P,o,,edw- ,n, lcmWo>n ret,[>l,ox,o, _., don WJuthn p.d• loogkob Oe4
d1ul•n.g '""' ,....par akh><D)'> d,d,,p>! oil.>, f(r)"U u,uuk waru ru1,,_. re,,eo I• 1••• f(,,)xfµ-,)>U .,., pcrsamaa.o bcr...J, p,,d.l ..,I, <nl<MI led.,._
to, yang o,crupak.on ,k.r dan pcuomaan yang d,sdcsa;lu,n I '"'"'''" ttt>phn .<,•.<, d,n laoJutkan � langk•h ke 4
hl, ((,,)xfµ-,)•U •k.r p<<S>0>"1ll od,l,h t, d:ln h;lunpn sclc5.a,
' • 11,,.,.,. I"''""'" b>tu dan ,k., deag,n c.,r, bcnl.ut .
'
" - x-,+-x-
,.,
\....._ ....
' al•• d,pc:La,..-, po<La •ub t>ab w;o.,
Garnbo, 21 M,ncr>tuk•n oUr p,:rsamo,n -.aro grof"
Ked .. <>•• lcrsebul odalah udu efu.en du <odalr Wl<m>l.._ Ad.a

t.ebc••P• melodc yang JUg> o,erupok,n pen)':l=u .. pe,kir .. n, t<l•p, l<bLh
...iemat,s uo1uk n,engh;tuog air.a, •k•r p,:,..,maan. Mot<>de-me1ode re, ..but
"
- ",,
,. ,.
�--'•
',L....�· .s
I • ... ,i..,, � l. 1',.,...dur hrlu� melod< sC1t"'3h ,nleMl
5 Ap•bola J><rkiru.o boru sudah cuhp keal (0<1uo, denga• 1>o1 ... o y.,ng < uolot,. I
d,1cntukan), malu h;cungao .. i.e..,, da.o ,, odolah okor p<r..,m».o y.,ng
flUUIJi Wah ,a1u ah, <L,,; p<r,amaan pa,,gl; .. ug., be,;kul '"'
d,oan J<ka belu"' <n>k• h,tuogan kcmboh );e langk•h 3.
f(,:) •x'+i-3x- 3• O
II\>,lu"'"8
""'"'°'"°
..
., ,
o,b,/(,:) �· ,ot<IVlli ,n1,,. du• uuk, n,,<>,lny.o.<• 1 d•• t•Z
2
Uoouk X•I, fi,•1) • (1/ + (1) - J(l)- 3 • - 4
.,•• ,,o,
fX•fC•,)' F(>1) Untuk x•Z flx•2) • m' + (2)2 - 3(2)- J • J
M<og,oga( fung,, ad•l•h konlm)u, btrJ,h p<<Ub,h•o t,t>d> J,ro fung,,
"' "J x• I J••
.<•2 akao me..,.or,g sumbu x po1u,g t>d,k utu k,h Tiu\;
I" , 1••oo&•• ••,., • .;umbou dan lung>i MCIUJ».h• •••••••• Jl<ISIIO>Un.
U,h.,uog nilaox, , don keornd"" d,bnung fong,,fi,,)
". ---. -1+,-2 .

.. , .. A'l
,,
fi,1.,.s) • 2
(l,.'i)' + (l,S) - J (1,.'i) - l • - 1,875
()k:h hr<n> fung9 berub,h Uod, ant>ro , .. 1,.5 daJ, ••Z m,k> >hr
I' s.nuJn blel>k d, >ntar• );edua n<l., l«scbul..
Fl<•F(,l•F{>l l',nydc5>.LUI ><WIJulnp. de"I"' mcogguoalll! p,M<Jur SCJ><n• <l,be
.,1 "' ,I, .u.., d1la\;uk,n denga.o mcngguooian l""S''"' kompu1c,, "'""'"
'""I""•• dalam r,ogr,m ll Program ,e,..b<Jt d"ul;. deogan b,,h...,
, " m d;n rnenggu<W-,o ro.rr,..,..,, WATl""OR71. Oalom p,ogram ctf.ltbui,
"'"l fu"K" yaog ducle,..,hn d,1,e,;k•• � 1,a,,. kedua 11,.,.1 h,1oog;n
• ,,< "' dalom fi4 %TINT HAS Pc,umbaJ,ao ,n1«val (uo1uk n>tn<>"
" d, """" >ka, pc:,..m,an be••"-') 1d>bh �-1 Ketel;,;,n yang
, 'i'ljn te,h,dap o;la; !µ,) ulol;b 0,0001 11•"1 h,iung:,n <l•be"l•n Jol,m
I 'l D<,igao mcoggunabn n>ttode "'"""" <nl<""'I. ak,, pc:,,ama;o
1, , ,,1,;h 1i.d, •le<>" l< 13, y.,irn .. bcsa, ,,• 1,l320b. D,1,m Tabel 2.l y.,ng
, n,1,,l,n leluJr>n d>n progr>m <omputtr, •n&k•
des,m;I d,tul" dengon
ml, rn,I (bu Ian korn,)
. ""'"" �
I lltUf13 »lah .,,u ak•• d.m Jl<f>am,.n 1,e,;hl ;.,
/(x)•tgx-x-1•0
• ..,m,n� NUMf,u�
n
C PROGIU.),( 2 • 1 •
C PROGltAH Ml:TOO! OETENGAII lNTE�V"1.
..
l',n1<l<>0;an
P(X)•X••l•X••2-l.•X-J.
U.!utuog n!W /(,) pa,d• ,nt<t>-.1 •nl&r> JU> td;k, .,...,_1oy;. .r•l d••
,
OP!M
DX•l
IS,1'1!.E•'SETI�T.HAS')
, I I D•l•m mcogbrtung faogu '1 r, nol•• .r d,ny;.1ohn d.a!.un rad"'o S<P,:<I•
,J,l;m h,,unga,, bc •• kUI IN.
Xl•O
_,
X2•XHOX
'"'"' .r•I
Xl•X2
" X2•Xl+DX
IIRlTE(',liXl,X2 ' '"'"' x• 1,S - /(x• 1.s) • '1 (¥" 180)-1.S-1 ,. l l,Wl�2
FX•r1x11•r1x21
IFiFX,GT.0.)GOTO 10 rcrub>.h.an ta0<l> d.,r, nil.a,/µ) m<nUOJUU.,, bah�.. ••...- r:r .. mnn
XT•iXl•X2)/2. t. , Mi, •nt>•• 0,1., .r• ! don .r• l.S D,!Ulw,g 0,1., .r, , d.o hmod,an d,h,l""g
I •I• I
rx-r(XT)•l'(Xl) 1...,,./(,,)
WRITE( S,:, )! , XI ,X2,XT, r1x1) ,FIX2J, F(XT) r, + El .!...!....!.J "
IP(>"X OT.0.JGOTO IS ,,.---- 2 - 1 ....,

X2•XT
nT•P(X2)
GOTO 20
/µ• l,25) • rt<¥" It(!)- 1,25-1 • 0,75957
!S U•XT
FXT•FIXII 1 ..:mgl,:ah ,claojutDyll a,l>l>h mcmbuat sete,>ph mft""'I bcnkutn)'I
20 IP(""S(PXT).LT.0.000IIGQTO 25 '"''"l mcmbu.at ;nlcn'ill rans ,clnUlll kml, do.,. ... U.,, pc,..,..,...
bc,ad.a.
GOTO JO 1,,1,.,, r,,:maka;,n progr•m koml"'ttr, Prosrom 2.1 d.apot J�un•k•n dcJiPn
2 POllMATil2,6Pl0 S) """rP•" bcntul pc, ....... (funp,) scptrb dibonk .. pad, bons 2 mcnJado
J Y01UIATi2'5,2i t. •Ouk pcr:wn.aan <I.al.an,. Conloh 2. UotW< ..,..] un. d,,,.unk•n pt<1amb>.lw,
25 S�P
••• '"' ,.,,I (untuk mcnca,; l<>h" d, m>na oku 1""""-"'.H" bc,>J.a) odalal,
\, O I 1><:npn mu,gguo.,kon prop am ,c,sebut, dopcrol<h ha,,I holung.,n
,_ 1.87'00
'
"
,, . .. ,
" 1"') p,. l)
""
"""' f(x,)
T>bd 2 l Ha,il """"" •n mciode «le••• h �•"'•' 0 17188 ,_., 1, J,tuniukh.n dal>m Tabd 1.2.
I I ,, I ,,., , fr,,,) 0 17138
l- i 1'XWJ t-200)00 t·1 '">00lJ -400 -O•Th , ,, ... , n 11as;1 h;cunµnCootoh 2
2 1 <,m)J HOlOO I 7500) l.!175(),)
teem -O•m 07S9S7 .003243

-i 1 '>(XUI 1 7'(W 1.1,:._soo U7'>00
' ...., ,_,.., '"""' -0•m 11.60142
4
5
I 1tJ'<u
tt,67',J
1?'\ilOO
]7500)
1w50
17187�
o""''"
-04'!)42 0 17188
O l7Ul8
-04(114'.:
--0 12479
' 'u"s"cc'
·- I l87'i0 .0032U
"""
o '""
.. ..
0:!'1241
.
6 11J!('S l "YO) l 7',t"J.'I O \24'/'il O l718!1 ••an ' ' 1187'i0
"= -0.00:?43 0.29241 O l llill
"""' "= 1 14063 -0.03243 O ll613
l 73193 17Ul3 --0 OOlll

1 Tl242 I
.
l 7l\1J
" '
...,
·-
1 -ins l 13206 --000111
OOOJS!
000!.!0
,, _
u '
1 13232
"""' "'""' -0.....,
" "= 11U32 l !31211 -0-

• Ml'IOl>l'NU"I RI<
•
N,1., "'"'t"'' J,gnn.l,n ""' uk mtngh,tun& ml•• f(x.). yq ktmUO,an
!.l. Mtlod< lnt<rpolul Lio>tr .,1 "' Iago nnouk ,n•<•r•�.,., 1,o,e, d,ng.n nLWl(z,) .. ••flx,, ,J SCdc,,.,
Mc,odc 1<l<nµh "'""''' yang lliboh» <hi.om �ub b•b 2.2. "'1.11•� , '�"'"-" kedu, fungs, m<mpuny., ••nd•
t,c,t,,.,;!o P,o,.edur ••• <l,ulang
mud.>h l<"P' 1,dak <f=•· Untuk mcrtJap,lhn h:wl pog o1<ndehto od,, I' '"'I'" J,J,p•I n.l., /(x.) mcOO<<;u nol G•mb•• 2..'i menun1ulta.o
cbak d,pcdukon l.,nghh U<r.,. eui:up paoj>og. Me1odc ,nterpolas,. hn,cr, I, l'"�"fo' h,1uog.• <l•11 P><:todc moe,pol•" l,o,<t
yaog d,pcl,j,., dolao, ,ub bob ,m dap,,1 m<nulup lckura,ig,n 1uic""'
M«od< tn, ,1<1c .. 1 Jug> d<ng .. tt1Uode f•lu pos,,.,,,.
Oc:ng>n m<todc '"'
-
11,...,. b,p - _ .. tu
n,1.,, >Im <Ur, "'"'" funpi d.,pal �t,;h "I''" dopcroleh <t,,. �.o<l.. d<ng,n ,,.. ....... 1oow dodopoC
m<"l!gu••k•n mc1<><I< 1erdohulu Mctode ,ntetpola� lin,e, d,�r<an p><l> ,(,,.) doa,(,,..,) ...... -
interpol..,'""'" diu nola, dau fun&'• yang mcmpunya, 1anda t><rlo1<�nan

Mula mul., die.," n11>1 fonl?' untuk sch,p llltm'lll t.r )Ol•g ,...,,.
""'P'' aOh,.nya d1dap,t dua nda, fang,, f{r,) d,n 1(.,, •,) bwuruton )VI
mc.,punya, l>nd• bc,la.....,.,n (Gamba, 2.4.) Don kedua mla, fu.ng,.,f(t;) <b•
f(x,.,) J;l>nk g.,us luru. ><hrnw 1erb<o1uk , .. ,u -1,g> Dcnga:c m<ng H,-,.l»tof(,.J
gunakao ,;r., ><g,tog., l«>Ongun d;d,p;,t pc<».maan bcnkot ·
z1,1 �.,-,. 1'o1'1)
.,) ,.., -,,

f(,.J...,.K>.,1
"
Az,, ,) � ft.,.,)
..
..... r;,,-,,,._. f(,z), -,•,.•., ,(.-,.,-,,)
- ·?
'
T
!(.,,.,)
(2.2)
-
,. .•.
f{,,!-f(,.J
j(,..,;-f(,.J
x,.,
/(x,,,)-l(z,)
... .
.K•.J ••••,r,
,.
1 I .. - I
Gamb,, 2.•. M<tO<Jc ,n«rpolas, """"
• Ml!TOOl!NlJ'dERIK
PJI.OCRAH 2. 2.
Coo1-0h 3 PJI.OCRAH Mf:TOOE Ill'TEJI.P¢LA$1 LINIEJI.
' '
Hnung ,.w, s.atu Ull dan pe,,.m .. of\l) • .r + ..- - 3.r - 3 • 0
,, x1-x••hx••2-l.•x-J.
OPEN(S.tlLE•"l�TtllLIM.HAS")
>•0
...,.,.., ... 1 •• DX•l
S<pcrt1 dalam C<,ntoh I, l•ngl;•b pertama ..W.,h menp>!uo,: a,la.o/(1) X i-o ,
pad.a ,ntcrv.ol ootora duo rn,k S<Oem,l,an .. runw rula, f(r) pad.a k.d ... u,,k
lcr><bul berl•w.,n,.n land.a 10
_,
X2•Xl+OX
Xl-X2
X2•Xl+DX
Uotuk .,, • l, /1<1 • !) • -• wil1"t(•.l)XI.X2
FX•FIXll'F(X2)
llotuk _..,. 2, /(n. • 2) • 3 IF(FX.GT.0.)GOTO 10
,o I•I+l
°""&'-" mtnggunokao Pc,sam .. n (2.2), d;.!apal Xl•X<-(FIX2J•(X2-Xlf)/IP(X21-P(Xl))
WR1Tt(S.2)I.Xl,X2,xa.r,xl),P(X21,P(XI)
1'<,+,l
" <.<.• ,-;,)
FX•Fi 1l11) 0t(Xl)
........ ,-,,.
, . . ... ) -"", IP(fX.CT.0.)GOTO IS
X2•XB
•2 -13-1-,11 (2-1) • 1,571,2 FXl•P(X21

=>0
Xl•XB
f(r.) • (l,57142)3 + (i,S7!42)'.,. )(1,'i7l42) - 3 • -l,J64,19 PXB•P(Xif
IP(ABS(PXI) LT.0.000l)GOTO 25
KMcn•K<•J b<n .. da powU 111.al:t ah, terlel,k ,_,,,.,, .r•l,57142 <WI - ,0
FORMAT( I2, 6Fl O. S f
.<•2 Stl>0Juh1ya d,lulung rulai..- •. P'<>Rk.l.T( 2PS. 2 I
.s STOP
.r. • 2 - ll _ (- �,J(M9)! (1- IJ7U2) • 1,70540 '"'
1
ftx·) • (l,70S40) + (J 'IM40)' + 3(1,'!M40)- J • -0,2'71W
.�- r-:X�- ""'

J •b<l l 3 Ha"I h.tuog,n me!odc m1<,pOI.,.. lt0.e,
Pro..:dur buu,igan t<r<ebut d, .,., dilll.llJl&tUo dong.in 111<nggull.Ua•

program kompu«, (Prognrn 22), d1!I b..wlziy,. <hbmkltn dalam Tobel 2..l
Terlobat b.thw:o h,..,I hilUDpll <hpe,okb pada Iler.,.. k 7, )'311U,• l,7J20:'i ' ,, t',• I ,. c-
l.57HJ -1.36443
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·
!A M<toda N<"loo·l!l.pbS<>o
L37!43
• , ,.., ,n�
.... -
·-
l 70141 ,,.., -024774 ,,..,
Mct,>d>. l.01 p,ol,ng haoyak digun>kln dab.m "'"""'" aku al.at J,,,, ''"" -01-1n•
' --0 00611

,u>1u l)<rsam.aa J,k.a p<rllrHn ,,.,.1 dn, ak>r odll,b x., ,ua1u 8"'" ""S ,,.., I 73141
,n�
-000:.Jl4
'""' ,,.., ',,.".,'

gung d.apat dobuat d•" rn!k (r, flx,)) Ttt!k di m.ln> bl'" .,11811"11@; l<r,.b1U I 73141 I 73195
·-
-000611
1 732U\ -Ooo:'.114 .ccccoa
"''"°""""& ,u,nbu
n,la, U,.r
, b,.auny• mcmb<"W p,orkuHn )'>Ilg k:b,h dd., dn, • I 73195 '""' ,,..,
�epcrt, y.,ns d1tuniulbo pad.a G:unN! 2.6., '"'"""" pert"'"• pad.a r,
ad•lah daval<n deJl3lll «,,.,n,,ga.
"ICIODP �UM! RIK
"
,,
.1--��----,''---,-,'.',-----,'---.L
-
,,,..,
,. .�.
Jµ-,).N,)-o
,-, - .,-., ,
""" f(x,) ,.... .. ,

.... , .,, - f'I,,:,) (i.J)
c-,,;1, � Gamba, 2.7 B;pn ohr me,000 �<,.too R•ph;o,,

'<,1<.,.,,0.._...,.,... p.ada L-Oo,uh 1 J<:o.g.,n mccodc N<,.ton R.rt,,.,n 3
ft<1�LJ •(J) + (1/- J(I)- 3 • -4
P,n,,lts•;••
1
P«<>m»n )'ll"l d1sdc..,,t,n, I (.<J•l) • 3(1) + 2(1)- l • 2
'
ft.x)•r +r·'-Jr-l•O ,i-1-2-J
-·
I ""'.l•h 1,<,;kLllo)• n,l,., ,, • J 1or0<I,.., d,guJWan uotul hllu"I!'-" 1><d.a
,<. ,.,,, b«au,oya
/(<)•Ji+lx-J
1
K<;,•l) • ())' + (1) - J(3) - 3 • 2�
Dcng•n m<nggun•k•n Pe,,..m..,o (2 3),
/'(,:,•3) • 3 (3/ + 2 [.\) - 3 • JO

Ro,)
r,., ••, - f (<,)
"
.,.J-J0•2,2
Pad, ,..-.I b11ung.n dot<nlul,o nil •• r, .. mb;r,n'- m"3lll).X! • 1 Hnung,n d,lanjulk>n deng,on n,cnggunal.an P,ogr•m 2.l., dllo has,lnr•
1,1, ,,l,n dalam Tol><l 2, ll,,.,I hilunpn dipe!Old1 p,,<1, iter= l:c 6
• •
C PllOGRAK 2.J,
C PllOGJlA>I. IIETO<>E N""""ON-RAPHSON
P(Xf•X••J+X••2-J.•X-l,
FX(X)•J.•x••2•2.•x-3.
,.,
OUN ( 5, PI LE• • N!>ITOII. HAS' >
Xl•l.
' ,0 X2•Xl+I
!•HI
fX•(F1x21-P1X>1>l1x2-Xl)
' XT•Xl-P(XlJ/PXiXll
,,_,,
' l•Hl
IIJl.!T!(5,211,Xl,XT,fiXli,P(XT)
•+-------:?"- cc,-�,--- '

Xl•X't
iP(ABS(FiXT)).LT.O.QOOl)GOTO 25
- ,0
'
Y<>iUV,T( 12, H 10. 5)
,w,
FO!U<.\t(:.lF5 <) ,,
" ENO
(,ao,bor UI McloJc Stt••r
r,1,c1 2.4 !l:.;al lulungan dcng.a,, ""'"><!< Ne"'"" lhrt,""'
,_ ·-
,,
,,•...' , ·-
f<,) !(,., 1)
·= �1'-"•I• benluk <I• or•• di>uto.lo(u,ok•n k dal•m Pc, .. maan (2.3), dod>i»f
/{,,)(,, -•,-1)
' ,,.., azcooo
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x•• , - x, - !{,,) - /(x, ,) (!.')
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" Dal>.m mc1ook '"' pc1,d<kot•n mcm<rhlkan du. nd,, ..... 1 d.m ;i; Y'oS
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"""""'
18.1015 I 7J7ffl OJlS4S7
.
·-
,noo
• '""' 1.83015
,,.,.u,.•k•• untuk mcc,npc,k;,,hn kem,r,og,.n du, fwqp,
, , ..,.ks
·- · "
l.5 M<tod< S«an,
'""' 000:12! "'"'" '>clc .. ,k•n >Oal daL,o, wntoh "'belumnya dcngao metro< s«4•l
,.,.,,1c,,.,..,,
I• '"' p<<1•m•, J;•mbd d ... oil.a, ,wal ya.tu• I d>n x•2.
Kckw•ngan m,:t<><k NcW!Oll Ropluo,o au;ll.ah dip<r!uk>MJ'> tt1t.,..n

pcrtam.a (ddcr<n..,I) dan !(.,) do lam h,tw,ga,, �'II kad><C ,uln uotuk °"'P<"' 1c,hha1 dal.ao, G...,b>, LS.&'"' ""81!""1 d, tu,<,, d-.khu
mtn<<m 1urun.ln dar, pc,,..rnuzi yang d..ekmk>.n Untu.k cu ... k• bcatuk olch beolul: benkut
dofc,e,..,,I d><klm, <kng;u, 01!.a, p,e.ku,.n bcrd...arlan J.fe,c...,.J bed,
f C<.J _Jr.<,) - /(r,-1)
··= "• -x, '
I, "l\'" mcnggunahn Perr.amHn (14) d,h,tuna
.r:,. n - ft<:z){.ti - •,) • 2 - 3(l - l) • 1.51142
/(-'l)-/(,1) 3-(-4)
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• Ml'lOlll NLI,u •••
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XJ•l,57142 � {(r:,•l,5?H2) • -l,.J(M9 l);l;m mo,ode ''""""" d;gunak•n '""" pc,...� unluk memper·
I , ,f.m o,l,u aO.u pm,arn•••· Pcrsam..._.. terscbul dilcmbugl<an d•ro tongs,
D<"&'n mrnggn.oahn l'm.>.mHn (2.4), d>d.!p,,t : I <I "'h,ogg.o P"•mc!cr x be,ad, d, s.<1 Ion d.,, pcr<Uo •• n.. yanu
x • g(x) (2.S)
x, • l .,<714,- _ -l,36449(1,57141- 2) • l 70540
-1,364'9 - 3 '
h ,n,form»1 ,.., dap.al diJ•kukan dcogao marupul .. , alJ•Nf >tau

tl<Cungt,, d<ng.,n pr<=dur ><p<f11 1<,scbut <'-' ., .. d,4,,jutk.an dongao
.,,. u,cn,ml>,hk•n p.a,ameler x po<.!; kcd .. '"' don pcr>aIDHll ll.:lm)" .
...,nggunah.o Pr�•m 2.4, d,n t..a,.i!,,ya Wh<r,hn d,L,m Tabd :LS I{�
,.,, '""'""· pe, .. .n.uo be,;ku1
lutung;,n d1pcrolch pod• ; ••,, .. , kc S, yanux• I,=
C PllOGRA>t 2 • 4.
1,p,i <1,1ul" m<OJ>d• bentolr .
r1x1•x••J•x••2-J.•x-J.
OPENIS,PILE•'SECANT.KAS')
,-o • • x'+x'-3
Xl•l.
X2•XlH
· ,, Jenpn mcmben
'
l'crsam •• n (2.S) mcouniukk:ur b,b .... rul.iu x mcrnp.aho fuog,, d.,r, .r,
;;i>• pcrfoHn awal dv1 okor x, d.ap>t drlutuog
JO J•l•l
FX•jF(X2)-F(Xl)) /(X2-Xl) 1•, f,. "'' l»,u ;r;. ,. deng,o rnmw Uc,,,;fbenklll
XT-X2-P I X2 ) /FX
C hHl �.•• ·r(r,J
NRITE(S,2il,Xl,X2,XT,F(Xil,P(X2),P(XT)
Xl•X2 "• _,.,.,. keulllh.ui dih�ung dcoga.n rumw bet1kut ·
X2•XT
IP(USll'(Ull LT.0.QOOIIGO'l'<.l 25
GOTO JO
,, . ...,
1 ... ,-;r; I loo<J.
PORMAT(I2,6Pl0.S)
" ·'""=·
f'(llt><HilPS.2)
I l,1uog
Tabd :Z.S HI.Yl hi,unsan dcogon mc1ode s«�"'

""""" ter><but dip.at ditnh> dal.arn bentuk
' ·-
,_ ,- I S7l43
·-
,_ ,_ ·= 1 ' , "" h<ntuk Pe,....n.uo (1.6), pcrr.a.m.uo dutas mcoJ<d; :
x,-i .r,., /µ,-,) !<,,) •'•-1+3.r+3 � .r•(-x'+l.<+3)111
' ' /\<.,1)
,_, .r,., • (-,. -+ 3;r; + 3)
'
IS71'3 1.'IOS'I
·- -1.36443 -0.2,1714
' �
,.,1.,1, dJtcotuUJI pcrbnn , .... 1 x, •2 &dap.at
'•
·-· ·=· """'
neam
-0.24174 ,
157143 1.705'1 1 73514 -0.2,17)4 .q • (-.rl + 3:ri + Jt • (-i+l�2+3)" • 1,70998
'""' '""'
1.1JSL4
s l 'nS14 l 73:ZOS """' "'""'
• MeTODF >,UMbR!K •
O•n l•bcl 1e,sc<Plll lorllll•l !>oh,,... h..;I hllu"8111 pada nc,.., )'lint k,t,ih
'"'-t' SChl>k,n (lek,t deoga,, >ka, pc, ........ yoog t,c...,, deogan hi> i.,n
'• • l!!.:!11 \00':11, • i 1 � 21 >< 100% • 16,9607 '.\ l<..._l,h•n yang ter1> "'mak;n Oec,! Peo1d«a10.0 pcrum&>o -"'P""; ,n,
� '· ,hscb<it konvcrgen
Scl•nJuln� n•I•• .n• 1,7099ll tencbul d,gu .. kan untuk n><nghnw,;; ...... Al f«samunx
1
+i - .k - 3 • 0 <Up>! J"S" d,ubah dal•m bentuk ber·
p,,<1• �.,..; bc"kOl..ya, sck"'l!P :
X) • (-..{ + 3;t:i + J)"' • (- J,'1099!r + )>< 1,70998+ J)l'j • \,73313

••
. ,�, •=. 1 1 mn-170098 1,, 1 00%. 1,. %
I) ,lam bentok ,,e,as, pcrumU.tl d, ,c., ""'"JO<h
x,.,- ;,+,./-3
.ll 1,73313 ,..,...
3
lhlUo.g>n deng,n fl"-""' ,.pe,11 ter><l>ul d1 ,, .. dillnJulhn """"'"
n><ogguMk>D Progrom 2.5, dan hli1lny;, d,bcnl,n d,L,m T>be! 2.6. H><>I
I 'mok I"''" .uo H"&lx,-2, d.J.p,,t
h,iung.,n d1pcrnl<h �· ''"'"" te 5, )'>llUx• l,1.r.'lJS
x:,-
_,l +-<i-
)
3
-
i + 3t- 3 •3
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C PROGl!..I.I< 2 , S ,
C PROGKAl'I lll!:T<>OB IT!RA$1
OHN ( 5, FH,1'•' ITERASI . HAS' )
Xl•2. ,, .. lx:,-x, I 100% .. 13-21 >< 100% • .\3,3333 'l>

I•lH
X2•(-Xl •• HJ•XHlf• • 1 l ./3,) " '
_,.
lhtun�o ddaDJUtlln <kn�•• Program 2.5, <koga..o mcn;igar,1, bentuk
B•l'JIS(((X2-Xl)/X2)•100)
l<IIITE(5,2 )I, XI, X2 ,E
" ,;ng J,:,de,..,kan. da.n bas,lnya d,bcnkao dalam Tobe! 2 7
Xl•X:.l
·�·
lr(E,t.T,O.OliG<nO 25 label?. 7 HIOStl hitung.n n><tode """"
�-
FD.......T(l2,�PIO.Si ,, ('l,)
' FOIUIAT(US,2)
' ,_
"
" ' " "" ' 33J333
uocm nm,
'' ©-
•
T,bcl 2 6 lh.sil h•luogan de"&"" n><!odc ,1eras,
•76372\IOO w-
,_ ' ,.-
,. l •• (%)
r,mpu )Mh,.a has,I h,tungan p•d.3 ,re,.,. yaog l!:bib ungg, ,cm,k,n
,.,,,. mn 1
·= ,.1,oh1 ml•• >k>r pc,,.,,,.,. yang ben•r Koad>an hioungan scpc,h ;,.,
'' 1696071
I, l>1Jt d1,;crgen PeojcW.n mongenll kon"''U"" <Un d1,;,ergen;, <Ulam
I 73313 l 73199
,,xi, '"'"' >d.alah 5CN&"• benku1 Pcrsamn.n {2.5) d>p>t d,1ul� rr,enJ><I•
1 73199 ,aM n•
' "" pJ,..ng pc, .. .,.,. ya�un • x<lan r(:r) Kedua pc,,.m •• o tcucbut
I •1•" ,hg,m\»rk,n be,>am> ,....,. J.ab.m '"'" ..,.,., koo,d,U&l. Ak,, pcru·
• MfTQDeNUM�RIK
mn.o ..W,h .. ..,, dcoga.o n,Ja, ,t,,.,s dati t,t.k polo,>g ••I>•> kcdu.t \;u,.,.._ "
Fung,,, y, •x da..o em pal mocmi bcotuk d•11 y.,•i(,) d.llr•• dd,hat Jalam GI.DI·
b,, 29. Poda \;adaao perwno (Gamlnr 29.a), pcrbrun awal -'O d,gunak,n
uo1uk ,neoentulan hHl rad• kun'll YI ya,,u A Paniong g.o•1> OA ,dal>.h AA).
a.,,. Yl •x ,ne,n\,colul ,uJut 45" 1<rh>d.ap l<du.a sumhu, "hinw ,�,\; J»d•
' ,,-•
kcdua P'" t<r><but mcmpw1)'>1 koordlD>I x dan y yang sam.o Dari 1,1,0 A
bc,ge,,l: �• "°''"""'"'
kc hnlll ><hllliP "''"'""<>ng
x, mil: B AW. don
hhk B, yo,ru (.<]), odalab .. m, dcngon AA), .iou £1(q,). Deng.an dcmik"'o
n,la, ,,...1-'0 d,gun,kan untuk D>OD<ari po:<kuo,o ber,kutnya yaitu "1
SdanJutnyo, dan hlok x1 bcrgerak Y<ttlkol sch;ngg, mc=oag <Omo
n•,<.,-), dan kcmuJian bc,ge,a\; h<>ruont>I kc k.onon "''"'''"""& ku,,...n-.. d,
,o.atu rnik ylDg mcmpunyai 01:!<1> x, Dcmw>o sc1crm<1µ .. mpoi alhi,ny;,
p<o)'<J,...;on "pcr11 do lam G,mt,., 2.9.a adal>h k<>nV<rgen, Larcna p<rLl,an
x bcrgeral: m<nd<lcoti perpolongan kcdua kurva
f<udnn yang um, 1cqod1 pada (i.,..b., 29b. S<boh1'11ya pod•
G•mbar 2.9c d:ui d, peny<lcsa'"n iteru, .,.,.k,n ""'"J••h, ntla, al:ar yang
b<oa, (d,ver,en) Dan p<Dj<l>,.n .;engan Gamb>t 1.9 d•pat J,..mpulhn
ba.t,,... <QD..,rgens, .;..,, tcrJ•di •p.,W• o;t,.; >booiu, � <cmuing.,nn:-r(<)
<•< ,. ,
>dal.tlt lcbih kee>I dar, kom,""P-"n •x. ><•u
1(1<)1<!
'
21. s ... 1 t.arih••
Dcog>.tt monggu,..hn 0><!odc ,ct<ngab iOlen'lll. con 1"''!>1""8'"
aotara
kunay • ,' dany - 3x dong.an mena.n oka, do" 3' - lx • (I Kot,��
a.o h�U"t>• ad>l•h O.S'l>
2 Deng.an m<nggu.ookan metodc setcng.,b mternl can Wob .atu aka< da"
pc,,amaan b<r,kul
•trx-x-1-0
b2,-'-,,nx•O
c . ..-3-i-h+ l•O
d.Jx'+,i-Sx-1•0
,,, ,., '
,. t-1x'-o
f. Ji+,i-h-1•0 • • ,,,,1,., 2 9 PcnJ<l•son koc,..,,g,n" dao d,....,,_...,, ?ad• m<!<><.le >L<ri<St
Ml!roDk �U\tERIK
"l \<k<aAan pc, .. m.,n Y,,nJI <l•bc:rokan d,l;m ..,.I oom<r 2 <kngan bc:rb,g.,, •
mclotk )'>"8 td•h dtbcr,hn (me1ode .. «nµh mtcML •ntcrpol.., lrn,::r
� • ..,on ll•ph,on, Scc•nt, dan lt<r..,)
� '\<lc;.a1ho p,,.,...,,.,n J; 1:>.,wah ;n, d<ogan bcrb>ga, mctodc r,ong tclah
d1bcnl.u, (mctodc «:tcng,h 1nlCM,l, 1ntcrp<>las, 1;n,c,, �,,.,on R>ph$<>,,.
�u,nl, d,n 1tc,>1•)
••• l-."+i . -·
c, -+2 +2cou-6•0
III. SI STEM PERSAMAAN LINIER

� Bua, p,og,am kompurc, unlull mcnycles.a,bn pc,,.maan dalam ..,., •..,.,
lrn,cbut d, ., .. II�, 1,emul, pembuat,n proguru komput<:bu! daplt bcl)al>n, font" yong d,se
k...._,k,n d,lam p,og,am 1<•1<bu1 <hg>nh dtng.,n foni;,., )'>"I! J,.,ny,.hn
d.J.m..,..) LOI
Pcoydc,,,,.. ,uom ...t<m n pcrsamuo dengao n biwipn iak d,kcu•

h,., k,nyak <hJ""'P" <lal;m penn».>W. .. ilmu peog<tat,uao don tck""""'1,
p.,, ,ul ,n,J,... 1uul1ur, , .. 1,. .,. j,,;og,.., d.,n ,..,.,.)'>

1• '" pcoy<ln••an oumctis pcrsa...un d.kmwal bi ... dan d1fcrco;ial
D, d>lam pcn)"l<,.w" wem pc,.. .,...n ,Uo d;c•ri n,la,

, ,, ,x,y,,g""''""'""h,""empcnamaa,,\,enk.-
,.<,) • 0
,.<,) - 0
x,) • 0
S"'em pc, .. ,••• n d, l!U dap,,r 1,.,., >l•u tok hm<r Pen)"k=lln SI>·
, "' l'<f>a.mun tak lw« •daloh ,uln. Uotw,gny,, seb>,grao be&ar pcnn•<alal,·
'" ""II ad, meruJ>U>l' pc,..o,un l,n..,, Dt d,4,o bah '"' okon d,pclajor,
• ''"' l,.,...m •• n l,n;,,,, yanc mempunyo; beDluk umlltll benkut 1n1
• ML'TUDF. '-U.'>IERIX
•
a.,..-,+.,.,..-,+
,_ "
(3 I)
,l,'<�Ot vdtor \;olom Untuk mcnycdcrhanahn pcnol;»•, ,01>,,u,p k,d ..
... , . . ,+.,, . . ,+. + .... . -,-b, ,l,h,l,nsk•n
M"nks J;m>o> m•n del<bul nulnk, bujW .ugh,
dr,,..n a adl,lal, ,ocr.""" l;OMI .. , bad.al.ob kons1an, n ..i.l•h JUmbh pc, .. l< , ad•lah
"'"""· d.n xi,-'2,
Jl. Not,,; Mjlrik,
,x, ad.al>h t,a,ogao tak d,kc1abw
.. . ,, ... ""]
oz, a;u an•<>
D, dolun sub bllb in, ak•n dopcl,J•n bd:><<>l'J konscp J•n "'""" alfll· •• [ �» a-..
3 •ll
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a. a.., a.,""
M"nb ad•hh ,u.iu bnk•o bil>og;,n b,l•ng•n )�og b<,b<:ntuk <mp,I
P,:<><gi P••JJ<!g M>t"l., te=but m<mpuo)'a, bc:n1uk stb.fl•• """""' '"' I•,"""-'! )lan;i l<•<l"' dan ckmen •11. a,i, a» J,n a,. odaW. d"gunal uta
n,, m,tr,b.
•u �,, au ••• , ! 1 lld><""P" 1Jp< m•tnl..s baju,sangl<.,r
"" .,, "" ••
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'""'"" hmcr D, d.J,m ...iem ,cncbu,, iumlah p<.,.,oaan (bar'>) d<o
,h b,la<>s>n la\; dtkc,.hu, (kolotn) h., ........ Ulltuk m<J><JaJ»,tbn 1,c;o)"t
,antunggol
••• Ada l:>tbcT>p, bcntuk khusus J•n m•tr,b buJU• .. ng.1w-. ><pcn, d•bc·
0, d,t,m b<ntuk <l, at:u, ,t "'1.1.ah nooa,, m•u,k< ... (U"l\ a,, od•l•h
"' ,n t>crolut ,n,.
dcnicn m.,t<,1.<. Oc,cc,o OOl1>0<1ial <i«>><o clcmcn d,;cl,u1 bans W.n Jo<elan �t,onb .,.,,,,.,;., >P"l><I• "•J • •,, M,,..lnya o,atnk """'''" 3><3
,�,t,k,I <l1><00! kolom \ub,k,,p pe,lama, m<OUD)Ukhn "°"""
l,o,u d""'""
ekmcn b<,oda Sut><kr,p udua j m.:ouoJukk>n kolom M,.;dhn clcmcn

an odal•h e!cmeo
yang tc,ktok p,<11 l>ari< 2 d>0 kolum 3
�fa,,,<, J, >ta, mempunya.,"' bans dan n kolorn, du, llii<b,11 m<mp<1
A •
[ ' ' ']
al 3r s7
nya., d,mc..;"' kah n (mxn). Mau,1:., d<ngou <1un<..,; ban, m • I , ,cpuu M,lroh d1•golW ><l>l•h roatnb boiu• .. ngkar d, m• .. ><mua ,11:.,..
lccu.,l, J,ogooa] ulanu >d>W, DQI. don bt<bcnluk
e-[b,b, b,] o
du-1 ,,.p dc""'o d1h1l.i"S,1,.,, Matnb deng.on du»<<>Si \;olom n K J , ><p<•II
[ .'. .'.
.,•• u
' o
d=but ,d,or w,,._ Untuk m<nycJo,h>.nak._. pcnuw.>o suh,,1;11p """"'"•

•n O
A• 0 0
' '
• "'HTOOE NUM�RIK Io "Sil.." rEl<SA"•'•••NUNllo.l
"
3 M>tnh 1dcnhtas. >daL,h matrlh d ..go.w d, ... .,. 0<mu• elemen p>d> r,aµtmlo/i,m matnla
<l,�n>l uoanu ad.Jab l, "pert, bcntuk 1,c,.i .. ,\p•b,laA • l•,,1 d•o B • [b,,J ,dol•b dwo m,uibmxn, pcoJumlablUI
,tarl�i:��1 0 0 I
'I" ••<>nga.o) don kc�ua mau,i... tt<.ocbol A :l:B,a4alah .. ..,, denpn
,.,,, C • !<,,J denpn dunc"'i"' xn, dam••• hop ckll"ICo matnks C adabh
,.1,1, (,<1;,..b) don c!<m<n·<l<n><o yang berlaitao dan A dao B
C •A:!: B • (•,, :o b,,J • i<,,J

� Matr;k, ><gwg., au.,, ld;ol•b matr,h d, ..,.,.. "'"'"' cit"''" d, b>w:1h dll
go•• l utamo ><l,t,h ool, "'P<"'
bcotuk bcrd:ut
, ... ,.,,,,
O Oona:w •·[ ''"S]

-l 2
"0
" •ll•0Z)J•"><]
"
A•
0 0 0 -
S M:unb "P'-'A" b.,wah adal•h m•lrib d, m••• 0<m .. elemco d, at"' dlt
',.", ,
i A-8•
[I-
-1) ,_, 3-0J-[-l -1
n
go,,•I uum• MUlah n<JI, .. pe,,, bcntuk bcnlul A +B • [1+2 3
] • [-! ' ']
0+(-1)
.,,
A•
[.,, •u• ., ...
.•ll
2
0-(
a-a 4-S l -1
. ,,
•ll
6
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M>tub p;!>, od.la!, n».tnk yang rn<mpuoy,,; <k'll<D....,. dengao <>ol,
kecu:W �· .. ,u j«lu, pong bcrpusal � d,agonal ""m•. A+A+A• I
4 · ·
[ ' '] [' ''] [' ''] · ['. ']
014 014 0312
I 1,,u""'° ta.opo (deogao kalkub.10<) dal,,. ope,.., .,..,Ill scpcn, p.,·

.,, .,, o '] I,' , "'"" I -.h WI dtluuk,o karcna uluran mat,ib lcnL Apabtla uku,•
A• •n •"12 oz, o
'" ,..,,.,k, bes.a,, b.J1"og.,o haru, d,lakuk1n dcog;,n mco.ggwul<ao baotlllln
[ 0oo0:U OJJ O}O

•., ... I "I"",
"" I
l'rogum 31 ><!al.oh p,ogr>m unluk ""'°"'''""' pcoJwnlalwi
Jan pcrhlw, ma<,IQ deogao ,kal•r Pon,cluan pc,ka!Jan m>tr,b
1 "' ,lala, dibrnkao p.,d, bagoao berikut._ya !<nllnl perk.than mau'4.
Malnks di ., .. mempunya, ,;g• J•lur, )Ong b,.,. d!.!<l>ul dcnp,o motnb
U•:haton>I
·• "'' t<rsdxn d�alan uotu< OJI<'"" nutr,b scpert, dalam Cootol, l
,,,1 •• bt;a moncobluya ""'"" b.J1,mgan matrib yang kb,h bco.ar Dal.am
J.l..! Ope ... ,1,..,r1.._. "•'"' tcrscbut mat,a.. C ><!al.ah JUm!.th don mat,iks A J,n B. sc�o.ng
'" ,h fJ adalah JUmlab d,n pc,kal,ao antor> Wlar ('. 2 dcng,.n rno,nb A
Matub dc,tpn bcntuk l<rtentu (m>tuh bu1u• ,..oghr) di,p,r d,keoa I , • ,,., Q • -4 dcogan matt,b 8.
Oan ..,.,u op<<a10t, :1<pert1 p<DJUm"-ban, pengurangao, du, pe,k,1;••
I K<somaoo duo m<Jtrib

l'crkah,n m.au,k, A dcng,.n >l:alar I di.peroioh dcngon m<ogahkln
Du• m><,;h,< danB d1huk.an,..,,,..ap,b;!., elem<o·<len>en .,.,nbA
", clemco dauA dcogao,kalar �
,..m.,. deog.,o clemen ele111<0 matrth B <Ian uku,- .. lieduaoy> aJ,lah ,..,..,
o,, • b,, ""'"k _..,..,.., d•nJ
• MITTODF NUMER,�
•
no,:;AAN J , l KATRIK Bil,.J)
PR<XiRAH UNTUK Hl':NCNITUNC P!NJOl<l.AJIAN DAN 2.0000 J.0000 Q,0000
PE)ll{ALIA>i .... TRIR DEN<iAN SKALAR -1.0000 2.0000 5.0000
PAl<lJU:T!R JHl•2,Nl•Ji r<ATR!k C(l,JJ
�-·
DIIIENSI<>N AiHl,Nli,BIHl,Nl),CIHl,Hll,D(Nl,Nli l.0000 5.0000 l.0000
OP!N(l,Fll,B•'IIATRIKI.DAT'I -1,QOOO l.0000 ',.0000
,.,
DP!N(5,Fll.E•'HATRIR\.N""'I IIIITRIK l>P,J)
-6.0000 -S.0000 ,.0000

< 0000 -6.0000 -12.0000
UJ.Dil,•)N,N
UJ.Oi I,•) ( IAI I,J) ,J•l,N),
I•l,Hf READj l, •) ( i&I I, J) ,J•l, N),
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IIRITIC(S,!Ol)
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l<RITICI S, JOO) ( IA( I ,.:Ii ,J•l ,NJ, I•l,1<)
IIRITE(S,10:l)
WRITICI S, 100) ( 1a( I ,JI ,J•l,N), I•l,11)
l>O 25 l•l,H
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A•I[! -2J•[l0 -10]
•3 ZO!S
C(l,Ji•A(I,J)+D(l,Ji Pe,kol,-n du• o'.l>tuhA d.,o 8 dor,1 dhluk,o ,1,..bll• cl>C�b kolom A
I>( I ,Ji•P•A( r , J) tQ0Bj I ,J)
:1< CONTINUE .,m, deogan <K>h """' 8, don kcdu• m>luks d,sclllJI d<ogan C'-"'fu1mab!c
25 CONTlNUE
P«k•h•n ,...,,u mw,1<., I ><m, )""'" A • ( au a,i
WJUT'.I! ( S, I OJ I
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NRIU(S, 100) I (C(I,J) ,J•l, N), l•l, Ml
WlliTE(S, 104)
""ITIC(S, l00J I (011,J) ,J•l ,N), I•l, HI
100
101
FORMATilF!O.<J
FO .......Ti2X,'IIATRU A(l,J) J '"
102
!OJ
10<
110
FOrutAT(lX, '""TRn l(I,J) 'J
FORNAT(2X,'IIATRIK C(I,J)' I
PORHAT(2X,'KATRIX O(I,Ji
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File Data
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' '
0 ''' •
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�I ' 2 0 5
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File 11 ... 1
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' 1.0000
KATRlJ< A(l,.Ji
2.0000 J.0000
0.0000 1.0000 • .0000
Ope,..,
pc•k•h•o ad.alah
b•n,; deog>o
kolom; hap cl<:mcn
J,n b>n, l,l,hk,o
d<ngan oltmco d•"
kolom dao
komud,,o
d.Jumlabk,o
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"
PROGl<AH J.2.
(omlobJ > NOCAAH \1N"'1JK HENGHITU'I<: PHKALIAN 'IA'l'RIII
PARIJl!T?R 1Xl•2,Ll•l,Nl•21
[2 J 4] [-i1" [2(1J + 3(-2)+ +OJ J. [s] DIMENSION Ai Ill, Ll) ,B(Ll, NJ I ,C(Hl, NI)
OPEN(l,FlLE2' ..... TRIR2.DAT'J
OP�N(S,PlL!•'k.\TRIK2.l<AS J
P<tk>ban ••w• rutnb m x p, ya;,u A • I •,, I dm

RLU>(i,•)11,L,H
READ( l, •) ( (Al I, J) ,J•l, L), I•l ,M)
y>•lu 8 • lb,1 )ad•l>h m•IJ<bm X •,ya,lu C • [<,) dug;on RUDI I,•) ( (Bl I, Ji ,J•l, Ni, I•l ,L)
WRIT!(�, 110 111,L,N
Wll!T!(�, 101)
IIRITE(5, l ur
I IA( I ,JJ ,J•l ,LJ, I•l, H)
WRlT!(5, 102)
<l,.n'°'n,•l,2, ,m WRlT!i 5, 100) ( IB( I,J) ,J•l, N), l•l, LI
l>O 25 l•l,K
l>O H J•l,N
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Contob4 t>O 26 K•l,L
C(I,J)•Cjl,Ji+Ail,X)•B(K,J)
I a ' '] [ ' ']

COMTrNUE
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-1 3 z t- B• -! -� dm X• l:i"] •
CO�TINUE
COMTWU!
WRIT!J5, IOJ)
WRITE(5, lOOf ( (Cl l ,J) .J•l ,K), I•l,K)
2(1) + 1(-1) + 4(4) 2(2)+!(3)+4(-l)]-[17 11 I O FOI\KAT(UJO.,)
''. [
l
IOI FO .......T(2", 'IIATJUK Ail,J)' J
-1(1) + 3(-1) + 2(4) -1(2)+J0)+2(-1J +sJ I•
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FOP.KAT(2X. IIATRIX Bil,J)')
FOJ\KAT(2X, MTRU C]I,J)'J
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FOP.KAT()PlO ')
BA•
[
1(2)+3(-1) -l(l)+.l(1) -1(4) + .1(2)
'""
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u ' • 11,l.iluL.n .k"'4n r,ug,a.m J.2.
• -SR 1
Q ! 12 I!,, ""i;>" pori,t..lG ao

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M,,,;k> tC•O<bul •••• d,1,ngk>1k>n <lengan me .. mb,h<an m0!11U
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"""' ,,.,t,,ngg, n>COJ..l, mau,l, )X6, y,og ""'mp<mp, b<ntuk bcnl:"'
M.tr,k ,,.,..,..,.._ >d,lah motnlu yang 1c1bco,uk <Ieng.an '"'"S&j!"';
ba"• meni.O, koiom d•n kok,m mtnJa<l, lwis. M•tr,b ,n, d,bcn ..,..., A ".",, .,, .,,
I O' o1 "
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ll<nlul n>>tr,I;, J, •••• leb,h mcngunlungh• '"''"" dd•kuU.o ope,.,,.

.I, du• malnb Dcng.,o d<Dllki•o opc,o,; tidak d,l•kukon unM: du,
A•
""''- ld•p, h>n)� poda .. ,u m""'' )'UI dot'-"&b<k•n
a,., a.. 1 a,., 1 ! • '"'"" "'"'"m••• dala"' ""''"� m,tnl,

'"""' pcr .. m••• lune, d,pat d,1uhs d•l•m lxniul m•tnb. J\.ti..ior•
"'"'!""" d:u, """,b d; ""' od.W. A f, Y••g btrbcnouk .
.,, ,,
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•
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., "" au (3.2)
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••• •• ·-· .. , .. , ••• '· ,.

'
\fa1nb- ,,,,,.,,;
.....
D, d,l•m .,.,,,u_ ope,..., pcmb,g,an m>tnlu !i<l•k d>dcf,n-<•hn. Akon

. f<IJ[" opcr.s.o ""''"k, y,,ng IIllltp <lengan pcm� odal,h ....,tnh onvc<>1
Ap,obila A ad,l,b m•luk!, m•k.a m,u,U mvtWny:> ,dal>h A-1, ><<km,k10n
seh;"W
Deng.on dcmWI.II, perk,l,..n m>U,b <leap.o matnk, '"""'" od.l•h ..,. '"
•••k>sdc:ogan pcmNgl.lo PCoJ<lasan kb,h """' l<Dlllllg coro pcmbu.,t,n A rn>!nbk<><f.... o•><•
""'""' ;"""' d1brnUI> dal.am Sub l»b 3 i X kulorn YCtl<>r" x l dou b,lang,.o tok d,>c1>hu,
6 l'en,nglu,u,n malnks 8 k0>lornYCOtornxl Jarilon,.t,ni,.
�1ocnks d,p.,1 J,bOgk,tkln dcngao men,mb,h<llo kolorn (kolom D, J,1,., pcn)"'l<u'"n ""''"'" pc, .. m•••·
Joc.,11 ,�k10< •- X bcr<l•·
"I "' l'uwm>>n (l ?) S•l•h '"'" u,,
untuk mcnydc,..,k,nny, a<l•l•h
,,,..,hk,n ke<lu., rua, pcrS>m •• n dc"l!;an rnatnb "'"'"'
A-1AX•A-18
koi<>,n) pad, ,•• u,h a,.I; M, .. lny,, ,u>1u matuk, toefo»cn bc1dun<n,. Jxl. 1
A A • I
' "'
A •
[" "' "']
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OJI a,., •n I• ,., ,n dcm,k,•n ml.a, X dap,,l dthltung.

MPTOO� NU,.,J'Ri�
I), dala,n peoyel<pOln <1,t<m p<<>•m .. n l,n.,,, joga l,Cloog digunak•o Uoouk m<mud•hk•n p<n)"lil',40, dop,!>dong '""'" U!.ICOI d•r, J pe,,.
ma1uk< yang d1t1ogla1W. .. M.,..Jkan matnl:s (JxJ) oho drtrnglatOJl denpn '""" <Ieng.an J b,.l,ogan ••k d,ke1,bu, t,,,,;kul ,,,.
m><ul:s C (3x I) !.<h1ogga bt:rbeotu\:. m•ouk.s JX4 m<•J•dt
(33>)
"" •u •u I col
�1, •i1
["" .,,., "n.,., II I d,golongb.o d.alam (ll<)

du• k>t>t<>'I y,utu walu U!.lcm pc,,anu•o Jeng.on� W.«11 t<t•p, oe<hl" <le·
r,,.,rnun rt"•"" d"' U!.lcm d,bag, koefwco rt"".,. d,,,; pe, .. m•
m<n nol, d>n suatu oi<lem dong.an m.atnb order ,,. (n l:,esar) l<t>pr b>0yak
rn<ng,ndung <l<mco ool
UaL>m b•b LOI ll.LII d1pel•j•n bcbt:•>p,> met ode pc.oyekuo•n Wlpu"S
don mc<ode "''""· Metode peoyeks,,;•• 1.aopung ••fal•h mud•h uotuk kcdu,
.. .. 01'
""
."" -•.,,
'" 1'-"•m•, Y"''"•11.><h"'ll&> m<•i•d;.
- -
Ol) bi
(HJ
'"•g<><• ''"'"' I"'''"""""" S<duig mctode "''""' l<b,h b.,;k brla d,gwtah, I , """"'" (3 4) d•hhk,o de"@II koef>SttCn pc,,.,.,. d•n pc...,,,,.. kedua
uotuk m>tnb denpo order t,ogg, l""S mea,ga,,.<lun� baoyak elemco DOI.
.,, .,, bi
a,ix, -t "71-x; -t •n -x, • o,o -
].J. �l<lod< Lii"''""" G,u,, OJ, Ol] dl]
Metude elumn.., Gau"' od.alolt »!ah ""'" mclode Y•"S p;,l;ng •nl • '""""" (B b) <Ukura,w. Pe, .. mun (3 5) ,d11ogg> J..i.,pol
d,kemb,ngkan dao b._.)U digunolan d,1.,,. p,::nyeleuion ..,,.,m perum.a ••
hrucr Pro,,cdur pcoyeku,on d,,; mct<>de ,,.; ,d•lab rn<oguroog, U!.lem
pca•m,m l:e <lalam beotuk ..:gil,g> ,, .. !.<demtk,,o 1,<b.ingga w.ah oatu Wlu
pc,.,.m,..o !"""""'"" !cr.«bul 11,ny, rn<ns,.odung s.,tu br.lang,.o 1,k
(•» - •i, -...
""
,, )ZJ" (� - •i, -
).fl -t (•n - "" .- .b,,, )
d1l<e1>hu1, Win sw,p p<<»m""" benkutnya b..,,ya tmhn dar, utu tamb.oh,n ''"
brlangan lo\:. d1kclahu• b>ru D•l•m h,1uog,.n deng,o tang.an, bcntuk ,cgit,ga
d,,dc>.atk,n deng.,n pca.amb.okao dao pengu, ,opo d.ari b<bcnr,, perr.un>a11,
,e1el,h p<r .. rnun tcr:><but di'<•hk•n dcng.,n '""'" l•ktoc (konst>D) G""NI l ..rngkah bc11lsutoy4, pe•sa.m••n )'Ing 1elab d,o,cnnull.ao (Pcrs.,m .. n
J 1 """""Jukk•n g;,mbo,an p<.,..du, houng,.n .,,,..Je
eLmui•"' G•= ll J,hLkan dcng;m koef""'" pert>m> dm p<r>...,HO kcl,g,, <l•n h>,oiny•
,f,,,,r,gl,:•n d,n pe,..,,m •• n ktig., dar, .,,,.., p<.,..m,.,, »lJ (Pe"•'"•••
1 < I,)) 11 ••• 1.y;, .d.,lah
[•11 ""' ""' I •,
I '•]
I 0 .,,
I b"1
I b'''i ] • uri -t o·,..fl -t a·,.x, • b,

•n •u •n on "11 ""
O oz, an Deng.an mcb<uk"" p,oscdur b.ioungan tc<><br.l! d, o,u, okhunya d>d.a
OJI OJ.I Oll
0 ,1 ">t<m pers.,ma,n benkul 10,.
x; • (b, - o'n.fl)I•,,
(3 � •)
X\ • (bt - a,,x, - "U-'3)/011
(l.6b)
• Jlz:l + •'llX! • b', (36.c)

Pcr .. ma,,n () b) ek,>u:n <kngan pcr>amun a!l,nya. l<l•f" ,-.n•bd
h••Y• mun<ul pJd• p<r>am,.n pcnom>. P•• per>amUn tc,akh1< h,oya
x, x,.
m<og.,ndung du, b,l,ng.on tak d,kc1,hu, Ap,t,,I, l<Ju., pc,s.am,,n tor,kh,r
d•pot d•«l=a1k,n untuk n,I., don mah oas<lny> d•pJt d,suhstM ... ,k•n
x, ·,
o•--
""
. (310,)
"
ke d,tam pe, .. moan pcnomo un,uk men<.!ap"'hn ml>, x, Pe,masolahan (3L0b)

""'",ad' leb,b 0<d«h•n.a. d,r, mcn)�k:u,kan l pcr;.am....,. Jeng,n 'l b,L,nµn
1>\; d1l;ctlhu1 nxnJa<h pcnyd,,.,•• 2 pc, .. mun dengan l b,lug,,n ta! <l•kc· b1-•ur.i-•1FJ
()10c)
1ahu,
•••
r,oocdur b<r,kutny:, ad,lah mengcl,mi!\lii x, J,., ...
1,h '""'" da,i d .... "'
pc, .... .,. !<fOkhor Untuk "" Pcr>am••• (3.li.b) d,bog, <Ieng.in kocfo,icn
pe,tarn, d,n Po,;.arn.,n (3 6 b). )""'" a'u ,.h,n,gg> ""'"J><I'
. '"''"" �
b', Sclesau.HI .,,,em persamun bcnkut \DI •

n•�.,·--
a'r,
a·,, a'i,
(3 7)
l<+.,.-,-� ().a)
Pcrurnur:i (3 7) d,kal,hn <l<ng,n l;ocr.... , pcrtam..1 d,r, P<r,..,num (3.6 c)

(l b)
. •"n b'i
.,,
a .. ..., + a 32--x,'" a 32--
.,, (3.8}
{I c)
r,,....,..,n {3.6.c) d,);uruig, Pe,um.un (3.8), 0<rutlgg> m<njad,
r,�1, lc•••••
•u
.,,
(• n - • 3l --).<)•(bl - a 32 --) .,,
b'2 langk,b pen•m• ><Lal.ah menorm,lk•n P,...,.,... (I•) d,eag.,n
mh.tg, pcrsomuo tc,1<bu1 <Ieng.on kocr,sw:o pen•= Pc=••• (I.a) Y•''"
•••• '"'"W·
� + 0.3JJJ y - O,JJJ3z • 1,6666 S

•, ,moan (?) dthhk,n denpn clemen pe<tama dan Pc"'"'"" (1 b) ,
6
4x + l,XIJ3, - l,3333, • 6,6666 6
(39•) 6
7
I , '"'"'" (I b) d,k"''"ll' p.,..,.••• (3) meo1od1 y
- l,6661i, • 13,3334
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"'
,.,
• 'nx,•b'"1 (3.9<) 1,1 ,., l'c,s,m,an (2) <knµn ckmeo I"'""" d:,r, Pers.am••• (l c) Y'"" 2,
h "' Y.' rnonia.d,
Sislcm pcaamHo dL .,., m<mpun)'lU kocf,s,en m>lnh yang b«bcn1u<

2� + 0,6666y - 0,6666, • 3,3333
sq;,.t,goota., (•,, • 0 untuk , > ! ) D•r, ...iem pc=rn= tcr,cb\Jt •kan
d,pot d,h,,""l! n,1,, x1 , x,
d,u, , Y'"'" . '"'·"" (1 c) d,h,.ng, Pm•mun (5) mco1><11
"'
-26666y + 1,6666, • 6.6667 ,.,
• 111 "''--"''r""""'""""hln
I •h h ,1ol pcnytlesa,an Wern J'C""'RIHn ••hl•h
,- ' .' (7.a) -' - 1$11';
S,',#,7 y - 1,6666 , • 13,3JJ4 y - J,\Jl.:i
(7 b)
(7 c) ' - 2,t,!,05
t..ngkah .<cl;nJUt"}'ll actai.h !tlCJlll<Lm...., v•n•b<l -"1 d>r< Pcrumaao l rn,uk ""''lSet,hu, b<na, ud,.iinyt h•,.I y,ng d•d>l"l, mla1 -', y �"" z
(7c) Unlul nu P«s.amun (1b) u, .... ma!O:,n d<og,m mcml>llg,n)'a dc:ng.on d,1><rnl<h d .. ut..t,tw;.t.ao le ...,,m !"''"'"""" asl,
de men pct1'm> du, pe,,..,... t«><buo ytltu 'l (;«,7 ,eb,11&-' n><nJ•J; 1 (!�) + \IJ2S - 2,6505 • S
y - 0.2941," 2,3519
P,,,..,,.. '"')'"'"
(8) d,kahhn dengao ckmco p<'1>m• d..r, P,,.,., ••• (7c),
2,61:«i s<h,ngg., 1n<oj.aJ;
4 (1,506) + 7 (J,1325) - J (2,MM) •
2 (1,$0(,) - 2 (l,1325)
10
+ S (2,650�) • 9,9995 (-IO)
l nlUl. ""'"'l"-''-'-f"I d,n memu<l,hk•n h�Ung.lD lcru<•m• •p•b,b,..,
, I"-"""' •• " b=or, tdah d,bu.1 l'rog,•m 3 3 untuk mcng),.•ung <1>lcm r><•
, , rn Im><< <l<"S'J' JD<nggun.J.oo JD<lod< clu:non>� { ••O,l. PTogr,m '""
"'""'""""" (7 c) J,lu, ..
g; r,,,.....,... ('I) ""'"Jad,
'" " ,I., unakan untuk ""'")'Clcsa;k•n """"' pe,..,mun bcnl,;ut ,ru
4,8824,,. 12,9409 2.i1 + 3.<> + 4-'l - S.i, + 7.i:,; • -35

�.i,-2.i,-3.,1+9x,+3_,,., 53
,- ' .' (10 •)

4-':l + 6.i:,;- Jx, -ix,• -l3
S.6667y - 1/1666," 13,lH4 Sx, - 7x1+ SJ,+ 31:< -h,· -19

(JO b)
Jx1 + Sz:, - 2-'l + 4.t, + 6x, • V
4.8824, • tz, -..o9
,�
(10 c)
D•ro !'er ........ (10 <), dip•• d,h;,u..og .... ; :, )'&IIU
hm
,,,_,,] "
re=m••" d, •l,o< dar,,1 dJ1uW d>lam lxntuk malr,ks bcnlnl
,.
''""
-2,�
Da,; Pcr>amUn (10 b) d.a.o n,la,, yang d,pcroleb do pat ddutuog 011.uy
[
S -2 -3 9 J
0 4
S-?
35-246
6-3-2
8 3-9
"
. ",.
n
]
13,3™ + 1,6666><2,¥(15 , .,..,,
1"' S,6667 '".,,I,..,
Delljpln rcr,.moan (JO•) d>n ml>L yd••; d, ala.,., dodap,,1 nllau

�- S - � +:" S - l,13� + 2,� • l,'i()i �# data bcn,., clcmcn·clcmcn m.iuU Jan !lSlem d,. •• ..._ D,t,m pw·
, ,m lc<1Cbut, apobala komen1•, (, Jalam pcnota.h p<ogn.m d,lulangk>o. alun
"I" h,,.,1 da,, stlo•p tah>p huu"P". lh.,,.I hnungai, ..Jalah r1 • 2/J Jl • l.0:
�.0-. .« • 3,0; danxJ • - l,O.
Ml!TOOI! HL'IERIK
"
C PROC..,.,, J.J. 1,k lhsil GAUSS.HAS
C PROCI\AH >!!:�O�ITUNO 1U<AR SIST!H F!RS""""" LINIER
•• •
C 0£NG>.N IIETO<>E ELIKINASI GAUSS • 2.0000
a
•
•• '
PARAKETER (NN•Si 1.0000
OIIIENSION A(NN,NN+l).XiNNI • -S.0000
100 FOllHAT (Hl0.4) J.0000
"'
101 tOJ!.>LO,T (5X.'X( ,12,' j • ',Fl.4) -1. 0000
1oi rOllHAT (2X,'TAHIJ' KE',13)

IOJ FOR>!AT 12X,'IIIITII.IKS QUA)
OHN (l,PIL!•'GAUSS,OIIT')
OPE�i5,PILE• G>.USS.11115') • > "1'1od< Gou,s-Jordaa
Rll.110 (l,•)N,N M<tode G>°" JO<J,o odabb mirip de,,gan motOOC c�IDln.., Go11<>
00 JO l•l,N �lc<odc '"' ..:loon un!uk OH:nrcl=ookon .ustcm pcrsalllll>n hn;,,,, Jug., dop,,t
READ (i,'llll(I,J),J•),KH)
10 CONTINUE ,l .. uotla.o u.otul meo.gh,lung nu1tib inve"' D>bm melodc G•=·lord.an,
Nl•N-1 1,lang,.n <al:. d,kctohu, dichm,...., dan ><mu pcruma.an, y,,ng <Warn mctotk
00 20 K•l,NI I , ,..,. bilanga,, lcr0<b<,t d>ehrtu""" da,i pc,....,,.ao bcnkutny> Deng.,n
IP(lllll,K).EO.O)GOT<> 20 ,km,, .. n lan;ikoli·longl,;ah cUDU.D:w mcngh,oi!bo .,.,nt.s Klcntn.., 0<perti
Kll•K+l ,1<1001ukk•n d;l•m G>mbar 3 2.
l
00 JO J•Rll,N
11'.CT•A(J,KI/Alll,R)
"" au a" I ,,
I ,,' !] : !l]
25
00 2S I•ll,N+l
AIJ,l)•AiJ,l)-PACT•Alll,11
CONTI HUE
,., .., ..,
"'' •n •>l I b,
I ,,
-
I b;
JO CONTINUE
20 CONTINUE
KIN)•ll(N,HJ/A(N,N)
00 JS l•l,Hl
hN-1
SUH•0.0
J•N-K PcnJ<I•""' mr:<ode ,ni J,lal.ukan dtnp.o mcoggunal<an C<J<>lob """"
00 40 L-1,J m ct;,j 4 pcr>.uuan dong.,o 4 bilang,n oa! do�ctohoL
LL-H-L
SUH�SUN'IIIK,LL)•X(LL) (3 !la)
CONTINUE
Xilll•(IIIR,N+li·SUK)/A(K,K) (3.11 b)
CONTINUE
00 SO l•l,N (lite)
WRITE(5, 101 fI,X(I I
CONTINUE (311 d)
. .[ .. ' ... '"] :.:
•11 •
•n ai,
-[,�,
(3 12)
'"' l'e,.,m .. n lcrscbllt <iapal d.1ulis dalom bcn!ul m•n!h:

F,k D>t• · GAUSS DAT
'
2 l 4 -5 7 -JS
,.
0)1 Q)l .,, ""
8-2-l9JSl
046-3-2-JJ
S-llJ-9-19
••• ... l ••l ... "
l S -2 4 6 27
D, dal•m mctod,c G•11>S·lord," d,p,l,h -,an bcruruton el<m<o pe, , l'crs.amHn ted"-' d,k.ah.b.o ekmeo kdu• <Iv, pe,...,rnaon pen.,,..
"°"' 1,dol: ool d,r, ocU•p ban,; ,,•• u,4 (• lll dan kcnrnd.... d!IurUU•• lorh><l•p pc,s.amaan pert.,,..
I, l'crr.amuo tedu> d,lal,tan ekm<o ked1>1 d•n pc1'amun tc1,g• (o'n)
Pat•PU loh bans pe"•"'• dart Pe=•• O ll) d,b>g, ckngan demeo
pc"amo <4,-i P'""""'""
pcrtorna, )'O•lu on, och,ogg., dKlapol
dam kcrnoJ;..o dolur:.ogkoo terb>dap pe,,.,nuo tc,;g._
l'c,r.amuo kedua dolilhl<an clomen ked1U da,; perumaan lcccmp>l
(•'..,) don kcmudu.n d,ku,angbo terhadop pe,,..mun tc crnpat
Oper•" ,ru me�"'"'"...,.,,, pe.-.am.,.. bcnlul.
�]- r:i]
1 o a"u •..••
O I a"z., a",.
(3 14)
mo. OOo"n•>1
• l'e......,..o pen....., d,kahb.n clemeo pertam.a dan perso.,.ao ted""'
[0 0 •"4) .....
... lb -,
(021) dan tcm.d,ao d,kw.angi.a,, terudop """"""'°
k<>.lua
b Pers.am••• I"'""""
d;k.ahno dcm<n p<"am> dan pet'"""'"" ketiga I or,gl.>h "'""Jul•)'> d;pd,h elom<n pert...., udll ool <lv, t>ons �ec,ga
(ai,) d>• kcm.d"'" dolur>Df,k,.n 1erb.J.,p pe,umaao tcuga "'" a 'n. dan pr=dur d, .... d1ul.aog, l>g:1 untul bans lot,ga 0c"P•
c. Penamuo per!ama d,hht.n ckmc.n pcrtoma dan pe,� t«m l'"......lur «p<fll dbrokan sebclumnva, al:h,rnya d,rlapa, .... Cm pc,,.,,,.
p>I (•41) dan kemudwi d,ku••�•• 1c,badap perum.un keemf'lll. ,n bcroiul
Ope,.., ,., m<oghll>UUII Wlem pe ... rna,m bcubu
' ..,, . " .a·,.,1 ["] [''•

iI i f �] r:J- r:::::! (J15)
O o":n o'n z:, • h'l (l.13)
0001 l:. l�.. ..

[o
0 ']20°.1]0°'4 XJ
·., • ., .... x,
bJ
h'•
2 Kcmud,.o d,p,hb elemen per!lrn3 todat ool dan ban, '«dw, yo,tu o'n.
d,n p<OO<dur dt .... d,ula� lag, untuk ban, tcd11> x,-�· , .14wb' 4
B:uU ked1U d•n pc,samun dr at .. drbog, dcngan demco o·,,. • •• ,, .. h 6
«hu,ua dKl•f'"'
:[ "';' : � ;::] [�] (I b)

O an a',:, 0'4 XJ •
[:\]
b'J • ,,k,n ""em pcrumun berikut ckog>.o mc<odc Gau«-Jo«bn
(t a)
o .. ,i•"n• .. .,. h,
.lr:+ y- ·-� (I <)
·�·!·.,.,�;••
\o"cm pcrsamun d, ...., dapal eircul;. dabm bcrt1uk m.>lrob bcnkut

MIITOJ)B NIJMbRI<
[ ' '- i [ " ] [ ' l

4 7 -
2-2Sr,!O
;q • 20
l'c, .. maan kc,,go J;k•l...._. ekn><n kco;p d;m pc.-..maan pert•m• don
I, """han J!l:uranglan lerh.adap pcrsamun p<rl>m.L Kcmud,an dcngan Qr,
, "" , •m• untuk pcr:samun k<<l""- sclu"f;!!• <l<l•pat
Ban• p<rt"1tl.O da,; pe,.. m••• (2) doba$, dcnpn ckm<n pernma don
pc:r.. rn>an pc:ruma, y>.1lu \ .cluogg., per .. m••• ,ncnjad,
[!2 �-2 -0,,�:1 f;Jl� . [''::']

S 10
Po,sam,..n p<rt•ma d1hhk•n ckmc:n pc:rt•m• don pe,...,,,,.,. k«lu,, , • J.lll4

yallu 4, dan kcmod.i•n d,kur•ngk.n !«lud>p pe,,...,.,n kedu>. P<ngiin <OI•
' . """
=�1 rl�;1. r�1
f'"II '..,._, uolut pe,,.,ma,n kohgo. ,<lungg., <l<l,f'i't
niu� mcmpc,«:p.l don mcmudahbn lutWII"', dibu.al Progum H
[: 1�
, ,.,,,l mcnglutuog >nl<m per .. m••• l,n,c, dcog.,n mcoggunhn rDClodc
• • "' J,�Jan. Progr,m l<rscbut J,gunak,n unruk mcnyclc:>•1kan 5.l!l<m
U - 2.6(,66 5.«H, 6,6668
1•, ""jj" Jalam Con<oh 6 Pal am progrom 1<r«but. illlul.$ ha;il Jan S<lllp
iru., kcdu• dad pe,......,on d, .i ... � d<ogu, clc:rocn pc:n ••u
.<, 'I'""""!!>-"
ll>SII h,tungan >d,.iabxt • l.500J;x. • l,llli.z1 • 2A5(l6
[; '"'; ==J i;J . 1�1

hhl ool Jon bar"' kcdua, y,,uu S.66<i8. .. h� S>Ste"' pe,..,,..•n ""'"!"" • <, 11.,onk, Tndiagonal (Met<,d< S,pu•n G""d• th-01<,ki)
l)jljm p<nyclc .. ,•n 5.lll<m pc, .. rnuo yang bcrbcotul matnb ln<l••
.,.._,oo,, pen)tie...;an l>,>g<ur,g scnng dl>Cbut O><todc .. pu,n p<><Lo
�"' ""'°""
,I
Chole,k; Me!o<le ;n, d1bcnhn <lala.m boku ,n, kotcn• p,;;m•l••
0 - 2,61:U, S,«u, , -66668 '"", m\>J,h dan mau,b i,,d.ag<>n.11 bony>}; d1Jump,, dobm bonyak perIDll
,I ,I, "' l<rutam1 dalam p,;;oyde.. t.tn pc:1r.amun d1fmn,,.J o<<ict J..._
Pers.mun kcdua du.al,hn dcngon okmcn kcd"" dar, pcr>a ... an
r,,,un• (O,ll3J) don kon,<lw1 d!l:urangk.an 1c,h>d>p pe,sam..,n p<•!•m•. ll,pan� wtem pc.- bcnkut
Kcm\>Jwn dtng,n caro )'>ng ,...,. untuk pe,"4111ll!l kct;p, ich;ngga <l<dopal
. ,,
-11·1 ["""]
O l -IJ.2941
[' c
:, • 2,3529
b><J +<1-<1
.... +b)"I +<>'J
·••
0 0 4)1824 , 12,9410 a,r:, +�) +<:1«
P,,,........, k<l,g., dIDagi <Ieng.an ckmeo pcnama t-hk "'" d,,; b>ro,
ku'S" y>Mu 4,8824 schl"8S" perumaan mcoi>d! .,,,-,+b,<,+<,r;., . ,,
•
(3 16)
•
[
o1 ·=1 [:] · [HE]
-0,2941
•
o..-o-l H..-0 • d,
0 • '
• •
·�· ,., - �,'"�,
MITT'ODE NllMfKl�
- .a,Po+b, (Ji9b)
d,-.,Qo
>tau Q
' a, Po+ b1
(l 19.c)
-
l'ob,,ndrngan P,, ....... O 19) d.an (311) """nunjuHon t,oh,,..
Po • 0 (l 10.a)
"" Qo • 0 (3.20.b)
P<rsam...._.. ch .tas 0><nunjukk>o bah,.,. r., mcrup•hn futigsi X) J,,. Pcr .. maan (J 19) d .. (3 21.l) mcmuogl:;nOan uncuk mcngh1tw,g koefi·
l'ro,,cdur d, otas d•p>t d1ul•ng, untul pcr»mUn p<r>amnn bcn'<uony> "'" P, <I.an Q, dan , • 1 .aml"' 1•�. J onghh m, m<rnpahn .. puan pcrtam.o
Dcnpn dett1,han .,.,,•p t,,Jangon t>l< d,ketahu, d•pat d,nyatohn ><NlP" '>< odah .. ml"' ,n;k >e n h.tunpn ilil>kukan dal>m orah kob.Wbnnyo, l"''"
bolongan tok chhtahw bcrllu1nya ,!m" ke ,, uotuk mcngluumg l>d�n t>k d,ke1altu;,; Unouk nu p<uamaan
,, ,okhu d•r, \,..em (3 16) d,,ul" dalam bcntuk
M""lkan 1doh d1pcrokh pc""'muo bculw
(J.21)
""'"la , • � - 1 .......
.r,-1 • P,-1.r, + Q,-1
, • ..J. � .... ., (3. 18) o
Apab,b n;i.,.r, 1 d1Sub<t,1 "-''''" lo Jalam P<"'"'"" ke, <.1,u, �,<.1cm
(J 16), m>k• (3.22)
•,(f', 1xa+Q,-1)+b,.r,+,,.r,.,•d, Suh.<,,,..,., Pcrr,am .. n (3.22) ke dol.am r,,.am.an (3 21) ,hn mcml»
(a, f',-1 + b, )r, + c,r;>1 • d, - •, Q,-1

•••••
a, (P,-,x, + Q,-1) + b,z, • d,
<, d, - •, Q,-,
r,•- .r,,,+ (a, P,-1 + b,)x. • d, - a, Q,-,
a, f',-1 + b, a, l',-l + b,
P,......, •• o ter>ebuJ. <lap.at d""'" da.lam bct>1uk ·

r; • P,r,., + 0. (31h)
,. - d, -a,Q,-,
d, P,-, + b,
S. '"" <kogon P,,..m.aon (318.o). mal<a
d<ng>n.
,, Q ···,!';-,+�
d;-
P,• --��c a,Q1
a,l';-1 +b,
-,
x, •Q,
(J 18.b)
D<:ngao
(l.18.c) Jern,k,on
nil•• r,
dap,,
d,pe,olch.
llc,d.,.,bn
n,b, r, ICfln dapal
<l,h,tong rul,u,_,
dengan r,e, .. ,,,....n
bcnku<
Un1uk, • I, IIW• r,......,..., (3 18 •) m<nJ•di · x0-, • P,-, ,, + Q, -1
r, • P1X1 + Q, (J19a) D.,; o.i,, r,-1 kemudian d!hnu"I! niwr,-,. r,-J. dan i«c,u.ny,,
'"'"' p.,; ke n, !au,
• "
c...,"" 1 • "• vfu""'t toefui,n f', dan Q, (, • I 2, l, 4)
Sdc,..,kon w«m pcrumun 1:,e,okut w dcngan mcnggun•k•n mc1<xlc • lmco r, <hon Q, dWlung dcr,son mclllJllu"'-''" Pc, .. maa.n (3) dan (•) •
..,p,1.1ng,.nda
_, +• ,.i..,.., ""'"" pe,.,rna,n (1)
,. -10 ,,, I o1ul, • 1,Pi,•OdanQo •0

,, ,,
f',• '"•1f'oH1 •-b, • -2• -O,S
l
6.t,-2z, ...... •7
2.t;-l.q•lJ
,...,......uo. 1• .. ,.l,-2
Sostcm pc,,..m>on d, ou., <lap>t d.cuhs dai.m bcn,uli ma1<1i« <11J•>g<>•

, .,,,,+�
,, <, ·- -3
oal, - p<11y<k>a.2nny,. d1p.a1 J.hluk>n .... og,n m<nggun>hn pcto.am.»n 1(-o."i)+!·6
benht.
.,; • f',x,., or» d,-.,Q, • -10 - 1><1,5 • -'II

'"
·-·
+ Q, aiP,+b1 1(-0,5)• 1
,,
'"'"l,•3,
f', - -
a,P,-, +b,
"' P3• - ••I':0+bi• - 6(6) +' (-2) • -0,029-ll
d, - ., Q,-,
Q,• .,,.,., +b, (4)
G:unbar ).3 od.aW, skcm.a pcny<losa••n ...,<rn pcrsamaao dcng,.n

mctod< ........ g:uula
1..angkah pc,-uma J1hou"3 n,l>o P, dan Q, (, l, 2, 3, 4) J.u, Ian kc r, - o
u.,.n Se1e!ol> sampa, l:c t,i,k, • n • 4 d,tutung mla, ,, • Q0 Bmiasarlan
rula, -'• 1e,scbut, krnl'<l,:,n b�°"&"" <1,L>n1ulhn dan k,nan kc km un<uk Q .- d,· �.Q.-,
mcndapat.l<a.o rub., .t, (• • 4, J, z. 1) ··"·-· +b,
P.Q,(..-1.l.l,•I
' "
-••· ""' .. -.1.21) P3,QJ
,',
I pcru
'
, " m ••n
' brnku
, cl
o • t
h
,,.,,,:1,"""
, k,
:, lX-, (, •
• c
r,
4,). 2. 1)
" .,
c
n
f',
d
o
n
Q
,
(•
,
.
1.
2
.
).
4
)
d
,d
a
p
at
.
kc
m
"
do
•
n
J,
h,
,u
"
'
"
4.
)
.
:z.
l)
d
c
�
n
C...nlw J.J. Skrmo melode .. .,.... pnda '" ,1. I x, (i • 4. 3, 2. l) d,lulung """"'"" Dl<nggunobn rer..,m»n (2)
,,-r, ...,.,+Q,
• "' "sn:... l'EMAMAAI< "�" k
"
C PllOORAM J.t. I ,I< D>I>
C PROORAM HEIICIIIT\lllC .\Mii $!STEii P!RSA>IAAII LINI>:ll
C OE>K:,.,. ""t'<)Dg CAUSS-.JOIW"" "
11 l l
PAAAMTER i>ffi•S,11>1•6) ., "''
' .. 1 ......
Dl""IISiotl A(NN,KN),X!NN) , _., '10
lOO P'ORKAT (6FIO.t)
-- -
,= ·= ·= ,=
101 rnlll'..\T (Sl<,'Xl',12,' ) • ',1'·') -TRll<SDATA
101 1'0RM1' (2l<,'TAIIAP 1'E',IJI
lOJ P'<ll<K>.T (1X, 'KATRIKS DATA' I
OPEii 11,PILE•'JORf>Jul.OAT I ··= ·= ,= "=
OPEll(S,PILl':•'JOJtDAN.IIAS'I
ll£Al> l),•)Jl,K
==
·= ,_
-
lAliAJ'O.I. I
·-
�
· ·-·
11,m
00 10 I•l,W
UAn 11,")(A(l,Ji,J•L,K)
= ·=- -
10 CONTI NU!:
·=
lAllAP Ul l ""' ""'
""'"" !S, 101>
- ·- =
00 l5 l•l,11
IS
NRIT! (S,IOO)(All,J),J•l,111
CONTINUE
00 JS 1'•1,11
·= ·= =· ii .. u
CAJ[,\Pf<E l
IP1A(1',K).EQ.OIGOTO SO
Al•A(K,KJ
DO 20 J•l,11
·= ·=
· ·= ·=m
A(K,J)•A(K,Jf/Al
·= ·= ·=
1.M'<•q I, R)
·= ·· =·=·= m -
-
TAHAf 1:1' 4
20 CONTINUE
·= ·= ·= ·=
oo :.is 1•1.11
P
U'(I.E0-1'i<Xl'T'O 25
00 JO J•l,K X( I ) •
,0
A(I,J)•A( I ,Jf·Pl'.CT"A(1',J) I) • "m
X(
CONTIRU!:
X( l) •
as CO!i'TUUE
WJIITl!(S, 102)1'
00 40 I•l,N Pena.mun pcrt>ml <lu, S"'em (J.16) mc:mungkinb.o uotJk mc�uh<
W!lIT!(S, 100) I"( I ,J> ,J•l ,11) 1,1.,'1',m l>k <hketoJ,u, xi ><� fung,., bola.oaan 1.U: <L.lto1ah"' ,q. daliuo
CONTINUE
'"° CONTIIIUE
NRIT!(S, 102)1'
DO 22 l•l,N
W!lIHi S, IOOJ lAI I ,J) ,J•l,111
CONTINUE
""'
" 00 iO l•l,11
WJIITE(S,!Olfl,A(l,111
•• COMTIIIUE
a,-•,,
" P1" -• "o, dao
••
Apabol• n,1., r, te� d><ubsl.Jlll>lllll ke d.aLun pc:n.a.lllU'I kodua
.w........ m (3
16), mrcr,;,1e1, ·
u... .1c,.4 PROGRAH J.�. PEMYELESAIAH IUtTRIKS
C TRIDIAQONAL DENG.\N l<l':TODE CNOLES�I
x,•Q,•-l,00 PA,UU,ETER 1NM••I
Dilll':NSION AINM,NN•l),X(NN),PiNN),Q(NN)
UMuk,•J OPEN il,FILE•'CHOLES.DAT')
llAl> 11,•)N
DO 10 t=r.»
READ 11,0)(1'-ll,,;'l,.J•l,NHJ
Uotuk,•l IU CONTINUE
WRITI! iS,10])
00 IS I•l,N
x,-P,-')+Ql •6(S)-+.(-27)•3 WRIT! 15,IOO)(A(I,Jj,J•l,N•l)
" C¢1i'TINUE
Uotub • l Pl l )•·1111,2 )/111 l, l)
01 l )•A( l, N•l )/Ail, l)
DO 25,I•2,W
P£HB•A(I,I-l)•PiI•l)+A(I,l)
P( I )•-A] I, I• l )/P-"JtB
Q(I)•IA11,W+l)-AII,I-))•QII-l))/PEllB
X\ • 2,0 CONTINUE
P(l<)•O.
XJ - 5,11 X(N)-Q(WI
DO 40 L-1,M-1
Untuk "'•"&<l•hu, btntr ud,knya hliol yang d,pot0leh mak• rulaMlll>J I•N-L
pe,.....,... n )'2llg tdah d0$Clesao.lcan
C<ncbut d,m..,ukkan .Ice do.lam
1(2)+3 _, ,., "'
Xlll•PII)•X(I•l)+Q(I)
COOTIWUE
WRITE(S, 104)
DO 21,l•l,N
2,0+ 3 - 3(5Jl) • -10 (•-10) WRITE 15,101)1,R(I)
6(])- 2(5) + (-1) _, c-» CONTIWUE
'" F¢RHAT 1sr10.41
2(.S.0)-3(-1,0) ." (• \J) I"l " l\'.lRHAT 15X,'X(',I:1,' ) • ',Fl0,4)

F¢RHAT i2X, 'IIATRIRS DATA') FORHAT
' ,.,
12X, Al<IIR PERS>J<AAN'J
l'Togr..., 15 d•rat d,gun,ta,, untuk rncnyck>alU..11 '°"I l<r><.but

''
31 Matnl<, ln><r.,i
_, , )'Ing d...,t,e, malnk< mvcrn dauA,

TcW. dijd ...... n di de pan bllhw• ap.,b<I; m>trit, A ad,W, buJl&l ung·
k•r, m•'<a tmlap.al m,t,ib lam ya,luA
' _,, , , ' _,.
,, _, _,
f- F,lc Dau Ftli: H»d
" ' ' '"

scdcm,k,on 1w1£8a dcas•n I ..t,lah rru,n,4 iden1�0.,.
AA-1•A-1A•l Scl>lfl dU j<>ga <el.ah d1lu0Jukhn bahwa m,ttiks ,nvcn.1 dap,ol
d,gu,..
l<ATR ! kS DATA
2.0000 1,0000 0. 0000 0.0000 1. 0000 l.0000 AkAJl P-"RSA>\MN
1.0000 -a . 0000 0.0000 -10, 0000
,," ' ' •
0.0000
2, 0000
6.0000
,," ' '

-2. 0000 1.0000 7.0000
kan un1uO m,:i,yclc>cl.•n ""•"' yang bub<Rtuk 0.0000 l.0000 2. 0000
0.0000 -J.0000 ll.0000
5.0000
' • -1.0000
'
,.m OU!! NIJ"'1·�1K
"
AX•C (} 24) PROGRAM J . 6
C PROGRAM UNTUK MENGliITUNG IIATRIKS IIIVl!!R$I
P.UUUU,,-!R (Nll•S)
Oilll!NSION A(NN.2•NN),AT(NN,2°NW)
JOO FORK,\T (8110,f)
101 FORK,\T (SX,'X1',I2,' I• ',r!.f)
IO.I FOllMAT (2X,'TAHIJ> X2 ,Ill
l'c, ... ma>n d, ., .. mcnuoiukkan t>ohwo X J1p.,l d,rutung <k"P" I) FOllMAT (2X,'IIATll1KS OATA f
mcngahl.•n nwul!. """'" d•n ko,fa><o m.,tnb A <kns,,n ,uM konan d,n 1f FORMAT i2X,'IIATR!K� I,,,,.I\S')
!.l.<lrm Pcr:s,mui, (3.2�), y;u1u C FOllN.OT 12X,'IIATRIKS DITING�TIU.N')
OPEN (l,PIL!•'IIIVl!!IIS.DAT')
Mc\od< G•= Jo,d,n <bp>,1 d,guo.ok.ao ufituk m,nca,, ""'"b '"'"'" OPHNIS,FIL>:•'IIIV>:ltS.HAS')
Untuk Uu k0<F1<o<n .,,.,,.k., d,1,nglalkon dcnpn .,,.,rob w.lcnUI>>- Melodo UAD il,•)11
G1u,o Jordan <i,gw,•kan untuk mo:,cJub< toc:f...,o ... ,,,.._, n>enJ><I, matuh oo \0 l•l,N
,dcnhl•>- S.tclah $<.le,.;,, ..., ka"'n d.,r, <l'l>trob J>llfl dmngliotk>D mc,upu.., R!AO ll,0f(A(l,J),J•l,WI
CO!<TINUE
mauW "''"'"- c,,rnl,ar D odaWi pmNr .. p<O>edu• h,,unp,, m;tnlu WRIT!! (S,IOJ)
'""''"· PcaJ<l.a,,on ma111b '""''" d,latuQn dcog,n CO»loh bmkut ""-
l
oo JS I•l,11
I. c c •11 "" •u
l -, -,
WRIT! iS,IOO)(AII,J),J•l,N)
••• a., •n 'u
-l -I -I
.,, .,., O U 0
[" '
au ""
"'o
oc '
'ou
- c
cu'
t] 2:1 ?)
IS CO>ITINU!
, WRIT'.l!(S, 1051
I
00 16 l•l,N
""
, , -l
"" wn •u
-1 -I 00 il J•l,N
, '
ATII,J)•A(I,J)
IF1I.N!.J)GOTO 18
AT!I,N•JJ•l.
GOTO 17
Go,nb.,r 3..J t:,mbar.n proocdu,, bMu"fll• ..,.,,,t, """"" l'<nytksal,..
Pcnyelc,.....n m.otrW """'"' diblukan <knpo
mcnggun.1hn mc:todc ( ••=·Jordan, <lcngan tcrlcl>,b
Conrnh 8
dahWu Jila);uk•n pco111gb11n matnb dcaga,, m.au,b
(..or, rnatnb '"'"'"' dan m,rnb b.,u_., Kknnuo l'rag,am 3.6. dapat drgun>bn ""'"'
, -[! ' :;]

a -z 5
menyd°"'1lill ..,.J
l r,cbut Dabm JKngurn lc""l>ul d<b<nhn l>hop.,o tl.,n m>1nb
........ IS AT(l,N+J)•O.
CONTI NU!
W1lITZ(S, 100) (AT(l ,J) ,J•l, 2•Ni
CONTINUE
00 JS K•l,N
IF(AIR,K) .!Q.OJGOTO SO
Al•AT(R,K)
00 20 J•I, 2•N
AT!K,J)•AT(R,J)/Al
CONTINUE
oo 25 I•l.11
rACT-AT(I,K)
IF(l.!Q.K!GOTO 25
DO )0 J•l,2•N
AT(I,Ji•ATil,Jj-FACT•AT(K,J)
COliTIIIUI
COliTINUI
>'11.lH(S, l02)K
DO 40 l•l,11
WRITE(S. 100) (AT1 I ,JI ,J•l, 2•N)
••• COOiTIIIUE
CONTINUE
n
WRIU(S, )04)
00 22 J•),N u, \1rtoddteno,1
·'="' ·
W�ITE(S,IOO)IATII,N+Ji,J•l,N)
22 CONTIIIUE llcberap,> mctodc: y,.og <d•h J;pe1t1an d, d<p;n 1crm •• uk <bl.,rn
•• 1,,<lc L,ogsung. D.i.l•m ••b b>b 1n1 •k•• d;pel,111; motode L,U'I. y,.,tu mclode
, , .,., Dalam ha.I 1<•1co1u metode '"' lcb,.h b111k d!bo.od,ng d<ogan mc1ode
fikDa10
'"""'""8, ,ruu1,,y,. uo1uk matfoks yang ,c...,b.,r y,.ou "'-'Inks d<lfil" booy,.k
k men ool Mctodc: nu J"P d•rat d,guoak.,, uotuk mcnydu..aikan ,r,icm
,. '"'""""" t.Jak """''
'l l -1 Dalam sub bat> ,,.; •k>n J,p:1,j,,. du, rnc:tode ,.c •• a!, )'>.IIU mcto<lc
4 7 -l
a -i s '"'"" d,n a,.... -Seidcl.
MA11UKSDATA D,f"'l<Wlll ...,.cm J l''"'"'""ao d<ngan J b<lang.,n tak d;kctobur ·

l-0000 1.0000 JJ)))O
-
4!0'.l(l
7W'.IO
--
·•·= ·· = ·= ·= ' ""
<..oooo , """' -1ro:,o

'lO'.IO
•'l"Jutung x, scbaga, foogsa dar, .<, <W! ZJ. Dc0111n jug., pcrurnun
2.0000 ·lW'.IO
•=
'IA l"RJKS Dm�GKA'n<AN
- ,_
·= ··= ,=
=
·= - ·· · -· -
,,...,
'" , <l>n k«,ga uotuk m<nghdung '2 d.n .<3, ><iunsg., <bda))21
·= ·= ·= ·= ·=
TAllA.Pl<E l
l'c,s.ao,a•n pcr,,m, dar, """cm J1 ala< da� d,gunokan untu.i<
0..0000
·-·
·=
- ·=
·l-066'
(b, - .,,.., - Ql)-'3)
·= ·= ,m, -OIB> ••w
-
�
•m• �" ii "" ••• (J 21)
0..0000
,m, (bi - "''x, - Qll-'3)
- -· ·- "" ••
TAllAPKI' l
,_
-
1.0000 0.0000
,_
·=
MlAPKlll
-·=·-=
�.0000
0.0000
·= ·=
T
·- ·-
=
·= �,w'",
(b)-Ql]Z] -•>.:.r:i)
••• ••
'IA11UJ<.S ,.�"VU.S
O.J<91 -4 ... ! 0-""" I htungan d,mu!a, dcogan n;J;, pc,k,.,.n ,w.11 set.Mang uotuk vanobd
-4.lll.1 U><> (b<Manya scmua va1,abel d;,mt,;I .. rn• dcogao nol) N,I., pc:rk1·
-4.J6ll 0- Q>OII ' , "' .,,.,I •c•scb,.,1 d"ub<rnu,.kan ke d.,lam ,..., k.,,,.,. d•n """"' Ptr,am.a•n
I \.claojutny,. nilar vuomng d,dap>I t«scbut d>,uw,1.,;l:an k '""'
"" Jar, ..;,.,cm (327) Jai!:r untuO mcOO.,p;thn 01i11J pcrk;,,,o todua.
I, ,-Jur tcrscb,.,1 J,uiug, !.,gr """I"" olhr «h>p vanabcl pad., """" ••"
' .� k•U rul.a, �• •l<flJr l:c" 1 Ap;bd.,upe,sl::rip" mcounJull.a.o 1umlah
"'· mah Pc,um,.� (J.?7) dap,ll d11uln mcn1,.:h
• OI SISll.\l ;p'RSA.',(A...,,U'IC.R
l<RlTE(S, lOO 11 XBi I J, I•l, Ill, (ERR(I), I•l, II)

'
C PROG!lM< J .7.
C l!ENC,JtI AXAR SISTEK PtRS......_..N LINlER G¢TO 26
C DENGAN ,U:T¢DE ITERASI JACOBI S2 liRITEIS,104)
P1.RA>!l!T!R (NN•l) CNN DO 60 l•l,11
OIKENSIO!l AINN,Nlhl),X>.(NN),XB(NN),ERR(NN), I l WRITE( S, 101) I,XB( I)
OPEN il,PILE•'JAC08!.DAT:) 60 CONTIIIVE
OPEN (5,PILE•'J/<COBI.H>.5 ) 100 PORIO\T (J'8.•,J'8.:.li
·�·
ltEAD (l,•iN IOI tORIO\T (Sx,·x1•,12,· ) • ·,ulD.4)
DO 10 I•l,N t02 FORIO\T (2X, tTEIV.SI HITUNGAN
R£AI> 11,•)(A(l,Ji,J•\,N+l) 101 FORIO\T (:IX, IIATRUS D"T"")
10 CONTINUE 04 PORIO\T I 2X, "HAS IL HITUtl<)AN• I
W"1U iS,1011
WIUT!iS,•)N
DO lS l•l,N
'< [,E DATA
'""
\fRITE (S,lOO)(A(l,Ji,J•\,N+l)
COIITlNUE
WUU(S,102)
DO 21 l•l,H
XJ.(Ii•O
I -J 20
2 S 10
''
xB(I)•O.
CONTltlUI liAS?L
DO 25 l•l,N
BB• I. /1,i I , II D"TA
00 30 J•l,N
A(!,J)•A(l,J)•BB .0000 1.0000 -1.0000

' 5.00
]0 CONT!NU• 0000 7.0000 -J.0000
!
20. 00
J.(l,I)•O. .0000 -2.0000 s.0000 10 .oo
Cl I)•A1 I, N+l) •U ITl':R.\SI HITVIIGAH
H 00 JS I•l,N
SUM•O.
I 1810
. S714
2.76)9 2.4762 20.6\1 3. ,s 19. 23
J.1291 2.ss2, 12 • 12 11.H 2.!19
DO tO J•l,N nu 6. 51 2. so
SUH"SUK+Ail,Ji0l<A(J) >:lH
J.OSJI 2.62Jl 2. JO
o,s J.1388 2.6ll5 J. 22 2.73 0. 32
40 CONTINUE
U I I i •·SUJl+C( I I , l 06 3.11'4 2.U62 r . J2 0. 71 0. 56
JS CONTINUE ,038 J.IJS5 2.608 O. 86 0.67 0. 02
J.12BJ 2.6500 O,H 0. 2J
00 45 I•l,N ' II 2 O. 12
J.1316 2.608 O. 2 J 0. l 7
EllR(If•ABS((XB(l)-xA(l))/XD(ll)"i00, 'OS4 0. 0 l
J.lJIS 2.6505 0.12 0. 07 0, OJ
45 COll'UNUE IL HITVIIGAN
00 50 I•l,N X( I ) • I. 5063
IP(ERR(IJ.OT.0,l)GO'l'O SI •( 2 ) • l.1)28
SO CONTINUE •( J ) • 2.6504
GOTQS'.l
51 00 SS I•l,N
,U.(li•XBlll
SS COIOTINUE
•
,,
o . (b1 - G,l.Q - G!)LJ ) ., .• s-o+o.1,66(;,67
.., ·-· )
•-1 ,-, (3 ZS)

y' • 2ll-O+ O •1.85714
,-, - GZ);(J
_,.; • (bl - G))-'l
••
)
, .10-;+o.2 '
N,1>, z '.y '. d .. , ' Y"'8 dopcrnlch udak ..,,.. dcngo,, rulll pcma:.laa.
""
ltc,.., lutu"&'-1" be10khor ><tdoh .
,,,.. dol•nJuthn d<npn mcmasullon ,nJa, x',y',d;o, kt dotam
,maan (2) unouk mc�•lungz ",y ", d•n, da-o t .... w.an yang tcrJod,
< - >«n1< + 2
""'" 1<bh d;pcoll.ru kritc,,.,_ b,:r,kut ·
• - �--
a - - l,3809S
dc"3>n ,, odabh b,.t ... n k<tebt;..,, yug daebc:od.a:U
c..,,..,9
y ••
·
•• • l � - \ 6f:H,7 100% • l!OW'l
20 - 4(!,66667)
r
+) m • 2,11,i\lO
2,76190 - 2,85714
S.1<.s.,Ltati wtco, pc,..,,.,.. be<ikut dcng,.n mctoJt """" Jacob,. '• • 2,76190 I�• l,4.l
3.<-+. ,- ,-s - 10 - 2(1,66667) + 2(2) - 2,13333
tu ' '
2,IJJ33 - 2
lc,-ly+S:•!O •• • 2,13333 lOO'l, • 6,�
5 y+,
l'nr<�ion )
-
�o!.lcm pcrumll10)'1
h ke'-'l,h,a y"" ,cL,c,f kcol (l"h•d>r �1ch1.,n '"'ii d,!waphn)
,. '
10-:Z.+2' mpe,ap.,t d,n ""'mudahk•n h,,ungan d,...,,, P""I';"' l 7 uolui.
""' � .,;em pc, .. .,..,.., Lo,e, d<fll>" .,.ng,,o.,l>o ""'lode J>O.>b,
-=
,,, ••
" ,e..,.but d,g""-<k.on Ulltuk -,iy,,le&&>l.•o
[)c"II-'• l,ngh! ketdolWI scbaar O I
po:r;amuo daLm
h.u,I lutungan illrcrnkb
, k 10 Dal.am pro,;rtm tcrocbut, ditth,, ha>d .Jar, 0<tup t&bap
"' ll.,.J Muopn •dal.ahx1 - 1,'.063 x,, :S- 'l- 1 (,5(14
'" (,,,.... kodtl

t.angi:•h p<fl>m> d"""'1 nda, z • 1 •: • O dat1 d,h�unanii., ,',y', daii,' h """' mc!odc J""obo, rulaox1 - <hh.Lu04 <l>n pcrsamho pcrum.o
•• , un.u.JI untuk mcaglut.u,g ••I••
I•
x, d<og>n penama .. k«hu
,,,..., J"P mWx, tKbk <loguoakao untuk mcO>C>nx� «h"'IS' o,h, OiW
• •
tc<5<but udok dtmanfulk•n '>cbcn>rn)'> nil:u-ru!.u t,,;,,o tcrseb<n kW. bllk '>d.u , ,1 ·, d .. , rans d,perokh udu <asn>. denpn rulu J>C"',..1""
d•n n,i.; n;t,, yang loma D, dal•m metod< G•= s.,;&1 Dil•• nol>• let.WW " ,d,l•niu•k•ndcnpnpn,,.Jurdiausuntul::menglww,gx ',y",d>n,'
dun•nfa>tk:u, wnuk mcngh;lu"« ,......i,.1 benk"1nyo I ,L.,..I ....... J'2'1Ct<�
Scpc:r1, dala.in mctod< Ja® ..... ,.. Pc ... Olll1! (l.26) d;ut,ah m<Dj><II
, S - 1,90476 + 2,(,;152"1 • 11.1016
..stem Pcn,.mun (l 27) Kcmud••• ko �m pen.am..,.
(2) J;.ub,t�=bn DIW ,eo,l:,>rang A__., (bia..,,ya <hamW nol), ,.1ungga
!>"""""'
du, S'51c"'
'
1 73016 - I lillJJ _
.
)67'll,
rv»
(&,-4u.J-4U"1� 1,1.1016 '
1 (3.29.,)
"" ••• , - -,m,cssc,no161J + )(2,00524} _, ,,-

.,.,,·..·..
-.r,a., ba,u d.m ,l tcr>eb"' komuJ;,n rusubol>t..,k>• kc dallUII pc:rsa
mno kedua <WI S»lcm (3.rT), 0<"1ntlga. , • ;� 1>'"'>17(, • 3115%
y 2,?664< •
(329b) • 10 • 'l(t,71016) + 2(2,'lt>6'4). 2,,1,51

' s
o..,;wn l'f" ko <!flam petl,2ID.llll kwp Jan �;..cm (3 21) d1>ubse,
,.........., ruLu b.inu1 dao Zl, sebU181,1 didap>I • 2,,1,s1 - 2,09s2o1. 11.22%
., .
1
'
(i>,-4'1Z!-4'2r.!) '• 2,414S!
... ' (3.29.c)

11,tunpn d•l>•JOlkan d<npn JKoocdu• d; >tas, .. mpa, aklun,ya
D<,v.n ,...,. ocpcrt, ,n, ml,; .<i,-'l,Zl ab.n dipc:rnleh lebo.b c,,p.at <W",
pa<!> molodc Jacob,
'
COdtob 10
S<lc,..a,.b.n ....! dal•m oonloh 9 dengo.o mc:toJe �"'""' G•uso,.,.Klcl
f'<•J<l<>alan
I angbb pcrtama d,coba ruLu y '" , • 0 dan dihiOog .< ' dcngan mcng
gu!l..LU.11 l'cr1.IDIUD () 29..a)
..... s-o+o .. ,fjl,l,67
'
p.,..m .... (3.29 b) digunakan uruuk rn<�ung oil.ii y •
, :l(J - :4(1,66667) + J(O) • > -·-

J " 1 ·""' '°
r,.,i.;: ' ddutung dcagan dan PcrwnllD (3.l!l.<)
, , .. 10- 1,(1.66667) + 2(1,904161 .. 2,09™
, .,,1, h k ... lahan yang ,d,tJ! lea! (tcrhadap kc1ew..._. - ddLar•pl>n)
1,,.,ul m<Dlp<te<pat d>n mcmudahkan Mu.,,gan. dibu.,t Program 3.8. unlul
• .,,lu<uog ...icm pcn,amaan lm,c, dengan me� mclodo J>Cobi
t', , •••• tcncbul d,gun>kln "4!ul mcnycbm.an >&>lcm pc<Ym •• " d,lam
, ,.,,,,h 10 D<ng.o ,oaJ d,n 1;ng1<.o, kc1clitw1 J'llllll s.ima dengan m,todc
I, ,,1,, '"'" 0,l'll,, has,.I bdungan dipcrnkh pad., �crui kc 6 Dalom
, ,m 1cr,cl,u<, d,tul,s bas,.I dat1 wup tWp llll.ungu,. H,sil h,tu�
><-
,h ,, !,5066,i".1- \I'll 1,x, •2,64'!8.
•
C PROGRAH J.9
C ""'NCARI AJtAJl SISTEK P!IUIAH.>.AN LINIRR
C O!NGAN METODE ITEIUISI OAUSS-SEIOEL
_,.
W "<IF),l f'I RMMM)I IJ�10,
l<!UT!(5, 1001 (XBI I), I•l, N), (ERR(IJ, I•l ,NI
WRITE(S,1041
t>0 60 l•l,H
•
pARAMP;ff]t (N•J)
DIMENSION A(K,K+l),J<.\IH),XB(MJ,XC(M),E(NJ,C(HI IIRITt(5, 101 i I, X81 I I
OPEii (1,FILl<•'JACOBI.OAT') ,o CQNTINIIE
OPEii (5,FILE•'SEIDEL.liAS') 100 FORMAT (lr9.f,JF8.2)
·� ·
READ (l,•)N JO! FOltHAT (5X, Xi',H,• ) • ,4'10,f)
00 10 I•l,N 10;/ FORAAT (2X, !TERASI BIT\INGAN')
1\1:AO (i,•)IA(l,Ji,.J•l,llil) IJ FOltHAT (2X,'KAT1llXS OAn')
10 C<>NTINU! "• FORMAT i2X,'HASI� H!TUN(;""'I
""ITE (5, 103)
WltlTE(5,•JN
DO 15 I•l.,N '"°
"IIITE (5,IOO)(A(I,J),J•l,N+li
M�Tl<I�S OU ..
15 CONTINUE
IIIIITE(5,l02)
00 21 I•l,11
l<AIIJ•O.
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7.0000 -3.0000
S .00
2 0. 00
I 0000 -2.0000 s.0000 IO , 0 0
XB(I)•O.
21 COl'TJNU! lTl<RASI HIT\ING ..N
DO 25 I•l,N 1.666? 1.900 2.0952 100,00 100.00 l00.00
IIB•l,/A(I,Ij I 7J02 2. HU 2.u,s J.61 Jl . lS 13.22
! so, I l • 6l
00 30 J•l,N J.0066 2.58.9 l. 99 6 • 52
A(I,Jj•AII,J)•BI I 5254 3.0924 2.620 I • Sl 2. J8 I. 67
JO CONTINUE I. 5115 J.1191 2.601 o. 92 0. 86 0. 62
A(I,Il•O, l. �OM J, 1H2 l.6Ul 0. 23 o.a o. 19
C(I)•A(I,N+l)•OB H"5!� IIIT\INGAN

:25 CON"rlNUE X( I ) • I. 5066
26 00 15 I•l,K X( 2 ) • J, llll
S\)11•0. X( J ) • 2,HU
00 40 J•l,N
SUll•SUK+A(I,.J)•JU,iJ)
COM'TlNUE , • \...,! 1.a1;han
xa ( IJ •-su,•• c ( I I
I ul� bencuk pcrumun matnb berikU1 m<nJod; su>lu ..,,.,., pc,..maa,
[l: ;-:] rl�.�]-[:]

XC(Il•IUl(II
XA(Ii•XB(II lrn,c,
"
COOTINU!
00 H I•l,K
ERR( I )•1'BSI (XC( I)·llAI I) l fl<.\( 11 j•IOO,
CONTIIIIIE
00 50 l•l,N
IP(ERRp).CT.0.l)COT<> 51 0 1 -s l6
<'ONTUUE
,. ccro sa
00 55 I•l,N
XA(I)•Xllll)
"-'"""" Soal No I Jeng.,n m<lodc cl.nun:.,, C,,u<>
" icM,oo Soal Na ! Jenp,, m<1ode <.,,..,_, Jo.<.L,o
"i.. .. , •• Soal No l d<ng.,n moiode Jacob,
" CONTINUE
" 1,.,.,,,.. So.J r<.u l <l<ng.,n melode G•uss·Sc1<ld
• MIITOl>B �UMFRIX
6 llua�a.h program kompu,e, W>lul: meoydeud<an Soal I denpn mc:todc

chmtn.., Go.-. Gous,.Jordao., Jaoolit, don Gouo,;.SC,Jcl
7 Sdcuil.ao ""em pe<r.amaan t�al bc,;n,i 1DI
x:,-6.<3+� -11
!2x, + 2.r, • J6 IV. ANALISIS REG RES!
8. 8,....lah progr.,. komputu wlluk mcn)'Cb•k•n Soo.17
9 Sclc,a,.n >151cm per>ama.all bcrck'" dcnpn mctodc GoUM Jorda•.
!Ox, - 3x:, + 6r, • 24,'i
lx1 + 8x:, - 2r,• -9
-2-ri +'-<i-9z, • -SO

11 l',ndahulu•n
10 Teoluluut out,; ... '°""'" dan """m pc,samun � !.<,;! 9
naJam ...,,_1..., d,to su;ng ddakul<.ui pcmbuaton ""''" kurn y.u,g da·
Guo•luut I ,, "" ,..,k;b =tu ra<>gl.n'n <lat, - dibcnh.o daWII """m k0<00m,u !
nutrW '""""' ,u,.;,u, llllluk mc.nyele.wh..o � 9 I • ,, , te,,.t,u, dal'4t bcrup., b..wl pcr<Xlb,a .. d, l.aboralonum ... u pengamotan
11 Se�a.o Soal No. 9 <lcngu, ,...,ooe ,hnun.., Gau ... ,,1,,-><pcn1.
12. s.iu..... Soal No. ll <lcnpn ... ,ode Jocobi. l"""L"l"-" r..., d.<$,l bctOao.aa Soal No 9 <lcagon rD<todc G,..,.&,dd � ..... <le,.ak !><ton,
14 Guoakan prog>>m kooq,utcr r,mg tel.ab dibuat dalam Soal 6 untul: <n<nye• 1• nguku,-on dob,i ,ung,u )"'Oji member,!: .. bul:>unpo aotata kcdal>m••
b.,,ho Soa! 9 ,h,an d .. d<h<t wnga,,
l,ul>Ull8"n ..,..,, d.oto bu}"' d.ao dd>rt d, sw,p,,
1• ,1umbuh.an ,ru, b>tang >1au l"'""'"i>l'"II <h
,t ,u boo.dar• dar, t:ohuo l< t>huo.,
'"°'" pcl'""'h•n. lCJmmll
1• ,1wnbuhao Jumlab pco�uduk � fuog:s, nktu,
huhunpn ant••• bndungao �· J; "" dao {tmpe,aou,, doo ><bag.a,·
""
--x·y
K:o« .. ><W'lf" kesalahan aoau ketodu paw,an dala'" ptllj!UJLlll,
I' ""'"'"" atau vana;, pcrubabu. data
I ,, ' ,, IXbar dol•m
J.,,
w.oktu k< ...i:.tu, m;I.,. mi� rndo
Scl,og,., <oolob., volwnc bar""& >l>U JUmt.b
I" '"mp>ng YMS di!.tyan, <>kb ,uatu pclabohoo todu ,c]llu..,.. $Chap ban,
' •• 1.,, ,tau 1•hUt1 Kon,fo, ,e,oebul ""'"l"Nhk:,n pco)"OOan d>U. bubuqpo
,., ", \'Olum< baraoglpcoumpo!lj! dan t:ohuo peng,m"1n
• MITTODBJ',UMI..UX
I\ �'v\!J"S RF.GRF.S.,
•
D•bm uwu.. rcgrcs, Ilk•• d,buat tu""' a,au fUDpt bm!a,arhn "' ,.., M...,wlngot K,mbah Btlx .. Pl' l'n�"P Su1l,.,k
tw .. hllk dat• Kuns> yng terbcntul: d.b.ararkao dop,at mc:..,,k,11 Mk m,).
D,p,aodao;! dau ha.>il per,gukuru debit r<r ... tahunan ,unp, Serang
d>to tcrs.<bnt ;.enop,al� 1<t<lah kurva 1c,h<otul:, JU,kuk,n pul• clll,spot,s1
uncuk rncndapa<ho oJa, y P<\11 be,h.1WI <lcnµ.o ntl,.u yaog b,er;J, d, Ju;,
,!, "..;un R<ndungan J; Kobup.,ten Kuloo Progo ocl1m.a IS 1ahun
,�,,uroMurut ..,pert; J,ber,1;.ao dabm Tobel 41. Kolom kedu1 d111 tobel
,angk.,an dm. yang ada M..,.Jny:, d.a!,tm mcl>l:ukao l'fC<hk:a Jwnlah baung
h<"1lu< ad•lah ckbn rerato tal1111wn, &<:dang Ullom ket,p d,,n kccmpat
at>u penumpang - llllll ddaya.n, oua1u pelabuh;o pW tahuo tahun )'HI!
tla.o da•o.na (p,e,J,l.s, S, 10, 15, , n LI.bun rug llllll .. c,oe) Mctodc )'ling
,.1,t,h n,l;, n,la, l"'"I!. J,gun•k•n untuk b"uog.,n .,.,..,Jc
<l1gunUon uotuk mc:mbu>l kUJYll lcr>ebiJt ..Wah =<ode k\ladrat te,kcc,l
(le.,,, sq,,= mnl>od) M<todc te,S<bul mcmu"ikmhn wttuk mentbual ku,v, T,bel 41 Deboo oung.,.,
yang pal,og mo:ndcku, titlk uuk d,i,
y, (Dd,n)
-Y/
.,.�.
-r
l,atnb,r 4 l adalah pcoycNr>n rnok-rn,k data ha,.,I da.n '''"" pcr<Obo "fahuo y; Cr,
:,o P"(l• >&stem k{)()<Jm>t �Y Pcneupan bcntul: lurv:r,, apahh <ur>'t lmitr
(m'ld)
,.,.
· -�
(p,,. lu,u,) alau kngkung (kii!,,,tm,). >U.u bc1J)llllgk>!), 1«g.olong d:m ,
kcOCJ1deruogan {"""') d>n pcoyd,aron ,u;k .hta, ... r:'1• J,tun;ukhn daLam '"'
,m
Gambar 4 ! • da.o 4 l b �nogl.ah doJllffiJ>&' .J..ny> bebe<apa data - ,m "' ..... ''""
mtmpun)•• l;c>al•h .... oga, bcw .. .,.,,. tn,); A d>n B pad> (,amba, 4.1
Pcmhu>ian ku"-a dc:ogan mcnggu.n•k.an 1,1,k A d.,n 8 ok .. menglw;,lk.a,, nil.,,
'"' "'
7,6 S 0,616
""
.•
·�
,m , .,...
."",�"
yang Jug.> """mpunya, kes.,.1,han Olch hreo.a ;,u J•i, A d•n 8 dapa,
J,lnbngl:an
,m 10,91 ", '
'"' 4,17
""
·�
·'-·�"'
'"' ,oo
,., ,
,".'
,., o.m
l,610
.' ..
',"
""' "'"
,, "" .,'".,,'. ,".,",.
· .,..
L.... , "''
' "" sm
.0,!54
·'"" ""
4 13
Iy;•lM,51 I (r;-y)' • l lo,507

(a) pruh... , (l>) p,slfflJlunl
Gamt,;,, 4 I. l'loo da" �ukur.. Nola, re rat• dala (y) ad>loh iuml,h mla, <hit• ()'J d.t>ag; de"S"n Juml,b
,!;1, (�). ya,,u.
An.&<>< "UC" dc:ng.on m<lc,le kuadr>! terk<c;I baoyak me"8fillllllk..o
beberop,a """"'' d,n \0011 .11at1>11k Olch karma Ltu Kb<lum mempeiaJa,,
reg,-,., �ua.drat terkec,11,h,h mend.Jam, dalam ,ub b,b t,c,;kut ••m dw,g.,i
,-. !!:l
kemb;,h beber.p,a l""'"P >l>h>t<k.
"
,11:rroDf �v,u,.1u•
O•" d•t• d:olarn Tot>lab
. "
::!: .r, ::!: )',
; • ,.:.1... • •.:.!... • !OSJI • 7.()34 ------------------------·• "·
• 15 15
cl•,) • ! o, •
Pcll)'<b.!••• data dapa! d,oku, denpo mcngg"Oll.lD de""" .i....tv
(«) !«h•�•r <DI.at <«>ta, ,ang J,t,e,...., okh bc:ohik b,mkut · •
.. vf . ..;,,-a'"-1 •-I
•
deoga,, cl adolah iumWr dan k...,J,>t .. h<!h .,,1••• od.ar data dan nob, rcnta.
Apa\>13 pe,,)cl>aran J•••
""-"Pl be= tcrl>ad.op rular rcrota, O>lll �
>1•nd>a- a ak:u, be= Apabil> pcn:,,:ba,aony,, tcrb.Jap n;w mata �cil c . _J_ ,
(5Cm[>l1) mah,.,..,., de..--. kcal Peoychlu-an Jugo <lap.al Wpr.,..nl .........
okh kuWa, dan devw.i >1•nda•, r•ng dose.but ........
••
•, • rl •
I(y,-y)'
,r-1 n-1 Tdrul tcocbut d1l•tukan deogan po-""'d"r bc:nkut lDI

Pon dal> dawn Tobland.at <WI I,,,, ,�,k pe,col:,;,,n J,go,nbor pa,:la Mla!u m.1cm loo,d,,.,! D•n g.ambo,
VWl""-' &,,ga.o mcngguna).:u, perll&lll.UD bc:nkol ,n, -...N,on t,t;k do•• tm.cbu< dapat dd,;cl.i,u, .,.,uJ (polo) ,ear• umum don
kuw.pulan uul data, 5Ch•n,gga, dapot d,!entuk.an •pal.ah k1UVO J2'l8 ""'""'"
so<><W dcvw.l .
�-�
..
k,h bc:ruJ» gari, 1..,,., (l,o,cr) ot•u kngkung.
, • VY.D,'i([! •
«-Yir.,.-n' 15-1
2,8LO l'hp1hh ••••• fuog,>,f.r) y;.og dunu,p t,.,., .,..,'llfilf(.r) yang mempuoya,
hcntuk umum l,cnto, m,
sco • ao + .,,_, + 01..' + (4 l)
ef • I <.!!.=if.
n-l
•�
1.S-1
• J.S'T.I ... ""
t"'cntukan parameter ao.•1, .. , o, sedemili,n n,pa sch,oa,
4.l /,l<todt Kud"'I Ttn<tl<ll I:(,; ,ao,a,, .o,) mcl,lui S<<ltk>l m�D 1n1k·t,t,k dal> &ntuk
Gambar 4.2. od.aLah >Cba,,ao to,k lluk data d,n h....i p<"ijulunn pod> I,'(,,'""'"'·
"" .,. '
bod.vC �-" AW d""" ,u,tu kurva r(r) r""!! d.,pat mewaUh ,t,k pc,oobun
tcrxl:,w �· tcrmud,h a.d.alah rncmboa! lo""..,,,_.., vu;....J (de"P" 1>erou• an) yang mcnrpakan fo"!',11 o.rbaik I(.<) )""!I J,gm,bark>o okh 1�,k uuk
dllO T<topr car>. '"' t,dak t,... rncmbc:nbo h4,.J yang a,r:"'ua;k""' 1<rUl:IIU
..
opab, la pcor:b,o••• t�,k dat;r cukup be,.a, lJw:ip1hn "'"" l»do<lc yug
lcWi .•,) mcmpuny,,; VO fun!!" W,) de- parameter
pall> uo1uk m<ndapalk>n ku, .. 1<1000\I!, yarnr denpo mcmbul '"""" )'UJ
mcmuwnurnbo p<rb«.l>.an (5Cl,,.h) ont•t1 l�,k-t,<,k dm dan l,;..-va Tcknrk A�!, loon!>""' d;.n hhk·t,tik pc<COOllft ad.alah M(,, ,.l'i), <lcnpn i -1.
u<t1uk merulopatkat, k•n.-. ,c,.cl,ut dilc�..J dt.ng>n reg,= i.UWral 1<rkoal '. l. ., � ... ka ,.1;..h ord;na, """'" rnik ,,.,1;
l<!scbul denpn fung<r
'(.-"""·"·· ... ,) ><blab·
E, • M,G, • y. - t(ti ;ao,•1. ,a,)
• -"• - ("O + .,,.., + a,J, + .,,,? + + a,.r:)

• "'"1"00B �UMUUK
•
S DopiLb ..,.,u fuog,., r(,) yang mcmpunya, k..,l.,h,n E, l<rkcal D>l•m
,•,•1 :,,-:(.<;) )'

, ,
D•l:E,•I
..
••
'
mctode m,Jum!ob ku•drat dart k«alahao ad.lab tor kcal �v' .. o
i:;(l:y,-o-bz,) •O
,. ,. «dcnuk1.1n oehU1gga d (42) , .,
6 Dicaro porarncyr ao , a, , , a, ..i.1,h nun,
mum N,la, D abn m,m111um opab,U turufl.LII pi:rta,nony, "'�� •

ao ,a,, ,a, tdal>h nol,,eh,"f;SI. ,.,
-! E ()'i-o-br,)•0
(46)
! urno>o p<rl>m.1 lahod,p p,mnclc, b ,,blah ·
-••-··
oo'
(4.3) -•.•-··.
OD'
'
i°b(Er,-<1-b..-,) •O
,.,
.,--··
oo'
.,
• [(r,-a-b..-.)r,]•0
-!I
7 Pcn)'<l<uW> dat1 Pw,aRl.l.ln (43) •l<an mombcr,l.u, h.osil poramc<cr , (4 7)
<1-0,a, ai .o, Dcogm dcnuk,ao !"'"""'""" k""" 1e,t,,,,k "'"8 r(,

.,.,.�;,1; c,c,k ,mk <IM, tdoh Wp<rokb
)•
• •. Mc1odc 1'uadr.,t rerk«1I Unluk Kurv:a U&i« a
+
&ntuk pahog ,.Jerhana d>rt ,cg,es, kua<lr>I t<rkml >d.,Ltl, •p.,bol,
bx
'"'"" Yll!I& m,;,..,.k,h t,t,lc,1,1,k d;i. mcrupakan g.m, lunn, ><hmgg, pcr»m•
oony, adalah · D,lam bal 111� ao • a d,o a, • b
Jumlah Ol>dra! dan k=ilahtt> d,hnung dcng.,n Pc,.,,,...,. ( 4.2) PcnJwnl.oha.o =&·mums ouku �· Pcr,anuan (�.6) d,o (4 7) .d.a
l,h """ ! ...,,,"'"'"
I". ''"'""''" ( Hi) don (4 7) dapa! d,tul,s dal•'" ben1ul

(4.8)
(4 9)
,1,,,g.nio•nu
_,·. _, ·,. �
v •I£, •I y,-a-h;) J' (4 5)
•
2 o•_l_(Iy,-Ir,b) (4 10)
Apr 1Upoya ru.1 .. 0 odabh m,rumum, maka Ptr1>"'3.an (4.5) d11unmk011
l«hadop J>1,oine1cr a <Ian b, dan kemudian <J,s.,.,. deogankan nol.
Turu<>a11 p<r!>ma tcrh.ad•p JW'"'"elo, • adalah • - .!
•
• MJ!JODP NUMEJ</K •
i ,.,,,.t, I
(4 11) I, n1uhn pe, .. ..,.. .. P'" y.,og IDCWllW doto bcnht.
' • •' n• ' '"

lntcrpol;w P,, .. m:wi (4 10) l.e d•l•m Pcrs.,mun (4 9), , ,
:1;,;) (Iy; - U, b) + }Y, b • 1.<,)I
"
I:., Iy, - (fr,/ b + n r..r} b •" l:r,y;
' I, re
" " • �
l'••i•...,,._lan
l'cnggatnlwan trt.k trt;J,: dat• �· ..... m koo,d....,, .r-y d,bmhn da·

' '
b j,t l:r, - (l:<,) ] • n U,y, - U, IJ'i
a...• ,ambar 4.). y•og dap,,t d1walw1 olch g>n> lwlli. Pen)'<k"'"•" diW:uh<1
•••• .�,.,on ""'"Hl!""'k""
Tabcl 4.2
nl:<,Yi-4I>1 ,
b• I
" l:r, - (Le,)
> (4 12)
•
Deng.a,, °"'"l!S""•••• r,,........ (4.1 l) dan (4.ll) un1ul; ""'"!),"""'
koef""'" a dan b, m•b f""I!" g(,) d.,pat dican
P,...,,,..., pr« WA, 1<WII l'c .......... (44) ... mb<nk .. Jombh ku,
dr"' k«,,W..,, ya"'
lcl,,h baar Dc<>g>11 dcmr�oan l'erum:u..o (H) a.hW,
perklrun tcrbaik da,j <Ut:a- Uolol: m<"F'al,u1 dcHJ>n r l<blah koc:f....,n korcw.l, S<d,ngv' dan Di dd,cnl.,n olc:b bc"'ol. ;:!:'�-� ':"+ :�:·::i�..""''"l""'l"' �! �:�;
' ,.,
D;•I{,;-y) .' dip,.hh pe,<0..,...,.
tcrxbut
(pal,"!! mco.d<kat, I}
)'&"& ,on,aa,
mla, kocf«ieo ko,cwi
.
D ' •I{Y,-ao-01.<) '
.. ,
N,lai r 1,c,,,..,,.,. mtv• O dan 1 Umul. put,ruo yang 1<mpu, .. 0,1.,
r•I Apab<la r•O pe,ku-a.n '""'" fw,g,i ,.og>l )'<lc:L K<,,.f-., �""
Jug> dlpat d,gi,Rll.ln uncuk o,emtl,1, sutu pe,..amun du, bcbu•pa ake,nat�
ya,,g oda, tcruloma di d>lam revu, ga,,.
1..t,,k luNl. Kurn, lcngkung dap>I
:= =�:
,
I 1", h•nngu, dala.m T>bcl 4 2., ru.1 daux du! ..t.lah
; .. i:..1j2.15,2
;;- !"I:. '"

186" 18,6
"
I • ''""'"" gu;, 1"-t mc-.Ul.b uuk Ullk data ..i.,w,
'"
y•g+l>f
...l'J'ODE ..-11...ERIK
Tobcl 4 2. lfit"np.n «g:rc,.i lm>or PM0<.""'1 4.1.

?ROGRA>< RE<lR.OSI LIMIER
No ,, ,, x, y, ,, 0 Dil<f:MSION Xi40J,Y(J0)
OPENil,FILE•"R.OCI.OAT'I
•ts
OPEN l s. rn.,:-. UCR. KIIS. I
0
• o• RUO(l.•IN
a • o™ " PORNATllli
• n
00 10 l•l,N
•'
OU M l, • )Xl 11, Y( I)
•
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w XY•X(l)'Y(l)
00 000
X2�X(l)••2
'• " " 0% o• WRIT?.( S, 101 )I,XiI I, YI I) ,XY ,X2

CONTINUE
aa �
•n" '" m
FORIIAT(P6.21
SUllX=O. 00
•' "• "' SUMY•O.oo

OS � �UHJIY•0.00
� � SUllX2•0 00
•'•
M
•
�
• � �
DO 100 I•l,N
SUMX $UIIX•X(IJ
SUIIY•SUIIYH i l )
� Na,
' "" SUllXY•BUMXY•X(li•Y(l)
SUllX2•SUMX2+XiI)••2.
CONTrnU£
'1RITEi5,102)SUllX,SUMY,SUKXY,SUMX2
YR•SUMY,N
0 _ ·"-�c'c'a--�u'c','s XR•SUPX N
n 1.r, 2 - (h,J' B=1N•$UHJIY·S�Mx•�UHY)/1N•SUMX2-SUMX••2)
A•YR·B•Xll
10><2-02-152><186
• !0><2912 - (152 )
2 • --16
"
- • -0f,51JJ
t\(1 O<RIT!i5,J20JA,II
WRITEiS,10))
SUMDT:1•0.0�
"u><o:1-0.00
DO SOO L•l,N
CUMOT2•SU>IDT:1•(YIL)-YRi••2
,UIID2•SVKD2•(Y(L)-A·B'X(LJl'"2
CONTINUE
y • 28,5849 - 0,6569 x gram komputc, P,og,•m 4 I. ll<W,b prog,am ,.,1;,... ,egrc,.,
hruer dcng,n mcn,;gu......_.
g.,;,s ,an;: dopernkb ..t,
,,.,,.ode
kuad,01 tc,kCCII. Pe= ..
Coot<>h 1 l<tseblJt <1=1<,..,kon dcng>n b1tLLngan tang.,o (k.,li"l•H>r) 1,h y • 28,58.'i1-0,6569x. dcogao kocf,s,cn ko,el0>< adabh
Apat,,Ja 1umlah d>lo banytl mak.a pe,h, d,la1'ukan <Ieng.an ""'"'8""•kan pro• ••0,7232.
R•S0RT((SUMDT<·SUIID2t/SUIIDT21
""IT'!(5,50)R
FORIIAT1lx,·�oensun �OREI.ASINYA AD"'-'�· ,r?.I)
>ORltAT I I2, 2P8. a. 2F8. 2 I
?OllMAT( 2x, aee , 2. ors. 2 1
PORIUT(JX, 'PUS REOIU':SI , Y•A•B•X' I
,o,.,....T(lX. A• ',r7.4,• B•",r7.I)
'""
• •
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•
10 :U
u u
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24
20.
• •
un
."
20 ,,
,.,
• 4, 00 J0.00 120.00 U.00
6, 00 U.00 108.00 J6. 00

22 • 00
'• 8.
lO .
00
00 2!.00
176.00
ao.oo
U. 00
100.00
s 14 . 00 lt.00 196.00 196.00
!6. 00 22 .00 JS2, 00 256. 00
16 • 00
'•
20. 00 320, 00 400,00 (4 14)
e.oo
24, 00 k "I"•" a, dan bi odala.b lo<f,s,en b,,...,an
22.00 176.00 484.00
••' 20.00 00.00 H6.00 re,..m.._n lm.cbul dapat diliru<,Ull Jeopn ""''Wl>""""" fllllf?,
h,u,lnuk ,.rungga d.;iaf"" .

28, 00 e.oo 22'. 00 794.00
••
152. 00ll6.00 202. 00 2'H2.00
:lB.5851
A•-0,650
P�RS. n<;ll!.$1 Y•MB••
'
MEFISIEN J:.ORE!J.SINYA AOAU.K o. 72)2 , ., .. merupab.o bubu.ogan lof-lor &»Ian � 1 dan � x. Pcr,am.a.a.o tersebul
"" "'1'"")"11 b<n1uk gar" lu, .. dtrlgOD kenur1oµn bi Jan m<mol""I! surnbu
4.5. Un;,ri,..,; llun-. Todiok ho,.,
D•bm pcoktck knng d11ump,>1 b.id,..,. ,cb.,..,. hhk-t,tik p><i, "51em I r-,da leg a, Gamba, 4j me•unjukkon trudorm.,. daro li.ing:I< a.4
loo,d""1l n><mpun)-., '<e<cndcruo,gan (lfmd) yang b<rul" kur,a lcngku<>A, • "I"'' fung,.r loprttm,k
"""'- Pcr..m .... (44) t,dal: """' Long>UD,11 d,guoako.o. G,mt,a, H .,.
nu•Jukho >e:bvan dat, p,,d• ...,,.,_ koo,dioat � 1· Dain, G,mbar 44, tihk
J.o1, d<W>kih oleh kuM hn><r, ><dans Combat 4 4 b d,,,vokil, oleh kun� lcng• l..ontoh l•m da11 k..,.. tak LnO:r OW.la!, fung,.r cbp<,orn,.,al ,.pc,l;
kw,g. TaW...t bahwa pen<.leb!011 deng;on k"1V>. l<ngkung m<,nl:,e,,kan h»d 1,1. "kan olch b<nluk b<nkut ·
yang lcbih lwl< dar1�• 8"'io lw,a (lo""- l,n1cr) Agar pw.i,11wu1 t<gtui
hn;., d>p,.( digu-,.U,, ..,,,uk mcmpc....,...,k .. ku,.... lcngkun& ...,k, perlu
di!..uubn .,..,.rouna,.i koo<dma1 ocdcmw.111 ><hmgg,, 0<baran t�;k duo t,..., ,-�,.·,· (416)
Wprucnwa.u> d.aLu,:, kW'YI l,n;.,.
lkrikul ""Wb<rdian d .. luogs, tru.<formasi d.at> yang i,,.,. digun>·
\. "'"'" a, J .. b1 o<la.la.b kon,1anta
k1U1, )'>IIU lunp., ck.,poo<MW dao fo»gsi b<,�., l'<"-""•.n «™'but d.apal d.t;noerb.n Jeoga,n menggun.,Un iog.anlma
"'' '"·'' ,dungs.a rn<DJ>ili ·
I Pmanuwn "°"""#'"'
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( ''"'"" ?
' '"' Ttolukoo pcrumun h"� lengkuog - m<wakih da,a bcnkut "''
' I ' __:'c__c' c__:'_

----;-To'".5 11 34 j,7 8.4
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'-------, -. . .. lhcoba ""'"k mtoe>." kufVll d<ngan O>C1188Unabo d ... beotuk l<>n;for......,
,a,1u lrandor!D21,1 kig J>n '"
G,mt,,,, 4.5 Tron,fo,m.., fuog,., log.,,;1m.,. ' '"

Okh <><on• In,• l, ,...k,
(4 17}
.<
Pus,,nun (4 Jj) mcrupaho hubung>n ... .,, lot!•rnmil:. oolar• lay dao
""'"'P""Y''
r.,,,.,....,n ter... l:,ut bco!ult g>l'IS lu,u, d<ng,.n k<mm»g,>n b1
,J.,n n><motong,umbu lay p><l, In OJ GIUllbM 46 m<nUOJukkan 1, • ...co.-m.,,
'
clan fung,, .,.I, mcn,ad1 tung,, log.,,;tnuk
' "" • k::::.._ ,-----,

'
le:::'.: ,
.... M,<.:ilkon !)CrYmlln
1"""•
ku""' )'l"8 dican aJai.h
l<,gy• log<1x• 4 loo• lot!•+ blogx

•• ME'IO!H! �UMP.1<1><
..
DJakukln tri,mform.w bcnlut . I h "f'·"' J<irulwl pe1'orn,,n uan,form>S, ad>hh .
'
q • logr M, "l''o;:>l
S<hongp pc:r .. mun d& .... dlp:al d!tuhs dai.,m \,enou); . A • log• � -l).J(l24 • lo@:<1 � o • 0,'984
p•A+Bq B•b - b•l,7ffi

Hl!ungan dilahwu:i di:ngon "''"'&""•'••
d.,Jam T,bcl 4.l. d.i.lap.al bebc<op• p.aramci<r bcnkut m,
Tobd ,.3. Oa,i Munpn
lop; • bQ!'l!. •0,4158

-q• i:
" , 1,ao,fon>uui Ill
P • � .. ;1;11 -o.,= M...,nan pcrum.aon kurva mcmpuoya, bco1uk ·
! - " ...
I,., I, <ma>1 de"&-'• rn<oggllll>kan fung;i lo. schingg,, pc:1.amun d, ""'
,o q, - log..-, p, .. q,..
, •1�h
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• c
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-
a
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lny•lno+b:<
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' ' ,, 0,417\ (1.5315
'·"" I •1,lul,n ir....ror....,.. betokut :
', ., """' 0,75�

•m,
0,4.'i.'iO
o •••
'""
,_ p • lny
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" 19,7 ,,,. 2,14!1 l,4240 1,11.92 '., [!..:..':._(_

'
�""'V pc,s.ama.an d, ''"" d•pol dlluln o:bbm bo!!luli
Kocrl>i<oA da.n 8 ddntung d<ngan Per .. ma.ao (4 LI) d.u, (4 12)
p•A+Bq
,
B" n l:q,p, - !q, Ip.
n Iq, - (l:q,)
, ti 1, .,n d,1,.liok,n <kngan m<ngguna.li>n Tabol 4.4
''•" �,1 ungao Tabel 44 d,d;pat bobor>pa patamcter botiliul ,ni
• S (1,4240) - (2,079!) (2,1411) " 2,661S4 • I ?ffi
5>< l,!692 - 2,07111 ><2,0?lll - !it --
IS
-3
Sclclah nilai 8 JiJap:at kcmudiao Jican ml>iA.
l,S2ll '
q•
" ,
A •P - Bij • 0,42822 - l,7572><0,4158 • -0,3024
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t
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p, • lny,
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'a ' ,'·.'. ,,,.

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1�12 •••
• •' '·' "

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l,740S
U,114
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11,i "og,.er...,. k<><dw
., ,,
' " 19,7
" , .. •• T,an>lor...., Tu.,.ror..,..,ln
2l,(..i2'i
'
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8- �
da.n B d.lutung <lcng.tn l'o=mun (4 !!) dan (4 l!)
U/,p. - r.q. rp, '• ' '-' ,.- "·"""' "'

·=
11,83)6 .... 0,(1])67 "'
ll,83J6
rcsrs
.. ,- "'" 0,!29'il
""
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- ·- -
'
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3,43S4 """"
0.00\l.\
5,ot76
0,2916 '""' 0,!!813 S,0176
' • ,"., =
,u ,..,,, "'"
Sc1dah n.J>; 8 d<L1pat kcmu.d10.0 d.,.n mla, ,I, }'llllU :
19,!l916 w-· 19),1'))6
�.ill
' r
'"""%
P ''!','" mcnggun>k>n h"ung.u )'1tlg d,bcnlut dal•rn Tobe! 4.5, d,h,!ung
40,132
\A •p B;j �0,91l6-0,68'i2'i�3,I)• -ll)(HIS ,,.1,. kocl"...en kor,la., bctokul 1n1.

Dcngan dcmihan pe,,..,.... uom!ormas, •J•lah 1',I,,, unluk 1ransfo,01u1 log
p • -1,0(UIS + OJ;!i'i2'i q , • ,/ D! D' • '*),132 - 0,(llZJ!! • 0,'JWII

Mcng,,,pl
<\' 'IO,U:!
'-ii ", uotuk trmdorm>. r untuk ,um/o,masa log
•• 1,1,h kbth bes., dat, tu,,.{o,,nau In, 11<h,<>gg> dopal d,;,mpulhn b,1,wo
y • ll,3431 ,OJA>"'• ,. , �,mun )"U'8 <l>daJ>" CW, traosfa,...., log •dalah lcbib N,k.
koda,cn
Untuk mco,;l,h .. lob .. tn dan ktd<,a h.wl l«baik, d,h,tu"i olW
k<;.-eLa!.i Koc:f!S><n kor<....._ J,Mung dcngan mcngs..,.k••
So,,I Co,,1oh 2 ter11<t,,.,1 d,,deuac•n Jc:ogan lutu�n (l•tku· •uv•
'"'") AIW>'la iumlab d,u b•n)'U pc,lu d,lutu"ll <kog.u p<ognm komput<i.
Pc,,..muo(4JJ)
,;,-., -, -
1·,.,·,am 4 2. dan 4.3. odalah J)r{)gflllll on.ab>,.
,m,s, log don In l<oduo p<og<am tersebut
fog<"<3! bruet dc'lfl'ln l<>n,;
""'"f"< ba.nr,, fungsi t,..,.fa,nw,
'- ,,! ,· l,;:,bedo

•• ... l'f'ODB Ml ... f)<IK
C PROG....... <.2. ""GRESi LIHl!R Utl1'UR �UJIVA Tl'J< LIIIIBR

R • SQltT1(5!1Mr>'l'2 - 5UMD2){$!1Hl>T2)
WJUTl!IS,SO)R
C TRANSFOR>IASI LOC ',D FORMAT(JX,'XOErUlEW KORElASINYll. ll.D...U.H ,•,n .• ,
OIH!HS!Oli X(40),?(40),Qi40J,P(40) '"' FORMAT(l2,2r6.2,4rS.41
OPEllll,PIL!•'REOLOC.DAT') 102 FORMAT(lX,2F6.2,4rS-41
OP!IIIS,PILE•'REGLOC.IIAll"I
20
READll,•)N
l"ORKAT(ll) I ,k D,t>
'"
DO 10 I•l,N
UAl';l(
O(l)•LOGJO
1, • >R< I), Y( I)
(X(i))
'• e. '
• ••••••
r•'
P(I)•LOClO (?(I))
QP•Q(I)"P(If ., . l
10
]0
Q2•Q(l) •• 2
WRI'l'EI S, 1011 I, X(I I, YI 1) ,QI I) ,P(! 1,QP,Q2
CONTI HU!
POllKAT(P6 21
SUIIX•O,
. ,,,• .. �
l .00
2. 00
0. 50
l. 70
0.0000 -0.3010 0.0000
0.3010
0.0000
o. :no, o.on, 0 .0906
SUKT•O.
SUKP-0,00
• .,
J .00 J. ,o
S. 70
0.4771
0.6021
0,5Jl5 o.2Sl6
O.HS9 o.,ss1
O.l276
0. 3625
SUKQ-0,00
SUKQP•0.00 ,,
'> .00 8. ,o 0.090
l9, 70 2,0192
0. 9243 o.uo
2.1411 l.42U
0. '886
I. l69J
SUHQh0.00
•" • -O.J002
PERS. REGREU
••
J. 7517 M• O.S009
Y•AA•x••BS
•••
l.7517
DO 100 I•l,11
SUHX•$0KXU( I) '
<OEFISU:N KORELA$IMYA ll.D...U.H I, 0000
SUHI•SUKHY ( I I
SU!fQ-SUKQ+Q( I)
SUMP-SUKP+P( I) PROGRll.K 4. l.
SUHQP•SUlfQP+{/( I I •PI l ) •EGRESI LIHIER O>l'TIIK XORVll. TAX LIHIER
SUHQ2•SU!t02•Q(I1••2. TRMISFOIIMll.Sl Lii
100 CONTINU1' O!IIENSION �140),Y(40),0(40),Pl<O)
III\ITE(S,102)SUKX,SUHY,SUHQ,SUMP,SUHQP,SUHQ2 OPENll,PlLE•'RE<lLCIG.Oll.T'I
TK•SUllll/11 OPENiS,FILE•'JU«.UI.Hll.S')
XR.SUHX/11 RPOll,•)N
PhSUHP/11 00 10 l•l,N
QR•SUHQ/11 Ull.Di l, • )XI l), YI I)
B•(ll•�UKQP-SUMQ•SUHP)/j�•SUHQ2-SUHQ••21 O(lJ•' 'l)
ll•PR·B'QII P(I)•L <> (Tll)I
BB•B OP-O(I •P(I)
M•IO,••A 0.1-0(If••.1
!OJ PORKAT1lX,'PEl<S. Jtg(;lll!:$1 : T•,.,.•x••BB'I WRIUj 5, !01) I,X(J I, YI I 1,0(I I ,P(I 1,0P,02
WRIU ( �, l:l O )J•, 8, AA, BB H CONTINO!
120 FORMAT(JX,'ll.•',Fl •• ,'8•',F7,4,'AA•',F7.4, BB•', •<1 FORMAT(F6.2)
r7. 4) S!IHX•O.
WRITl!(5,)0)) S!IHT•O.
SUMr>'l'.1•0.00 S!IHP•0.00
SUH1>2•0.00 SUN0-0,00
DO SOO L•l,W S!IHQP•0.00
$UM!>T.1•SUHl>T2•(Y(LI-YRl''2 suNQ2•U.OO
SUH1>2•S!IKl>2+iY\L)-AA•X(L)••BB)••2
500 CONTlHUE
•• IXI 100 !•l,11
..,mm� NU\11 RIK
••
SUKX•SUKX•X( I) •" K,wn; Pohnom;•I
su11r•SUIIT•Y( I)
SU-SUKQ+Q(I) ll, d•l•m ,ub b•b tmlohulu lcl>b d.jclcl•• pcnu,uoao p<....,.Uo
SUMP•SUKP+P( I) .-,,. lo,.,. deogao mcoggun.,k>n mctodc kuadr>t !<rkecd Unlul. lcur» lcog·
SUIIOP-SUltQP+Q(Il•P(I) 1,,,,,. l'-''-'ltlO."""Y' rlap>t d,1urnokao dcoiµn melal.uk>o tr•nsl"Of""'-" <Ula
SUK{l2•$UIIQ2+Q(Ii••2.
.,, le d.,lam bcn1uk '"" y•og ,.c,u•• 'ld.. ,n deog.an tt>n>lo,-nw, p<IUIIWln
100 <'<>ll'l'UU!
lfl<IT!(5,l02)SUIIX,SUIIT,SUIIO,SUHP,SUHQP,SUltQl
lo,, , l,;ngl:ung Jug., d.>p•t dllurunkon dcnpo mcnggul>ll.0.0 ,eg,..,
polmo•
YR•SUIIJ(/N ' "' l'cnururuio
,.,1,,.1
!'<'""""'"
d,l>kuhn dcogan mcoggun,kan mc1od< k....Jrat
XR•SU>tX/11
PR•SUIIPIN
I' , """"" r-,4oorn,.i o«kr, "''""l"'"J"II bcruuk
QR•SUIIOIN
B•111•SUHOP-SUIIQ•SU11P1/(1t•su1102-su110••21 ,
A•PR-B•QR + o,x'
88•8
J•"0+01.<+01x +.
lldXP (A)
,., .,1,1, lcuad,a, ,la., ke,;,l>h,n adrloh
lOl POl<MATiJX,'PERS. REGRESI
\IRIT'.1!(5,120)A,B,AA,B8
, Y•ll•!••(BB XI')
, .. , • >'
1:10 POIIHATi)X,'A • ',P7.4,'
Bll•',Pl,tj
1nlIU(S, 103)
SUJWT2•0, 00
11•',Pl.4,' .V.•',F7.4,'
.,
D •I(y,-(aa+o,.<,+a,x, +
+ a,x,)
lkng>n c.ora ><pen, d.,l.,rn ,ul, \,;ob tcrd.iliulo, pauriw,n d, ., .. d,cu

SUND2•0.00 "'""''" 1c,hadrp u.p Oocfwcn d,ro pol,nc.,,,al d,o 1.:mod.>n d"2ft»·do•
00 500 L•l,N "l,n ool, ,chonu, U,pc,olch
SUJtOT2•SUMDT2+(Y(L)-YRJ••2
SU)l!)l•SUNDl+(Y(L)·AA"EXP(BB•X(Llf)••l ,1 i . ,
500 CONTINUE
,.,
-2I (y;-(aa+a,x,+a,x, + + .,.,:»- 0
R•SQRT((SUM1>T2 - SUND2)/SUKDT2)
WRITE(5,50)R
''""
.,., , + a,x�)) • O
..
50 P'OR><AT(lX, '�O!FISHN XOR!i.ASINYA ADALAII ,'9,4) -2 I x, (y, - (ao +OU,+ a,x, + ...
)0! POIUIAT(I2,2P6.2,4Pl,t)
102
,
F <> RMATi2X,2P6.2,4Pl.tl
.
••• I;, ,
FILE liASIL ) . 0000
-2
.'
(4 18)
l l.00 0.50 l.0000 -0.0ll -0.0JJ , . 0000 (,, - ("O + o,x, + ., .... + +•,i))•O
2
1
2.00
1.00
1.70
1.,0
2.0000
1.0000
0.5106 1.0UJ 9.0000
1.nn 1.i111 16.0000 "
� ,.oo S.70 ,.0000 l.HOS 6.Hl9 25.0000
s s.oo a.,o s.0000 2 1282 10.u12
,.9300 21.6425 SS. 0000
15.00 19.70 !S.0000
A• -).008 B• 0.6851 AA• 0.Hll BB• O.USl
l'!RS. REGR.l!!SI , Y•AA•E,.iaB X) .,. .
• -2 I..{ (,-,-("O+•,x,+a,J,+ .
SQEPISI•N �OR.l!!!.ASINYA AOJ.l.AH : 0.'367
"· ,., .. +o,xf))•O
I , �"'""" (4 18) d•� d,tuh, d.,!.,m bcotuk ·

�] [: l
ME."I'ODB NUM""I� l'V �N�IJSJS REGRbSI ,,,
'" ,,,
• ,,,
&,
u?
&,
&:
u: "'u:"' u·'"' .,.,
Yo"
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&.
[b ,,:" - [i , ]
- "'' (� 19)
i;,/ L; .,
I "m,µo dilal:ukan Jen� menggunai<3n Ta!,eJ 46

I ;Id 4 (>. Hitung,,n rcgr<:"' poldlOIIIW «du d ..
.�.--.".
' . •, 1.x: y,
, .. ., ,, ,,' • • .,, ,',
0.:ngaD ,,:,qua penJUml>h.u. ad.aJ•b da,1 1•J san,p,j � D•r, It 1 , o ,, o o o
"
pe,,..ma,n ,e,...,1,ut •k•n J..,.n bil.MipD l•k <ht<tol,uj ..,,dJ ,d), •, "
Jcogan mctodc 1""11 tcl,h J,t,,ca,,kan dala.m Bab Jll. Kocr.,oc:n matnU don
, '
-z '·' ' ' ' '·' '·'
• '•• • " •• '" '·'

' m
p,:,,.,•••• te,«but 1:,w.a.ny:, sang.,t p,,do! ( .. n,;,t so,<l,k;, <oefua<o oul) d•o "' • • " "'
,0,
"·'
.,..,"11 m.wog koef1>1<0 .. ng;a1 b<:,beda r-.,muo denuban i.-.o.,,. n;1.,, ,
'
pc,,....... ter><hllt mMlh mudah duelesa,._,n
.. .•' " � -�·, ""'
.&<l•l•h kccil 5th1ogga, "51cm
Cunooh J ,. " " us "'
sas ""'"
(..'a,, pc,,.,m.._o kurni po\inom,..J ortle, Ju• yang mewak1b <I.at> bcnkut .
" '" =
,.6.
+-,��,•,��,c,�-n�,�-
•, 0 2 J 4 D<ng.,n mcl•l.ul.ai, huu,iga,, dabm Tabd moh ....,cm Pc""·
' • '" (i) mtnJll<L
"""l""'-lan
l'e<wn.,an pohnorrnal order 2 mempU"J'>' 1><01uk · -o,, 61,1
:(x) - 11(1 + ., ... ,.,i (.Jo -t !Su,+ SSa, • 152.6

,,,
£,•1,-1(x)
"' ""-k=•• da,i """"'"••• dj ., .. adal>h
2,478571
a, • 1,860714; a, • ;>,n9286. Jan
2
£, •I(); - "<> - ••• - •i•l' l)<ngan dcllllloan pw,1.maon ku""' ad.ol&h :
y • 2,478S71 + 2,359286x + l,860714}
Untuk pol1<>0m1al 0<dc1 dua, d;fcrc""-ll don D' tubodap lo>p kocf""a Prngram 44 odal>h program ••alms regres, pol,-,,a) O<dc, J,a.
dar, po1,oom"1 d,n kcmudian ,bama dcog>nkan rd mengbas,14n ben1uk • ,.,:r.un tcr><bul d1•phh•1hn untul. ><>al dcng.u, data ocpcrti d.b<rtkao da
1,,,, Mcd:l!o.
m M IITOOI! MJM I.RJ K
"'
C PROGRAM '. <. 00 26 I•l,N FACT-
C IIET<>r>E KlJMllVIT TEIU<ECIL lJNTlJK REGRESI POLINOHIAt. A(I,K)
C K•JlJIILAH TITIK DATA IFiI.>:Q.X)<X>TO 26
C N-l•OERA.>AO POLINOfflJI.L 00 l1 J•l,l.
DIMENSION X(20),Y(20),SUH(20f,A120,21),A,\(JO) A(l,Ji•Ajl,JI-FACT•AIK,J)
DPEHil,PlLE•'REGRESl.DAT") ! l CONTINU>:
OPEN I 5, Pl LE• 'REG"-1!$1 • HAS" ) '6 CONTINUE
READll,•)N,H
00 ,o l•l,11
l>Q 5 J•l,H llaJU( •. 101) (Al I ,J) ,.J•l, L)
40 CotOTI>OU!
READI I," I XIJ), Y(J)
IS CONTINUE
5 CONTINUE
SUHY.0 ""ITE(•,JOliK
00 6 J•l ,11 00 2:l I•l,N
SUHY•SUHHYIJ) ""IT!i -. 101) IA(I,J) ,J•l ,l.l
6 CONTI NU>: '2 CONTINUE
YR•SUHY/H wun1 •, 120) IA(I,L), hl,H)
Nll•2•N-i 1 20 tORMATilX,'A • •,P7.4,' B•",'7.4," C•".r7.4)
WRITE(•,lOS)
NRIT!l5,•)N-l,NN WRITE(•,107)
DO lO J:•l,NN
KhK-1 WRITE(•. 101) (Al I,LI, I•l,N)
n-u WRITE(•,l06)
SUHiKi•O, LOO l"<>RHATJl2,U.21
DO 15 J•l,11 101 1'0RHAT(6P9.2)
SUHil<)•SUH(Ki+X1J)00(XK) !02 f"QRMAT j2X,"TAHAP XE ,IJ)
15 CONTUUE 10! PORHAT jlX,"D>.TA')
10 CONTINUE '1 4 PORHAT (lX, 'SISTEK PERSA>IMN OISEl.!SAIKAN I
C OU:NBUAT SISTEH PER.SAHlu\.11 'I� FORMAT (2X,'Al<All-Al<All PERS ............ N'I
L-N+l U6 PORMAT(JX,'P!RS. REGIU<SI Y•MB•X>C•x••2•1
NRITE(0,l0<) U7 FORMAT(SX.• A B C'I
DO 20 J•l,N 00 STOP
Ail,L)•O.
XI•I·l
DO 25 J•J,H '""
25
AJl,L)•All,L)+Y(Ji•XjJ)00XI
CON'!'INU!
' DATA FIU: HASIL
SISTEH PERSAHAAN DISEU:SAl�W

00 lO J•l,N
.,.-P::•HJ-1
A(l,Ji•SUll(JK)
" 0,956
0.00
11.0000
6.0100
6.0)00
4.6SH
4.6SH
4.llSO
5.9050
l.113'
O.UJ
JO CONTINUE
" 4.6545 4 . l ISO l.9161 I.JlS7
WRl'Hj •, IOlJ IA( I ,JI ,J•l,L) 0, 11 J
•
"",,
A!VJI-Al<All PERS.\.11.V,N
' '
20 CONTINUE 0 . S7 l
C IIETOOE CAUSS·JOl<OAN RENCARI AKAi' o. Sl9 0.9980 -J.OJIO 0.22'7
00 J5 K•l,N
""' 0.378 PERS. IU<GIU<Sl • T•A•B•XOC•X••J
IP(A(K,l<).EO.O)GO'!'(l 200
Al•A(K,l<)
DO 11 J•),L
•• 0.3]0
0.)06
O.Hl
21
A(J<,J)•A(l<,Jl{Al
CONTINUE
" o. IO•
'" I\ A>IAUSIS lU'.GRF.51
'"
Mclodc regr<>1 Wll<r yanc tol•h d;,,.i.J.,; <hdcp>n dap.al dlk<m·
•.7 ll<v<•• '-'""'" O.nll>'n Bo..,ak v.,i.i,..1

[,;,:,,,, ('21)
b,,ngk>n unluk l:a;"5 d; m.,na y aJal.J, fLLng<L hm,cr dan d .. at•u lcb,h VO·
n•bcl M..._ID)",1 mcru1>abn fun,;,, 1,mc:r tc,�p ,l dan ,a d;larn t,entuk
�utcm Pcrumoon (Ul) d.opot d1><l<>.ukon dcnga,n mcnggunll.llll
""",de yng d;t,e,;kon dabm lhb Ill un1uk 111<oJap.a1kan kocfuie.n ao,
Pc,,.,....,,. tc,,ebol d•r" d•gunak.an untuk """"P'""'"'aw"" dal• pcng.,· ., <l•n "1
m>tan di mao.a vanIDcl � d1pclaJ:m m<ruf>Uan lu'II;>' dan d .. v;mabol
S«ara ""'""' J>"fsam••• ,egrcsi lllucr dc�n m ,-a,;abcl "'e,nplltly,u
Mpcn, tdah dobmlln di dcpm, nd>1 tcrb.uk dan kocf1S1Co oo, •• ,
d,o a,pt,.._.._
d• crolch <k� mc<>Can -uadrat dan kcsalahan l>-nl! d,h;tung dc•
t. "' uk bcnklll
o.g.an t,e,il:ut
' ,.r. ,()'; - ("O +

D • •1-<t, + •i-'1,,)) ' ,I, ..,,.. <Oef..,cn ao, a1 , ai .. ..,.,!"', •• dapat ddutung clan ...,cm I"'"""
ou rn bcr,Jrnt
D<- =• ocpcrt1 d.J,m ,ub Nb tml.ihul", pc,..,..... d, "''"' rluu
�·""°
ruokon tcrudap ttop kocfwc:a dan po1,..,...,a1, d.,n lcmo,d,.n d,sama dc•
•• :ic;,,, u., • l:y,
nga.ol,;ao ool, scb,llf.&' d,pe,oien .
"" L<,,z.,, :ic;,,,,..
.
r o
) "'
"'· U'?;.t,, ••
••
"'
""
l..<i.,x,,. U'?;.r.,
-- - -i
Ml
,.•, (y, - (<>o - .,_.,, - •1"1.) - )
• ""'' (1022)
... , ,.,
-- • -2 I .r1, (,. -1JO - 01.r,, - a,x,..) • 0 (•lll)
••
�'. r..,.,, koreU.; J•iw d,h1tung dcl!pll Pcrumu,i (UJ)
Pmwnun (' XI) d•J>O< d1lu.hs daJ,.m b<ntulc bmkUI
I ,.,toll 4
+ I.r1,•1
1,,, ,, r•«..m••• kuM yang mc11<>kih data bcnklll :
�109032""1
'
"' Ml!TOOB NUMUUK
"'
P,"J"'i..al,n O<b<nk .. dato bubwig>.n anl>ra n,!a,x da.oy bcnkul DU GamNrkan ,c,
l»r>n t,tik dato tm.cbut dalam 04l�m koo,d,_ x-y. Pcl.aJari bcn,uk kuMI
Pcnyckuwi iliW<Ulll> d.ong,n "'"'"gg•••k•n Tobt S<bo,an ,�,k dau teroeb,,l, dan buallah p,,..,.,,,...
•• . ••' ••' ... .. , .,

' •
Tabcl 4 7 H,tw,gan «g,esi 1,..;.,, <lo:ng,n boo)'ll; .,.,a1,c1 g,,,u Y•"l! ""rot mc-..kll,oya 1 hlu'llj !}Ill• k0<fwen koteW>.ny>
•• •• •• w " " • • " • •

• • •• " •• • • • •• •• o •
, J018?2
o c o o c �
��-
,•z
m
''" '"
' '
' '
• " w
"
" a
' ' = ••
""I >erupa deog.ao So;I No I uotui Util: dal> benku, .
' ' ' a

' o c
�2 • • • •• w • �
•
• " •• "•• •"• .• •• -a
'
-n ' � ,
" "
w ----,,--- "
• IO 12
' ' ,..,. • • .,., lhl>c11kan d••• hobuo� ""'"'• n,I., z dan y l,e,,k<11 '"' Gamb.a,kan ,e•
' " ' '"' ,,.,.,, (�t); d>.1a l<Ha;but dal.mi w.lcm koord""'! x 1· Pcl.a,a,1 beniuk tum,
,�ng ., .... bad>,..,, ><O>ran ,u,k dat• 1<r;cbu1 <Ian bll•tlllb I'<"""'-'""
N,I., nil.a, J'llS d,pt.r<>leh dabm T;t,el 4.7 dUIWnlhn dalam s..,em r.,.,,. ytog Mpat m<waktl,ny1.. Hituog pul> ltocf,.i<o ko«llllny•
,•., ,•, ...

Pe,.,. ...... (4.21), sclungg., dipcrnlcrp;,ngl>! uololt
as '·'
:I ' ' r.n
al.atn S.0. No diool>,.

.....,...,,,1, uuk da,. ter«OO,
Pe1Ymaan (!) <Lp.al d>selos.oikan d.:ngar, mctode y.,ng diberdc,n do
ll,m BAB Ill, dan h.aoil.oy• :,d.W, oo • � 01 • 4, .01 • - 3. Pcr,amaan kur,,. lhwla..b p<r .. rna,n ga,11 yang mewokil, hhk data dal•m � 4 d<ogon
yang diha<ilkon odallh I' ,..,mun chl)(llle"',>L dan lll1ung ltocfo;,co kordlllnya 1'1"1 komcotar
,l,n l>uo< k=mpuh1rt l«�>p "-=! hnungan Soal No 4, S dan 6
y•5+4.<i-hi
1<0,tl.ob pc,samun gans yang mew.wit 1n,lt <lat> b<rt);u1 La�
I"-"-""• yang "'udar•
ltupl:an tdalah mcnwmb.arl.an ,cb.,r,n tolik du.,
4.S. ...,.J.l..oi;!,an t,r,elJ.ut dalam w.lcm koo,d;..,, z·y r.i.,.,; beo1uk kurv,i yaog """"'
hcrd•ur >Cbaran mt); da1, len.cl,ui, da.o IJ,u,tl.,h pc,.a,,.... ga.r,. );mg
1. Dobcnkm da10 hubuogao anlan n,J,.. x d:m y be1>hll io,. Gvr,Nrkan >< ,l,1>:it mew.1l;1hoya Oioob, mcrnl>u>t J><™"'-'•• b<rr,,ngk.r lhluog
baron Htok data l<rs,:but dal"n ""cm koord1o.at x-y Pdajah benlUk lu,,.. ,,.er..,.. lo.orc!a,r
yang saua,. bmla,ac ..,.,., .. tUik data ter><bu� don bu>tlo.b 1><""""'""
gar;, y,,ng dap.t rncwtlihnya Hdw,g pua koef'1i<:n l;ord�t.11y.,.
Orr,
' • r
0.11 0.ll O,,l 0,.. OS, 0.711 0,7' O,!l O.• 1,1'
' a """' om o;ni 0,111 o.s11 DJJt 0,)11 0,,11 °""' o,i,,i O.UM
' ' ' • " re

• "u
'
'" M ITTODI! 1'UM£RJ K Y Nil Rf<)t.,,SJ
'"
8 Ru0<tah p,:,.a ... •n S"'" - meWU,h 1n,k d>to dalam s.o.al 7 d<Of!••
p<rsaou.,o ebponens,•I. dan h•lu"!I koef...._n k<>r<:Wou>yt. 8aod1ngk••
bao.il dala.m Cooto.b ), s.o.al 1 d•• '><>.al 8. p,1,hlah pe, .. m,an png p>l•"!!
ba,k
9 Kerialao ><pc:rll Soal No 7 uotuk uuk daL> bmkut D°"""" d.eag.,o bcn·
1uk """'""'"" be,p•ngl:at, cksp0<><:nl>ll, d>n pohnonutl lhcung koefi""n
korclui uo1uk m:wng·m- bcotuk 1•:rwmuo
V. INTERPOLASI
10 BU:ttl.ah kwva «s<eJi lmitr <lengan lwiy>l van•bcl yang da(l'II mcmprc
scn1""'h" dala bcnl;u1 •••
...
o
"
" ' -.',- ,c-�,��•ll---,-
s
, I l'endahuluan
11 llu.ulah kur.a rcgrcs, h111c, dcngan ba")'>k vari,bcl Y""« dapo, mernprc
5<no..,hn <lat• bcnkut ,01 [), J.alom R,b IV tdah dipdaJMI ........ r<gr<", d,.....,. dibuol ku""'
�,
,, fu"&" yang ""'mproscDl"';kan ,ualu ,angko,an l�•k data d>l>m koor
'
''
' ' '
�,
' ' , ,, , v K11rn1. )'>"& 1<1beotuk t,J•k O><lalui "'"'"' tuok data, 1C!aJ>I bu)'>
" "
,,'.. 25',7 ' 20 ,h
" 45., .'., •iuu kea:odcnu,gan ('1<nd'/ dar, sob.ran data Dahm 1<1'<1polw doean
'" ml,i )�"S berad• d, ontor• bebcrop,, took d.,1> yang 1doh dA<1ohw
' ,, , Untuk d,p;,1 n>emp<,k,,•k•n w1a, ,w,cbot, p,ru.m• uh <hbuat
'" f.,p, .rou p<<wna>n yong n>Cbfo, hhk 1u,k d.ooa ><:tcbh pc,....-,w.o
'=hl '! ram komp,.i\e< unluk "-"'"" mctv<k repc., oopcfll i•ns t<I.,!,
J,bcr.km dal•m ll>b J\
'" lu""' terbcot� kemLKh,n dob,tung rula, f\lng:11 yv,g be,ln dato
ll Bu,tl,h 1�ngr,m komp"1cr ullluk mc:todc regrc,1 ho>et d.."lt>n l,g> ,.,.,,
,.,pot.,.
-..,ma deoga,, ""''" rcgrc,.i (Gambar SI.>) d .... (Gamba,<! b
' ", l Kurva pad> Gamba, 5.1a lldok mcWw ,cmua 10,k pcogukmo•. t<la
•bd broal.. P,ogram l<™'bul dacm� d.m Progrom 4 4 , , I "')' m<og:,kut, !,v,d din data mcnun11 g.,rn lu,u.. Gombar SI b mcng·
,l.,n «g:mcn goru luru, >l>U ,o,e,po4_,; hnicr unluk mcnghubwigbn
r 1,\ ,,uk d.ota, scdangl.o,, Gamh>r SI< mcoggunahn '"""" untui. mcnghu
I ,•l;n 1i1,k hllk Jal>
Molodc mto,poi.,,., )Ui! JW!ng ban)'lk dig:,,o.ahn >daW, llllO,poias,
''""'"al l'e<.,.,.>n pnl,oo,n,al odalah pcsr.amun a.l1ab,a, yong me,,gan
· JLillll;,h Jar, V>toabel � be,p>ngl<al bilaapn bu!.,t (1.0teger) lkntui.
"'"' p<rs.un •• n po!,n<,mu,1 .d.a!oh
"'
'
,,,
'-----·
,
'"
,., ,,,
Garubv S l Pcrbedaan anlor• n:gr.., (•) d•• mt<ipollil (b, c)
f(x) • ao + a,.r + a,i + •• +- a, .r" (S 1)
deng,.n <r<,, a, , a, , a0 a,,l>bh P,,<OP>C{or )'UII okon di=• ber<Warkon •••l

da1a;" >d:,J,h de<>Jad (o,du) d>ro pe,,...,.,n p<,GDomlaL d•u odal,h ,.....,
lxl bcb:ts.
<..! 1.,..,......,111.;.,.
Un!uk n + I tit!>: data, hany> lml.opat ulu pol'""'"'''
o«lcr n .,.,
llcoluk pawlll o«lc,h...., <W, llll<tpowi ><lalah ""''W'ubungl.•n Ju.,
ku,o"II f"'i: mclalw ,emu.a 10,k M..aln)'a, IL,nva •da .. ,u g.,,u lurus (pol,nc,.
1 ••• ,h tttdi data � pr;. liu.._ Metode iru <h,cbut dcaga,, intcrpola,., Lru.c,
hp buah lit,.
m,al ouk, !) yang mcni)'"bun&k>n dU> t,hl (Gamba, 5 2.a) Dcnul..an Jog>.
d,p>1 d.hubuog):.an okh full&" iw•boL, (polmouual o«l« 2).
••''!'. d•i>U J,�a.o dcogan mt,iggunab.n Gamba, J.1
� unluk ompal uni< dap,,l J,lalui ku"'3. pohnonual -0,de, f"e", ><pC<!I D,ketahu; n;Ja, ...... lungs, J, ltdi zo d.,o .,, )'a1lu Aro) d:u, .l{,i)
terl,h;t dalam Ga .. tw S 2 b don c Di .Jalom or::101< u,t<rpola,.. d,teoluho I� ng,10 m«ode nUcrp<IWJ hru.c, •hn dican ll1W fuogs, d, mh, y.,,u (.<) t,
'""" pe,s,mo>n polmom,al order n yang mtl•lu, n + l uuk dai., Y>"$ke.,. ,.,,ld'.S 1 � fi (.<) rocnunjulh.o b.abwa ;nlerpola,., da.Wuk10 dcngan ;0,.,.
doan d,gunak>n Un(ul mc:,,cn,ukan """'" 011.,, d, """" <<Hl data l<rli<bw. ,.�.,_,, roi;nomW ordcr 1
Scbclum mempcl>J>rt bcntuk umum incc,po1 ... pol.nom,al, terleboll O•" dua ,eg,1,p S<bAngu,,ABC d:u,ADE ocpert, tamp,,I,; d.aw:tl G>m
d,bulu okan d,,eWlan mctod< 101..t,,.1 untut Ofder u1u (ontcrpob.s, Ln,e,). I·" B, tet<lapot hul>wi&:u, l,c.,kul
yong mcmpu,,yai bcnlul 5W<rhllo.a dan m0<Lah d,� Pod.a poi,nonu,1
bcnkr•J•d r.atu, d,pe,.Jlo:b bco!uk 11,,crpobsi Lruc, Y'<\11 ,udah b•nyal
d,ko,u.! lno«J>OI», hruor ..,,.t,c,;kan h=I yang kwaog tel�, 11<,<luu po·
-·-
BC
AD
DE
AD
mUlamao oe,S<but. sd•niutny> ak.on J,pcl•i•n ,n,erpollil po1,...,..,.J
d<ngao t, Ix) - I (.<,J) • I(.<,) - f (xo)
JcraJad lcb,h �' <la,; _..,u,
yang m<rnpal:::u, fuo;;s, t..Ja.< '"""' lnt«pob,.
r, -zo
,n, ""'mbc.,l;a.o b:wl lehdi N;k.
m ..,,'TOoe �u,., "'"
,,,
"'''
Joi•)
c
'
,, (2) • 0 +
.'
I 3862944 - 0
- (2 - l) • 0,4620981)
t • ll,693l47IA - 0,46:!0981J """'- •.,, %

,... ., e
' 0,69314718 xi-,,, >J,->
•
•
'"
•
•
D•n ro<>loh ter>d1<1t terbhat bah"" dcog,n m<"l!S"•ll1II intc,val -
11,h le<.ol d•pcrolch b»d)'a'l8 l<bib bat.le (ie .. W..o lebih ieul) Garnbar S '•
• • ""nunJuklcon pros<du, h''""IY" d•l•m Con1ob 1,c,:,,ragr•r.._
' ,,
'
Gamba,- S.J lotc,polui bnicr
(S 2)
Pm.,m>>n (5 2) odala.h rwoui uucrpol;w !m1<r, � mcrup,kao bco

tul. 1ntcrpol>>1 pohnom,al o,<l,c, ""'" Su•u [f(x1 )-f "°)] I t>'1 - .r:o) •dalah
l.cmm.....,n g.,ns )'Ulg n>Cngl,<>00,,P:an dua t�,k data d.,o merupabn pcrl.1
'""" bed, huow lorn"'" 11<,tam> � ... ku> kcc,l ,n1m"1 antan uuk <lal.:i.
ha,..I pc,1'.raan aho &<m>kin l:,a;k
C,,otot, I
Doun niL>i kl 2 dcngan rnctodc mtcrpola<.>, dat, lo 1•0
• ' ' • ' •
dan lo 6 -1,7'11759S fhtunt JUI!• ml;,, ,c.,,l>IM t,c,d.,.,, d.ua In 1 d>n In 4
l�:?941 Uniuk ""'mband,ngkan h•»I )'>ng d,ptrolth, d,ketahu, n,L,, ,,.,1.
Program 51 adal>h pr(Wam uotuk mcnca,, LOt«p,ob,. Im,., Jt:ng,.o
d.a,i In 2 • 0,69314718
•• ,,,pun>kan d,.ta ,cpc,ti d,bc:riian <Wam Contoli l 11._,..i b,tong>n d,bc:n
Prn)�l....,,an I "' ,t..lam fut !NUN t!AS.
U.ng.,.o m.enggunilin l'er .. ma.ao (S2), d.l,,tung dcDg><> wcrJ><>la.. • lnt«pOl�>O t.uadn.l
l<.01<r nrlOJ In padax• 2 bcrd;os,,r rul., In d1xo• l d,u,•6
Keulahan Y."8 «•J•do J.al.om Cootoh l >d,L,I, ka,co.a lurva dar, lungs,
!11117595 - 0 g,,;, lu,,... Un1uk cncngu,angi ies.,bhon 1<r.1<bu1 mah perk,·
r, H,to <>leh
ft(2)•0+ (2-l)•O,W\35190
_
6 1 , , '" J,b.ku.bn Jt:n,gan mcnggWlll.lll �"' l<nglrnng !'>"ti me('81,ubungk>n
"''' 1,i,l data Apob,la t«daJ)'lt toga tiuk data, m>ko pc,1.,,.,n <lap,t dilaku·
I '" d,ngan pol,<>0=! .,.de, dua Untuk mabud l«<ebut pc, .. ,. ••• poho•
_opn14118-0J'i835190 � ·•'% ""' ,I ,�Jc, duo d<Cul,, dala,n bc:ntuk
' (\69314718 X 1"""' .-,
'
(�.J)
•• MJ'fODP hUMtlJK
' '""'"'°'"""'
P<o;;,o m<,npcrha.nk111 Pcr>amaaJI (S3), ('i.,), (S.'i) du (l 6) tcrhh>1
l)ah.,. dua wh, p«t•m• d,,; Pc ••am>On ('i.3) ado.la.II ckivol<o dt"S"n inlOr
poJ.w hnr« <Lari i,i,k ;'() ke x1 ,.pc,ti d,benl:,n olch Pcuam»n (S 2) Scd>"@ " (2) - Cl,.565844.!6
,uku tcrllh11, b2 (-'--'o) (r-x,) me,up.ohn tamb,han k•te •• d'l!WL'k>nnya
kuM. <>rdc, 2.
Koc:f=n b1 dan t,, d.m tol<rpo!w pol1n<>11111I order 2 (Pc""'""'"'" E • 0,69314718 0,S<j$.UJ(i IOO%• l"•%
(l..'i) J,o ('i 6)) adol•b mmp <lcng>n bcntuk b<da. lungs,. unwk lurun>n I"' ' 0,69314718 � "
'""'" dao k<dua .. p<'1• ltrhh>i dalam P,.,.,..,,n (! 18) ,J,.. (t 19). D<,,gc,n
<lcmUC •• o pco)"ks.,.o
gun,k,n bcntuk bcdo lwigg•
'""'"°'"''"
pol,n<,OWII d•()lll d,Ukuk.an deng..n m<"I Dan 00,,1<>1, 1<1'<:bul tcrhh.al b,hw, <lengan mo:aggw,akan interpobs,
r,J.,�,ru,J 0<d<, I J,pc,olch h ••,1 yang kbih b;,,k (k...,t.,h,n lcl>th kud)
Cootoh ! •, """"' S S m<nun1"kkon p,O><dur hotung,,n da!atn C,xuoh 1 """''" gr•fts
Gunakan pohoom,>I 0<.Jcr Ju, Jtog.,n doia scpen, dalam Cootoh !, )"''"
,,,
••• f(>;o)•O
x, - • f(r, ) • 1.)862944
•••
uniuk 11w:,1car1 Ii, 2
tW)•1,7911m
Pt�le<aian
!ot<,j>OWJ pohn<,m,.al d.Jutu� doogan rncng;gunak,n Per;s;omoao (5 l)
kocfo,ico l>o, b1. dan b, d,h,.w,g Jtngan r,,.,.ma>n (S 4), (S.'i) dao ('i 6)
. ..
D<� n><�u .. kan Pors.,rnaa.n ('i.4) Wpcrolcb rub, be
• ' • • • •
..
b, • l,)862944 - O • 0,46209813
'
Per .. m .. n ('i.6) d,gunakoo uotuk mcngbnung koef"'"" t,,
1,1'111m - t.)8629+1 _
Progr•m S 2 adaJah J)«lgl•m untuk .,...,..,; <nterpolasi kuodrt,
�n mcnggunak•n d•1>
M, "'"" dalamfu< INKUADJ111S
"'I''""
illbc11k>n dalam Contoli 2 H.,..I hilungon
I ll<nou, Umum lot.rp,ila,,I Pohn01111•I
0 46209813
6-4 '
•••
Pr00<dur scr,erfl J1;cta>kan d, ""' dap,.t d,gunilin un1u.l mcmb<muk
s,» "' - O.OSHm116 1,oumul o,Je, n d•n n+l 111,k Ila.I• llenluk umum pohnom,al 0<<kr n
I ,I ,h
f,(,J •ba + b, (x-zo) + (,-,,-,)

{, (<) • 0 + 0,4620'ltl13 "- l) - 0.051873! 16 (r-1) (<-4)
(S.7)
M!:TODfW,.tJ<IX
" k •'I<'• .i.r..,.. fo"II" bcrkwuog (I . J) adolob l"""bog,•• bed.a hlngp.
C PROGRAH S.2,
C ltl!:1'00! lNTERPOLASI XOAO,U.T M,-,lnya, pemb>gw, bed, hJngga penama ad•liob
OPEN ( S, FILI!•' IIIX\IAI>. RAS' )
,. I /(.,;)-/(,;,)
/ .... x, • r, r,
TXO•O.
rU•l ,386.l�U (S 12)
FX2•l,Hll59S
FEXSAJ<•0.69314718 I , m�o bed., hingp keduudoloh
XO•l.
Xl•I.
X2•6.
/ . .. ,, ..... I - /IG •.<;l - fl<; .,,J
,.
r, _.,., (S IJ)
X•2.
DO•P"O
Bl•IPXl-FXO)f(Xl-XO)
Bl8•(FX2-FXli/(X2-Xl)
B2•1BIB-Oi)/1xi-xo1
l",mbag, .. bed, hli,gg., kc" odolob
.x , .XO I •
/Ir, .r,-1. ,r,j - /!r,-1.r,-1.
•• - Z(I
..,
AO•BO-Bl•xo•e2•xo•x1 (5 1')
Al•e1-e2•xo-•2•x1
A2•82
P2X•AO+Al•X+A2•X••2 Bco1uk pemMgllD bed> h.mgga, lcr><:but .i.p.1 d,guo,loo un,uk m<<>g·
El•(P1:XSAJ<-t2Xi/PEXSAX•)00. r;;I""'" k<><r1>1cn koc:fo.,co daWI' Pc,..mun (5.l!) _..mpa,i (5.11 ), yang kcmu·
t!RIH(S,)001 ''"" d,..,bo51�.,.;k,n le d,lam Pc,..mlln (S 1) untuk mcndap>lkon ,nle,pola,,
"Rift(S.101 !X, r2X,!I 1,,,n<,..,;al .,..i.,,"
100 FORMAT(SX, X r21X) !l')
101 FQR><..\T1lx,r• 2,F)2.7,F7.21
!, (r) • f i,<o) + /!r1 ,.<01 (r - xo) + /lo .,1 . .<0l(r - .<0) (r - x,)
'""
FIL£ HASIL
+ . + ft,, ,r,-, .... ,r, . ...,I (r -xo)V -x,) ... (r-r,-1)
X F2(XI U
(S IS}
2, 0.5 4 1 7
00 65844 6.3 rc....,.maan (S 12) "'"P.,., (5 14) odalah bcnurw..,, a,tioyo pembogi ..
Sepo<1, Y>"ll J,l�uhn dengao in1«pol;s.i l,nco, dan ku,dr>t, 11uk IK,0 >"I' y,og lcl,J, h� tc,dm dari pem!,ogioo bed, hm� k:boh rtndab. Sc,;o
J••• J,pat d,gunak>n untuk meogevaluas, loeHs1<0 bo,bt, b, " ,lcmatis bcMul< )'><og bc,u,uun 1cnebut d,.rnnJukbn Jalam Tabcl 5 l
·�·
Un1ul p,.,1,1\0m,•I o,-Jcr a, d;pe,lukan" + l tttLk dal.• -'0.-'"1,z� ,x, I ,hd 5 I Lang.b.h skcm.atis pembag;,.n bed, h,ngg.,
-·
Dcogan OICOQgUn•kan ti!ilc Ink da!> tc,sebut, pc,,.m,an b<r.kUl d'll\!n>lu
uowkrncng<nlua<1kocr....,n�b1 ,b,
•, A•J x; .....
,...... . ·-'"\.Alli
b, - fµ,
.x,-
(S S)
(59)
o • J\'Ol
(S.10) / /lri,�)
L fl,,.,,.�l
(S ; J\
//lr�r:,r,.�
1
., Jt.<1)
L /lri,r,J
!1•1-•1.•,l
a Jt.<i)
" /
Jlr,,.<:il
.,
'
JI•,)/
""' RPOI.ASl
N,W flt', ,"l,),fl<l,x,, .ro) <bn Jlt'l,z:,,x,, znl IOalah ,oer""'" b1, b:,,
"'
Conloh J
,I '" OJ dou r., .. .,...n (S.?) Deng.an ml•• n,W 1<, .. 1,ut d>o bo-ft<o)•O,
D•lam Contol, 2, rn,k dat> ro•l,..-1-4d•n'fl•6 d,gun>bn uoluk "' ,l, P«»m ... n (S 1) meni><li
n,emp<rku•l.an In 2 dengan fung,t p.,"bot.>. Sekarang d<ngan mon.ombal!
ht,k kc erupat yartu -<J•S Jeng.,, ••I••
tv,·S) • 1.6094379, i..1� In l Jc h {x) • 0 + 0,4620'l8!3 (<- l) - O,OSHl13116 (>-1) (,,:-')
oga,, ;nt«polw pol,""'""I or<ler "8•
+ 0,0018655415 (:c-1) 1,,:-4) 1,,:-6)
l'H,,.-1 .... , ...
Dat• yang d,kel>hu1
11 "d '""'p(>W.I p,o1;r><,m,al Ofdcr 3 d, td,k r• 2 d1p<10l.<uk
'"
l '" n,1,.._.. - 2 kc dalam Perum"n (S) .. 1w,gg.a okh;.ny,, dLd.1p.,t
_.., • 4 f l,,:,J • 1,3862944 {J (J.) • 0,628%869
r,•6 f('Q)•l,79\759'i •• �, ke..,lahan <leogan mcngg11Dak•n mltrpoias, pohoon,ul ordc.r J ad.alah
f(:c,)"' 1,609,!379 e • o,®Hns-ll,(,28'7(,&9 • 9.:i 'll,
' Q,(,'l.114718
Pe,s.amun pol,nom;al <>r<le, ,;go J•pm,lr:b <leog.,n 1D<rna,;uilao n,I., n•3 lo
d•l•m Pcr>amU.J> (S 1). P,og,om S.J O<lal•b progt>m uo1ul; 1D<J>Can m[erpol.0$, polu,orruaJ
,.,k, J de� mc"81!"""l;an <laLa sep<rt; dibenbn ,h,l•m Contoh J !Jiwl
h (:<) • bo + b, (:c- "11) + bi(:< -<'.O){r - ..-,J '''""S"" J;b,,t>kllD dolam[Je INPOL3 IIAS
+b,(f-,g)(r-r,)(:c-CQ) (!) • < lnterpola,1 Poliao,�l•I l.o�nie
Pernbag,.:,o beda h,118!1" pc<1ama dLh,wng <leag.,o Per'3ma•n (S 12) !n<etp,ol,.,. po1;n-0n,,al L.ag,arrge odalah bampir ""m• dcngan p,oiu,o.
"" ,1 Nowtoo, leup, hdak ,o,:nggnnak>n beatuk pomNglan bo<b h;ngga
fµJ ,-'II]• l,38(� - O • O,ololiml3 (2) '"' •1x:.la<o pohnoou.al L'l;r•ngc d,pal d,1un1nkan d,1o p<......a...o Newtoa.
ll, ""'' polrnomu! Newtoo <welt, u1u ·
,�,
fl,<.' _..,J • 1.J91759'i - 1.J!:162944 • 0,202732.'iS "(<). /!;,,,) ... (:c-<'.0)/lt', ,-'II] (S 16)
f l<l ,ril •
1
@1 � =: i"ll .WS • 0,l8232!(i0 Pemb•W•n bed• h,n� yang ad, d.,lam p<ruma.an d, "''"' mcmpuny,,,
3 7
I, ,,t,k
Pomb>ipan bed., h;nw ked .. d,h,tung <lwg.an pcrumuo (S.13)
f (:c,.ri • .rol • 0,202732'i� = �,46l0981) • - 0.0Sl873116 (3)

.
flt', 'xo] • J i,,:,)-ft;,,,)
,,
/(,1,"lll • f(:c1) .. �)
(S 11)
f !<l.n.z, I • 0,182321� = .fID?FSS • -0.0204IO'iSO (') Pomb>gw, bed., lungg., ktl,g, dthuung dcngan !'<'"''"""" (S 14)
flt'l.n.xi,.<ol • -0,(0)41tm0S-_( �000SI873116) • O,oo186.SS4!5 r,-'1> "l)-x,
,I � '""' l'orwn.un (5.17) kc d.,lam Pe,.........., (S.16) mcn,1;,e,;lan

r-X<, r-"l)
Ii (:c) • /t<o) + --Jtn) + -A<o)
x1-"l> X<,-x,
Ml'I'Ql)ij �IJMF.l<t�
'"
C PR(l(;JV.N 5 . l. '"
C IU:T¢0! IIITERPOLASI LINIER XlanJutny:,, uotu.i,. kope,Juoo m!crpolui, P<""mHn po!,non,,,I J.,ul�
OPEN(5,PIL!• lNLIN.H""') ,1,1.,m bc:n!uk Pcr.arn.a.,o (,-1) B«Jao.arb.o 1u,k da,a Y'"8 ada komo,,1,>n
no-o. 1,lntung kocr"'"'" bo, b1, d>D b, Bo"lul ,ru d1bc:r,k"" P''*du, u.otuk nw,.
PXl•l.ll6l944 , ,�uk•o rula, dau koc:fi,...n·kocfoieo ter .. blrt.
PX2•1. 7917595
FEKSAl<•O. 693)0)8 Kocfa,co bo dap>t d,hnung dan Pcr<>ma•n (SJ) de"!! .. rncma:ruilon
XO•l. n,l., x•;t0
XI ••.
X2•6. /µa,) • bo + b, (:to - .tO) + I>, (:to - .QI) � - xi)
X•2.
Bl•(FXI-PXOi/(Xl-XO) bo - f (:<(,) (S.4)

B2•(PX2-FXO){(X2-X01
FlXl•FX0+8l•(X-X0) Al"'bd• Per .. m;,an (S4) d>Sut,,.,,1..,l•n le dol:un Pe,.. maao (33),
P1X2•PXO+a2•1x-XO)
El•1F!.�SAl<·PIXli/P!KSAK•l00, I "' l.cmOO,.,, d!nr"'ukk•n nol>1 _..._..,. rnak• >ho d1pernl<h koc:fi""n bi
E2•1F!.�SAK·FIX2J/P!KSAK•lOO.
llJlITE(S, 1001
WRIT!(S, 1011 X,FIXl, FlX2,!1, E2
100 FORHAT(JX, 'X PIA(XI FJS(X) -.:2 • )
101 FOIUIATj lX, 14-2, 2Pl I. 7, 2P7. 2)
1!LE HASIL
'"'
Ap.,bila Pc,,.,rnaan (S 4) d•n (3 5) J;s"""-1tu,.1ho kc d,l,m Pcrsaruan
x PlA(X) UR(XI El E2 <) d,n un,ul x•r:, rnaka alao dopernkh koer,s..:n b:
2.00 O.U2098J O.J58J5l9 JJ.Jl O.lO
�,) - {(,,,)
N,) • Jlxo) + (;', - .<a) + bi (<:, - .<o) (:<: - xi)
MWl•run 1amptlnya Pc, .. maaa (S.J) b<rbcda drngan l'c,...m.u.o
{5 !), t<tapi sebcna,n}'ll kedua l"'™m;,n od>l•h .. ma H•I ,n, d•p>l du ..
"-·
iuklwi dcng,n n,cngal,kon '"'" ,uku d.,r, Porso...,•n (5.J) s.:hmgg., mcoi...i. _,,,
•, (<.-..-.)(:<:-..-,) - f(<l)-1(,o)-®_..), - n) lt:<i-si)+(<, ->t,))
{1{<) • bo + bi• - b,...., + bix ' + bizori - bi.<.'11 - b1.<•'1 • A<l)-f(:<o) -

ftr,)-Jlxo)
x1-.<g
(<:, - x,)-f(x,)+/(,o)
•••• ftr,)-/(.<o)
h") ....... , .. +., .. ' • Ar:,)-/(<1)-
•• (x,-x1)
TcrWut b.ohwa Pers,,moan {5.3) ....,. dong.an Pe,,.maan (S 1) (,.6)

••
C PROCRAH 5 • J.
Ml!JODH NUMLRtK
� Mf:TOtlE ,.,..gRf1:>l.>.SI POLINONIA!. OROER J

OPEN(5,PILl:•'INPOL3.HAS')
rxo-o.
FXl•l.3862'1H
PXl•l.60UJ79
PXl•l.HilS95
XO•!. r·.<Q r· 1
X\•4.
Xl•S.
•-
_.,._-.._-.,-r, Aa> (5.19)
Xl•6. j,a umum b<n1uk ;,.,c']>OI.,. �W l.agrfflll< 0<dc:r n •d•l•h

X•2.
PEKS""•O. 69 JU 7 18 •
PXlO•(PXl-PXOi/(Xl-XO) f, {<) • � L, (t')A>';) (521.l)
FX2l•(PX2-FXIJ/(Xl-Xl) ,•O
PXJ2•(PXJ-PX2i/(Xl-X2)
PX210•(PX21-PX10)/(Xl-X01
PXJ2 l• ( PXJ:l-PXl l i / ( n-xl I
L,")•nz-Z1
PXlll0•1rxJ2l-PX210il(Xl-XO)
80•PXO
Bl•FXlO
,
1 0
.
• zi--'j
(5 21)
8J•PX2)0
U•PX3210 ,h m•,,. ,.;mbol n m,:rupokon perhl,on
l"JX • 00 t Bl (X XO)• U2"(X XO)'(X.XI)+ tll'(X XO)'(X Xl)'(X Xl)
0
El•(PEK$>.!<-PJx1/Pr.�sl'.X•IOO. O.ngao m<Df,gunah.o Perurnlin (5.21.l) d:,n (5.21) d.ap.,I J,h�ung

W'IUU(S, 1001 .,,,, ,pol.., Lagange Ofdcr - l<W. <urgp 1,1,..lny,. untu.i< llll«p<>WI
l<RITI': ( S, l O l fX, PJX, El I " r.ng,, onkr 3, per>amun tc,,.bul •d•l•h
100 YOIUIAT(5X,'X rl(X) El')
!Ol FOIUIAT(lX,F,.J,Pil,7,PJ,2)
t, (.r) • :'i L, {<)ft.<,)
nr.,: '"
IIAS L ,-o
X rliX) !l
2.00 0.62876!6 9.29 • Lo ")1(1:n) + Li (.<)ft.<1) + Li (.r)/"2) + /,J (r)f(Q)
D<:11&>,n mcngdornpol.hn ,ut\l sulu d, ,iru l:tnlD mtla pm.a.mun do

ata,mcoJod• z-io z-z:i •-ZJ
xo-ri Z·-'11
/t(r) • [-- • -- )/(<o)
r-xo
+ --/,<,)
l.o(,)•- --
x, -:Q) .<J -zi ZJ-Zl
-"11·r1 .... r, r,-ro

(5 18)
•tau
'· z-io z-zi x-x, '
,. -------
ioz:i-•,.ri-XJ
) .11-
hmgg.a bcnluk ,otcrpolasi p<,1,"°"',,11..ag,angc o,Jor ) o,d.ol,h

Program 54 adalah program untul ... .....,; ,n,crpoLw pobaomw
I -'1'1•"11 0<dcr 3 doogao mcogguaakoo dou w:pcn, diberibn dallm OinlOO 3
>l;"l lutunpn &bcnkao dalamftl< lAGRAl'>G HAS
� PllOOKAH 5. 4 .
C Tt<TERP¢U.SI POLINOIII.t.1,, UC- OKl>ER J
OPEH(S,PILE•'U.CRANG,IIIIS')
(S.22) PXO•O,
FXl•l.lUl944
PX2•l.6094JH
PXl•l.791759�
Con1oh 4 XO•l,
Gun.akan intcrpolu.i pohnomW l.agr>1:1ge orde, ""'" dao dll> uo>luk Xl•4.
mc,W.!Wlll hi 2 dcog,aa mcoggu .. k•n da,. pad> Conloh 3 X2•�-
..".''
Xl•6.
J'<D)'<lci.aiaO X•2.
PEKSAK•0.69]14718
!�)- 0 cxo•x-xo
CXl•X-Xl
J (. •cx2 I ( xo-x:i J •CXJ/ ( XO-Xl J
Pcnr,:b.uan .,,de, s.acu m<nggw,aho rcium..w, (S 18) . CLl-CXO/ ( X2-XO I •ex l/ i X2-Xl) •CXJ/ ( X2-Xl)
CLl•CX0/(Xl-XO!•CX2/(XI-X2J•CXl/(Xl-Xl)
CLl-CXO/(Xl-XOJ•cxl/iXl-XlJ•Cx2/(Xl-X2)
r-r1 J--'O
J, ") - .�
PlX-cLO•PxO+CLl•PXl+CL2•Fx2•CLl•FXl
111-r1 ""' ) .. -
r,--
_.,, ,•• ) !l•(Fl!KSAK-P)XJ/11!:�AK•!OO •
>llUTE(S,100)
Uocuk i•2 d;u, dcopn dal> yaog dilct.hu, m,la WRITE(S,IOl)X,PJX,El
IOO PO"""T(5X,'X PliX) El')
2-, 2-1 IOI PORMU(JX,r4.2,Pll.7,r7.2)
J,(2)-�0+ 4-1 l..J&:?94-<•0,4620981
Uotuk in1e,pota.st pohnom"'I L.:,gr:uige Qtdcr doa d,gw,ilio pc,,..,,,.

'"'
rlLE HJ.SIL
ao (S 19)
2-42-6 2-12-6
X
l.00
PljX)
0.628706 ••
,.n
ft (?) • ��0+ .-:--i- 4 - 6 !,386l')44
2-1 2-4
+ l,79l1S9S • D,56584437
� _
6 4
T crhh01 bob-.... kedoa h:wl di .... mc,nbmhn basil }'lllg b.amp,r sam,
d.<oga,, cootoh ,cbclumoya
"ITT'ODE NUMU<I�
"'
�.6. Sool Loullan
I Pcrk,raka.n nd.u log 4 deogar, m,:1,gi;unabn U\l<rpowl hruc, J<ka <W:clO
bwdata ·
_,_
• log 3-0,47712ll dan log 5• IJ,6'm7
b logJ•0.477l2l3dan log6•0.778!5!3
Ptda .. h,p in10,p<>IW dilutung pul• k=lah,nnya. Nilo, owl< dar1 log•
VI. INTEGRASI NUMERIK
2 Deng.an mcoggunakan mctodc ,ntc,p<>bsi ku.>drat dan bcJCWM data d>ro
So.al I. h" ""i' klj,; 4
3. De� mcnggu,,.k•• metodc LOlerpola,., pohnowal order 3 <l,m b<,J...,
data w.,;
'><}al !, lutu"i' k'll 4 Tombahui da1t adal>h klj,; 3.5-0,544068.
OJ
2.119
1,0
2.910
I htOf13J\l,)) deogan lDtcrpolw luucr
.' I
..
n1cgral """'" fuogs. O<Wab operator mal<rnatJ: Y""8 Wpr=ntasibn
1 ,, "" l,cn!uk
5 Dcnga.o m<083.,..kao dat• pada Soal 4 lutungJ\l,3) deag>n u>1«p,,bso
ku.><ira( '
I• /f(.x) dx {6 l)
6. Oc<>p1111><nggul1ll.ll1 dato pada Soal 4 hiluDfl/\1.3) de<\gOn lDle,p:.i.,. •
pohoomw order 3 ' '" ""-'"pabn Ill.leg, <bp qnabd .r dcogan bai ..
I ,n1eg,a.,,, a<W.th da,; .r·� ...,.p,u .r•/J. Scpcrt; yong <h!onJukhl, <.Wa,o
7 Sclesaikan Soal 4 dtngan mcnggunab.n metodc Lagrange o,der 2. '• ""'"' (d cbn Pc= (6.1). yang Wlll.d.wd d<Jlllln ffllcgral adalah o.,h,
""rt•
t • ,I auu 1 ....... Y>"i' d,bat..,. olch lung,.,/(.<) <WI ,wnt,,, x, antua bat"'
8. Sclcsaikan So.al 4 dencan m<nggWlllall mctodc Lagrongc orde, 3. , ,I.in .r•� DaL,m mlcgral ,...i;,.. _
rc......, ••n (61) dapat dtsel<.uib.n
' "I"''
' '
ff(.x) dx '" [1'(.<)] • F{•) � l'(b)
• •
� ,., ,m f(.<) ad.,lab 101<gral dau /(x) ,cdenuban schn,gg., F '(.<) .. f(.x). Seba
, ••. ,.,,oh
••
' '
"
lotegral anal�m '""'" lung,, td•h ban)'llk d1pclaJ11II dalam !Ula 1><la
J•rlll m•lcmahh a1au kllll<ulu., Oala.m bulo mi Ill;.., dipdaµn ""cgrM
ounu:,ik y,ng OIC•up>.kan mc,oda pe»dcblao ,1.a,; ""cgrll v,alitio.
I
Integral ourn<:rlk d,lokuk .. apabd•
""•v•I tidu dapal (suh,) di..ie..;bn ...,...-, •o.t1,,.., ,,,
1 fu,,gs, yang dunlegulhn tidak dtbmhn dalam bcotuk an.aiJl", l<t•!• G•"""• 6 ;!. Mclod< llllcgral Dum<nk
oea<> oumerik d•l•m bcnluk ""V-• (!Obcl)
Mw,Ja ,nicgnl numc,ik rn<:1upal,:ao iotcgr>I tcncotu )'ling J,,J...,lM D•lom ,n1<1!fal oumcnk, pcndckatan ter>eb<n dacDal dcngon meto.le
p:td.a h.Hlllg>n puk.l""" lhtungan p«kiroao tcr><bul ddalutan dc• "jl"-""°' !xngon pcodchtao uo inlegul ,u>tu Fung,., adalal:i WD> <Ieng>•
mcndcu<, fungs, r'-"I! dun1egulkan Jeopn lungs, pOl,oom,al yug d,peroldo 1,, ,-...n � Y'""& durm (G- 6.?), .. dang ke>alahannya adalah wna
bcrda= data tcr,.ed,a Bcntul JW.'ng sed<,..,., odal•b apa!,;la tcr<tJ,. ,1,.,. k "8"" luas IH<lang yaog 1..W. dwsu
hlik d.o10 )'>%18 dapot J1bc<>1uk lung,., p<>hnom,al o,d<r ,.,u l'>"!l me,up,,l,..
g>•'> lu,us (hn-.c,). &pen, terbb.at d&)..., G,ml,ar 6 2.o., ,..,. d,h,lung Ap,.W• bany, 1mlap>I du• data{(•) dao.{(b) bany, bu.I dob<olul. salU
'"I"°"""'·
•
1-fflx)dx
dan can ..., dw:oal dcngon mclode tnp=um ..Cu pias. Jika
",-.cdo• lcbob <W, dua data tlal"'! <hlokUD!'I pcndchtoo dcngao lc:t.h dari
,,.,i
,tu tro!)C>'um, <Ian 1..,,. adalah Jumlah don trapu,um t,opeoium yang
• ,, ,l>cotuk. Co,, ini d,ku,,J dengan m<tode tr•pc,,um banyai pus. '><pcrto
)'ll"8 merupaUII luasan antaro kur>'a1") d>D ,umbo .r 1,:r1, ••••ra '"" doo , d,h,i .W,m Gornbat 6.2.b dcng:u, l,g> dat• dap>,l dibenrni d,... tr>pc<>Dm,
.r•b. Ap,,Wa !llU1/(a) dan/(b) J,keuh.,; OW:a dopa! J,bc:ntuk fung,., p,I, ,1.,, luas kedou "'P<"'"m (\,,dang Yallll J,.,s,,) adalah pcodd,un dan
"""""' order u1ufi(,) Dalam gamba, 1«,.1>.,1 foog,.,/(.<) d>deka11 okb/1(,) '""W'l fw,g,, H..,J pcndchwi 101 leW, b;cik danp,da pcodci•tan dcngan
,eh,oggo '"tcgr,ln)� ad>lah lua<>n anl><> &>"'/,\.<) Joo sumb,.,x ><'1• ,,..,, �•• p<a<. Apabda digw,.ak•n )cb,h b>ny,< t,apcs,wn ll>s,lny, ,kon lcblh Nil
.r•a dan .<•b I.I.Jang ter><but mcrupu.l" b<RIUk <••pcoium yang 1....,""1"
d•!>" doh..tu.ng dong;,,, ,umu, _,,., ya.itu Funpi yang diinte1!folk .. dopat pul• didei"1, <>lch fongsi pobn.,,,,.,1
,kng.m ordc, kbib tingg,. .. hiogg,. ku,va Jing lerben!ui tidak log, hrutr,
I"'"' dal•m metorlc t,opcoi\im, tetap, iWVI kng):uog. Sepe", dolUDJUillfl
•• Ml!TODJ! NU ... lRJ�
d,Jom Gamba, 6 2.<., rig,, dal.a yang ><!> dapa! d�WW. .. untuk mombcwul '"
l'c,umun (6.l) n>enuniuUan babw:, apot,;I• r.._ yang d,;nccgralhn
pol,nom,ol or<le, log> Mctodc S,mp,.on ...,,up,;,1.in mctodc tn1egr.i oumtnk
,d.W, hnict, mah CD<tode tropc.;u,. akon o,cmbe,;....., rulo, <ksol: ko«na
1'>"3 meqgu.na.hn fung:li JJOWIOIIIW deoga,, order lebth unr,g,_ Melodo """""" kdu• da,-; fungi, hrutr ••blah nol. Scbal,kn)� untuk fw,pi dcngan
\,mpooo 113 mcnggunakan t,g., cu,k d..._ (p<)UD<)m,al order dua) da.o Sunf.000
Ml m<nggunah.n cmJW t111k dat• (pohnonu•I o«lcr ,;g.,) Janl lnlar:a til,k
da,a tcr><blll ldalah .........
,,�
,k,aJad dua """ lebrh, pcngguna>.n metoJo tr.pcorum akao mcmberobn
( mlloh l
• f•,' dx
6.1 M«odrT,..pe,lsm
( ,uo;k•n roctodc ttapesium "'" � untuk mc�ung r
•
Mc<O<k tr>pe&ium merup•k .. mctodc pertdchtan m1cg,al numtn<
<Ieng.an pcrsamaan polmomuJ 0<dc1 ...... Dal ... n,etodc ioi ku,... lcngk""I!
l\nj,lo,.I••
d•" fu"&"Nl dqj:anlil:an okh gat" lu,u�
s.po,,,
•••hh.i <1a1un c..a,nb>r 6.2. 1 ........ t,,<1ang d, 1>1,.,.1, fw,p,N)
=• •nalMIS
llcn,uk ;ntcgnl d; .... <bpal d1,du•,kan
>nlara x•a dan z•b didcUI, olch hw ""'" IJOf><"UDl )=£ tcrl>c:ntuk okh • •
f• / t'J:t- (,' J- (•'-,")- 53,598).'.,0
g:ui, lu,U> yang mcnghubuo;gkallfla) d>D/(b) <Ian oumbu x ocna >i>!U> z•o
dan z•b Pe"'l<.k•tao d.lW:uhn dcoga,, sa1u p,as (ttape,iwn). l>knurut '" • •
I h1unpn 1ntegral nurncrok d,bkul.an tlt..gon 11><oggun>h.11 l'm,amaan (6 2)
•
mus gcomctn, has l<apcs,wn ><W..h let,.;,, hh tu,gg, rer>la, yang bcrbcotul
/,. (b - a/(a) + /(b)
z
(6.2) 1-(b-a/l•l;(jhJ.c•-o)'' ;•• •lll)96J
S<per11 tcrlihat dal.am Gamba, 6.3., pcnggun•• n pn> lt1n1> unluk
mendekou II"'" lcngl::""tl mcn)d:>ot,b,, 1c,1><lmya ke,alahan
yang t>d,J,; d1amr
lnu., .1 < - Untuk cncngetohw hngl.>1 k1cbtw1 don <Dlcg,ol nu...,,;i.:, has,J !ul""I!·
,.,, numc,;k d;band,ngl<,an dcngan hitunpn ....L!IS. """-lalian reloi;f 1«ha<bp
..,1., cWk >dalab .
!''".."''"" bcnk'"
,�,
lk.arnya kc.,i,,h .. )2'lg te,jadi d•J>'l dipc,k"ll:"" du,
E-- �/'(;)(b-a)
1 Gomb•r 6.:l MtlOOO tt•pcorum

<kngan < ><lalal, tock yang tcde1al di � u'IIC<v.tl • dm b
Tcrbhat babw:, pc,,gg,inHn mc1odc ftOp<><um .atu
"'"' mcmbc,;t ..
le� .. nga, bcur (let,;b d.n 100%)
"·' Mttod< Tnpulum �· 8anyak l'bo

D•u Conlo!i 1 tcrhbat bohwa p<Ddck>Lln dcr,pn
mcnggunakon .atu
I""' (tro])Cllwn) m<twl1bulh,, k...W,an '"Dpl �-
Unlul mcngu<ang,.
\c'-'l•han )'""II torµJ; IIlllll kwu. �""!I dulcb,, olcb
><Jumb.b gon,
lu,.., sclw:igso terbentul buyok P'M (Gombos 6.4) L..,u
bidang adaW.
1un,lah dan luao bebet0J>1, pu,, '"""""'· !.cmalm uni
pi»� d,gu,,Wn,
k..,;1 Y•"S d>dap.at menjWI ><mabn tcht,
DOWD GunNr 6.._ p.anJ>ng l;,p pw adalab san.•
yaitu rue Api,t:.la
,co di pot n pw. bcurt, PlnJUIII nw;ing,nw,ng I"'-' od.alah
ru·--
"
·-·
"' l\n,1uk re=••• tr•pes,um dcng,,n .,.mperl,•uogkan k0<clw ad,bh ·
'"
A,- ,-, rd
' I• T 1/(•l + f{b) + 2
,.,
L f(,:,) J -12 (b - •lf' (0 - O(ru'J
,/ (6.8)
'' I "' ,, ktbanyak•• funps beo,uk/ "(!) <lap,ot didck011 olch
'
' '
I ''
'
/"(�)-/(b}
·- (•l (69)
..�. •• -. •,
�
''
' Cl.__L�_L,
•, ' •• _, • ._, ..... ,.--i,
,ul"'""" Pc...,mun (6.9) k dabm Pcrum»n (6J!) &dap•I
6:, ,-, t.x'
I• 2[{(0) + /(b) + 2 L J(r, )l - -1/'(b) - /'(•)
,-, ll
J (6 10)
llcntuk Pc, .. m••• (610) J...._t..i <kns,n pc....,,••n tr•pc,•wn dcngan

• " '" uJung. kucoJ mcmp<rh,luoSk.n k<Noh, r>d> "J""8 mtcrn,I a Win b
!Iota> � .. pw dobm oollll .
Mc1odc ""P"""m dapal <liguo>l.m u.otuk integral'""" fungs, �
xo • o,x,,.r:i. .. ,x0•b l,h ukan d>lom bcoluk nume,,k � ,nle=I de;krcl Kotek,., pad.a ujm,g
, '"'l'.l'Y" ,bp,,l d«lckau <kng,.n mcngg,,nt, M«m1W/ '(a) <l=f (b) dong.on
!ntcg,ol lotal d•pll doluh• ,!.,lam bentuk ,,,, ,c ..... l bc<fa h,ngg,,
"
l•f/(x)ib:f f"
f(.,)ib:+ "
+ff(x)d,; (6 4) ''"'"" l
•,-, GunuaJI m<tode h>1>eS>urn cmpal p,ll <kng,,, leb.tr I" .. lldolab fil• l
•• "
Subsl,nw r,,..,,,,.,., (6.2) k• dafam Pcn•maan (6.4) ..ton d«lap•I "'"k mcnghuung
/. t.,f{,i)+f(<o) + tu&,)+ffc,) + + t>.J(,r,)+fit. ,) 1-f'•'<b-
' ' ' ,., ., ....,..;,.. •
. " .
(6.'!)
6x ,-, •1, h>dc 1rapcS1um d<ngao 4 pw, ,chmgg., panj•ng pw ><i,,lab
.,
1 ..
, .,
2lf(1-0) + l l: fix,)•/(<,)]
fil • (b-Q) • {�-D) • l
�
.' ' "·"' t,;,J,ng dihuu.og dong•• "'''"'""'" (6.6) .
I•
2
(f(o)+f(b)+2Lfi.<,JI
,-,
(6 6)
,\{ •-l
Bu..,•)• kc,;.Wun � lc'?<I• � p<ngunun ban)u. pw ad.il.ah
I• 2 IR�l + j(b) + 2! Al',JJ
,.,
£1·-�(b-o)/"(,,) (67)
• 11 <° + ,' + 2 (<
1
+ •'+•')I• S7,99t950
� • .ola.han rdanf l«ha.dap nil., <bu :

yang m<,Uj)U..,, k=bh.an o,d<r d .. Ap,bda kC>.t.lahan IO<sebut d1(>CI
h;tungl:an d•Lim b,tung,,n ,rttcgral, m•k> aka.o d1dlpot )w;l yaog l<b!h 1cliu < • SJ,59!l!SO- S'l,991950 ><!00% • -&.2%
SJ,598150
•• MITT'ODl!Nl- .. 1 Rli ••
< Pl!OOIV<M 6 • 1 •
Ap,b,.b d,guOJkan n><!odc l<ap<"""' deogan korebi ujung. mak• •'"< f<l!:ltOHITUNC INTECRILL NOK!RIK
gr,! dllutung deog.,n l'<rwn••• (610) DOWII pcrum.uo t<r><but ko«UII o<ETOOE T"-"P�SIUI! IIANYJ'Jl PIA$
UJuog mcngandung turuR.>n pen...., dar, funi;st ApoW•/(,<) •I", turu .... DATA P1.lNGSI
fl<''°'"""Y" adabh/' •<', ,duogga Oil<�NSION X ( 40) , YI 40 I , Yt>IT I 40)
•••
OPl':N(5,rILE•"INTECI\AI..IIAS"I
,\.< ,-, �
I• 2\/(•J + f(b) + 2I fCr,)] -12[/'(b) - /'(•) I OX•l .
••• WRITl!:15,101)
00 6 l•l,R
X(l)•(l-J)•OX
Y(l)•El<PIX(ll)
YOIF!l)•EXP]Xllll
• 57,991'1:'iO - 4,466.113 • "'5254J7 WRITE(S,10211,Xll),Y(l),YOIT(I)
• CONTI RUE
15 OX•jX(R)-Xll))/111-l)
KC5lllahao rcl.atif t<rhadap l1lW cbak : SUR•0.00
00 100 J•2,R-l
SUR•SUIIH(J)
100 COHTIIIUE
WRIT1<jS.•1su11
CROR•jOX••2/12.)'(YD1TIR)-YD1F(l))
Progr= 61 odaLah I'"'&'""
"'1tuk ,,._ughitung L01eg,al 011n1<<ilc de 01.UAS•O . S •DX• I Y ( I f +Y (II I •2 'SU/I)
ngao mcnggunahn mctodc trapcuum buy:d: .,... dcngan dot> bcrupo f1mg:1> 01.UASI<• O.S•OX•(Ylli•YIR)+2•SUlll·Cl<OR
WRl'l"EIS,IOS)OLUAS
><pen, d,bcnkan d.aLam Cootoli 2
WRIT!i5,110)0LUASI<
101 PORKIIT(' I XIII S(lj YOIP(I)'I
Cor,tollJ 102 FORKIIT(I2,JFIO.Si
Dtbcnk>D tabcl dala bmlmt · 105 PORKIIT(lX, "LUAS ><ET. TRAPESIUll.',U.J)
110 FORMAT(lX,'LUAS >!ET. T ...... P. Otlo
YILE
• X(I ) y 11 ) YOIF( I)
de- 1. 00000
mc..ggu,..hn mct<Klc tr>p<siuo, Jan tnpcs,un> lord.,. u1wig.
a' 0.00000
\ .00000
I. 00000
2.ll828 2,711:!8
1. 3006
l'Mrelesaoan
'• 2. 00000
l.00000
7.38906
20.oass, 20.0,ss,
•••
lolcgrll numcnl< d,h,tung deng,,n Pe,,..m&lD (6Ai)

'
'"� -· TRAP.
dengan Pc,...maan (6.10).

,�. KORE�l • SJ.525
I • � Lil•) + f(b) + 2 If(r,)I ..

•• •
![ 1+ :lJ+2 (3+9+ 19) I • 48
Af"b,la diguntlan rnc:lode !rlp<,Olum dcnpn kcnlw •Jung. tntcgrol diliuu,.

LUAS =· TRAPESIUNl 57.992
4,00000 54.59815 Sf.59815

,-1 I
I• ti; lf(•) + /(b) + 2 I/(<;)]-� V'(b)- f'(a))
•••
,. >.UITOD� NUM[RJ>, 'I ltm;GIIA';l 1'1JMER!K ,.,
Turu ... n per1>m• 1>ada UJung UJU",11 dihnuog OC<lfl.. d!l<ren,,al t,ed, h,ogg., C PROGRA/1 � .2.
� M!r<GRITUNG INTEGRAL NU,..,RIK
C KETO!>! T ..... PtSIUM aANTl'JI PIAS
I'(�, •••O) • &i) f(n) • f(t)-/(O) • J-1 • 2
;q-�, 1-0 1 C OATA TABEL
01111!:NSION x1,0i,Y(,OJ
OP!Nll,FIL!•'INTEGRAL.OAT")
OP£N(S,FIL!•"IWTEGR.KAS I
RIIAl>(i , ' IN
WJlITEiS,1011
I•� j 1+33+2(3+9+19) I - � (14 - 2) •"8 - I" 47 00 10 I•l,N
1 lt>;AI>( I, ')X(l), Y( I)
WJllTE(5, 102)1, X( I). YI l)
Program 62. ,d,1.oh prog,om untu• m<:nghnw,g tnlcgral oumml; d,o. 10 CONTINUE
"&'" mtoggunak,n mcl<><le u,pwum b>ny.,k pus dcngan dato hemp• ,al;,,:I (0 POllltATiF6.2)
0<pe,ti d;bcnkllfl d,l>m O,,,tob. 3. OX•(X(Nf-Xl))JflN-1)
SUN•0.00
00 100 J•2,N-I
'>-•. M<1od< �lml"on SUN•SUM+Y(JI
D, .amping mcnggll1l>.llll rum"' u,pc.,um dcng.,n ,n1c,val y,n3 Jd,.O 100 CONTINUE
Oca� ""'" lam uo!ul rncnd.a[>atla.o perfilun y.,ng l,:t,;h tcl;c; ,Jal•h """II CKORl•(Yl2)-Y(ll){DX CKOR2•(YIN)-
Y(N-l))f0X
gunakan pohooou.al order kW, '"'W Wlluk monghub<ingl;"" lllLk·�hk d.tt,
M=ln).._ opabol• 1crda� >atu rnik tamb.aha,, di '"'"'•JI�)
dan f(b), n,ah
CXOREK•(10X••2)fl2J•(CXOR2-CKORl)
QLUAS•O. 5•DX• I Y ( I ) •YIN I +2 "SUN I
<Ct,g:, 1u,k d>pat Wbubungkan dcagan I- parabola (Gan,tw 6j a) A1,. QLUASK•QLUAS-CKOR>;X
b,la tcrda� du, t,tik tamr,.,hao de"9"n J>rok - wruo ant,r, /(�) du/(�) liRITE(5, 105)0LUA$
ma;, kccmpat ma l<r>Cb<il d,.,.1 J.hobungl;an <lcnga.o po!,nooru,I or&,, top WJlITE(5,1)0)QLUASK
101 P"OllltATi" I X(r) Y(I)')
(Comb.u 6.5b) Rumu.. y>ng d,lw,lk•• ole� ;ntcgnl d1 bowah pol,"°"',..J
tm.cbut dile,..1 dengan "IClod< (a1uran) Suni-.

110 ..
POllltATiJX,"LUAS Ml';T. Tl<AI' D!<O XOREKSI,',FS.J)
102 P"Ol<ltATII2,JFIO.Sj
!OS P"OllltATjlX,'LUAS METODE TRAP!SlUN >',PI.J)
,
' "' HU HAS IL
,, X( I)
0.00000
Y 11)
1.00000
YDIP(lf
', 1.00000
2.00000
J.00000
3.00000
9,00000
19.00000
's ,.00000 ll.00000
• <•<
WAS ltl!TO!>E
TRAPESlUM
u.ooo
G•mh>r 6.S Alwan
LUAS Kl;T. TRAP.
Dll<l KO!lEKSI,
'1.
S•mP""' 000
"l 1. Atu.-.n �'ml"on lJ3

D, dal•m >!Utan
S,mf"Oll 1/3
d,gunakan polmonuaJ
ordc, d .. (pe,;a
, , ,.,n paraboL,) Y""II
melalu, t,t,l /l,x,-1),/f,<,)
<!an.ff,<;+ ,)untuk meodeJc .. ;
1,.,,g:sc RumU> Stmp,,ott
W1•>t J;I""'"�""
ber<W.Orb.o dote< nr,or
llo1uk
,,., d,p,ndaog bcntu.t.
1n1<gul bc,;kul ,n;
'
l{r)•f f(i)dx (6.11) A, • l(c,, ,) - 1.;r,-,J
•
,, '"
I '{r)" d :t) • 11.i) (612) A,• 2 &/(r,) + 1 I '(r;) +O(A<") {6.IS)
N,l>,f "{r,) dtluhs dabm bentuk d<fcrcn.lll.l <crpw.,l ·

Dc"i'-" D>Omp,th,t;bn G>mNl 6Ji. du Pc=u.n (6.12) mah p<r
.. m •• n d«<l T•y\or ad.al.ab
3 f "(r,) • /{.<,- ,)-W";)+/i<,•>) + O(Ai)

tJ.z' d.< ru
I(.,,+ 1) • l(,,+6.t) • /{r,)+6.t ft;,:-,)+ f (.t;)+ f' \<",)
T y
•
+t-J"'(r;)+-0(6.t') (613)
11.,mudw, bco1uk d, ><a.< d"ubwr ... kan kc dalam Penamaan {b 15) Untuk
"w:m..W.hn peouliwl, ,clanju<ny;, "°'""
/{r,) d.tv.h< dllam bcntuk /,.
,ck.ngga r,,...,..... (6 15) m<n1a& ·
!{r,-1) • l{r,-&) • l{r,)-ruf(r,J+ � I (r;)- � !"<•,I fl,; fl,;l l �
• A,• 2&/, + J<f,-1 -2/, + /,+1)+30(.11 )+O(Af J
+":, f"'(r;)-O(U) (6.14)
'i.c1>Ut1 tcrhh>I Jalao, G>mbl, 6.6 niW l(r,. ,) od,J,b lu>""1 d, bow:J, fw,p
"'"
f(.x) >ntoratw.. • J•n ,;,, 1 Sed.loghn n,la, /(,<, ,) odal•h 1 ....... ""'"'•
ba111.u Win /{r,-1) Dcng .. <lcm,k""' 1-, Ji t,,,.w;o.b fuag,ianlar• �•u, 1
A,• t.; (f,-1 + 4{, + /,+1)+0(� (6 16)
r•"" (A,), >d.olah lua,.,.n l(.t;,1) d,ku,a"fl /{r,-1) "''" Pc,...mun

d.rn ..-,, 1,
\6 13) dLkur .mg, (6 14)
P<«•maan (6 16) diknol <long,,n n,c{odc: S..mp,<>111/3 D,ben tamb>b·
,a ""m• \fJ k>rcn.a I>,; � d<og.,D J l'..Ja pc!tlll.ll.On wu p,a,, I>,; • -,-,
, b,ogga Pc,..,.....,,, (6.t6) dapal d,tuhs dal,m b<otul
·-·
A, • b;• I.I(")+•!(<)+ Jr.b) I (6 17)
,I< ngan lllik< od:tlah tilik l<ng,.h ontar>" danb

�u.,l.aban p<motonp.o - •••1.& o.a,; mc,odc: Sunp>00 1!3 W>IUk satu pia,
,<l;lah •
·-·
<Jl.. h kan.na fL< •--,mah
s' -
,
(b-•) f' '(O
- 2l!ro
Lu. 1otol d,pcrolcl, dc"&'JI m<11Jumbhkan ocmu.a .,..., ,epc,ri tc,hbat
Cootoh 4
• d..ol..m Gambar 6. 7.
I IOung f • f ,' dx &Jlf!on oiu, .. SueP"'f' 1/3 •

i'<n)<'W>O"'a
• I fr.,)J:J. •A, +A,+
•
(6.18)
Denpn ""'"ll;S""•k•n Pcr»maao (6.17) naka luas bwwig od.,W, Dalom maodc S1mpoon ""Jwnlah ,nrer,ol oJ.,W, gc,u.p_ Apab,la Per
b-a 4-0 Q 1 • "mun (6 16) d'"'b,;("""l"' kc d.al.am Pcrumlll! (6 J8) al.can d;pcroleh
A,•7lf(a)H/(<)+f(b)J•6(' +4t +t )•56,7(.%
I ru
Jr.,).t. ·-(fo+ •r, +t,.) + -
ru (!, + •h+f,J +
Kcsal>h>n 1crhod.op rul•• ek,..k 'Tru (/,-, • •!,-, + !,>
Et• g��i�76\16 Xl00%• 5,917%
,.,
+
TClhh..l b,h'; p,d, p<m>kOJ"" .. tu p,.U. m<lode S•mp>Ofl 1/3 mcml,,:r,k"" • • 1 ,-,
has,11,;W, ba,k d;.n ,um.,. l•>p<Slum. f !VJ a. • � IP•l +Pb) +4 r .l(,;J+ 2 :!:: Jr.,;J I (6-19)
• ,-, ,-l
1>.•.!. Mur.on Simpooo l{J Llt•11>• l!..oar,i.k I'm
'o<petti 1«hl»1 d,l,m Gambar (6.7), d.alam pcnggw,.uo maodc S,mp•
Scpert1 dw.m -,,;,de tt>po>•""1, o,etode \impoo,, dap•t d.perb.>,k, <lo·
'""' dc"&'JI ba.nyal pi .. '"' iuml.t. '"""�! oJ.,!al, gco.ap. Dillam Pcruma ..
ag.,o n>Lmb,,g, luas,,n data,,,. S<Jumloh p,,o deog,a pat,J•"i u>lerval Y•"8 ........ r,. I'') ,ulu • :!::/(,;) ada.loh untuk iuLu, gaoJd (1 • 1. l, 5, ), ll«1allf! 2 r.l(,;)
(CJarnbar66) .. t.(ah un!uk n,L,j , tc""'P (, • 2, 4, 6. ) Pc,l>run k=lah,n yang «•Jodi
ru•-- ·-·
•
,,.J, ""'"" Simpsoo uo1uk Nnyal pus odalah
E:,. _(b-a) ' r:
]lll.)M
4
.k "'!."•!" •• ad.W. «rala dari !ur�n•n l.ec:mf'll uo!ul """'!' colerval
,., . '"''"" �
' r-,
, r, ,. ll"""ll I•
•
f .' dfdcng.u,
•
ID<lode S,mpw,, deopn""' • I
l'<n)�l.,...lan
t,.A1,'/�I/
r-,
r-,
-, -,
;r .
,'-At
' ·".
' , >, a,µ mcnggunabn Pet"-"'W• (6 19) OW.o lu .. bid,ng >Jalab
I• 1( •• + •'-+ 4(.' + •')-+ 2.-l]., 5:\ll6JIW,

' '
•
' ' • ' •• • •
l'rng,am 6.3 ad.al.ah p,ogr...,_ wttuk menp;tung 1lllegral oumer,k <i,e. PJI.O<aJ>,',., 6.4.
IIENGHITUNG IIIT!GIV>l. NUll!JI.IK
ngan molodc Simp,1(1111/3 dcngao �k p, .. untuk fw,gu koollll)'I ,epcrt1 111':TODE SIIIPSOJI 1/l DATA TAB!L
J;t,,,,;.t.a.o d>lom C:O,Uol, � � rrognm 6.4 untul fu"S" b<rupa 1alxl DIIU!NSIOII Xi40J,Y(•O),A(40)
,epcru wb<nl.u, d"11m Cootob 3 OPEN I l , FIL£•' INT!CAAt.. DAT' )
OPEN(S,FILE•'$IIISON2.HAS'I
RL\D(l,•JII
C PROGRAM & • 3. WRirE1S,•1N
C IU!ll<llllT\111(: l"1"!GAAt. IIUIIEJI.U WRITE(S,102)
C IU!TQ<>E SIMPSON l/J DATA nJN<:,n DOS I•l,11
DIIU!IISION Xi40J,Yj40),Ai40) RU.D(l,•)X(ll,Y!I)
•••
OPJ:N(5,FILE•'SIIISONI.HAS") WJI.ITEiS,101)1,X(l),Y(II
� CONTINUE
DX•l. DX•i X(ll)-XI l ii /1 N-1)
WRITE(S,102) DO 10 1-2,11-l,;,
DOS l•l,11 A(I)•DX/J "IY(I-l)+4•t(ll'Y(I+ll)
Xilf•(l-li•Dx IO CONTINUE
YIIl•EXP(X(II) su .. -o.oo
WIUTE(S, IOl)I ,XI I), Y( I)
DO lS i-2.•-J,2
S CONTINUE SUll•SU/l+AII)
oo 10 1•2,11-1,2 IS C01'TIIIUE
All)•DX/J.•(YII-1)•,•Y(I)+Y(I+l)) WRITE(S,!OS)
C WRIT!(S, 101) l,X( I), Y(I) ,Al I)
WRITE(S, IOO)SUII
10 COKTIIIUE
su1<1-o. 00 100 POR.IIAT(Pi.SI
DO 15 1•2,11-1,2 IOI P'ORKAT(i1,2P11.SJ
102 PO"""T(' I X(I) Y(If')
su111-su11l•AtI1
105 POI\IIAT('LUAS NET. SINPSOll,',P8 Ji
H CONTINUE
WRITE(S, 105)
1111.IT!(S,IOO)SUKI nLE IIASIL
'""
100 FOIUIATjP9.S)
101 FORMAT112,Jn.,)
102
105
FORMAT(lX,'I X(I) l(ll')
1'¢RMAT('LIIA:s 111':T. SIMPSON,')
I K(I) ' Y!I)
l 0.00000 1.00000
FILE HASIL
'"" 2 I, 00000 j , 00000
J 2.00000 ,.00000
4 J.00000 19.00000
� ,.00000 ll.00000
I XII) Y(II ,u�s K£T. SIMPSON:
I 0.0000 1,0000
'6 HU7
2 I. 0000 2. 71!3
J 2.0000 7.1191
' J.0000 20,0855
5 ,.0000 54.5981
LUAS NET. SIMPSON:
SJ.H384
11 !NIU.RASl NUMI RJK
•
< ,.,loh 6
6.4.l M•lO<I< S,mp,on .llll
Me1odc Sunpson l/8 di!urunhn dco;;an menggun•k•n pe.,..,,,... ""!'-"" ""' •• s;mpson :W h�ung J •'
di flllullf!. pul• Ullcg,al te,scbu,
d,"1\-'" mcagg=k.an gabungon d.,,;Omclodc s.mp;soo 1/l clan 31!1, apat,,la
polmom,.1 o•<k• ug, y;ong mcl,lu, cmf'Ol lJUk ,1.,un,kan 5 p,as dcngan t.> • Oji
f• f(x)dx•f• h(.<)dx
f• r,.,.-;,n
• • • Mc!O<lc S,m.,..,.. :W dcng,n .,,u poas.
Dcngan <-,> Y'"« "'"'" 1<pen, d,l>rn penumn .. "'"'"" Simpson Lfl.
,kh,mj.. dipuokh lnteg,>1 �'h''""' <lcag.,o mcnggu .. kan Pe<....,.>• (6.21)
• l..llll ,,,.., •
\ru
•
1 .. lf(io) + 1 !(•1) + JI(.<,) + f(x:i) I (b al) !•(4-0)(• +l< +)< +•).55.(17798
I< -"")'> lc.1.1hh>n ><Wah
ru • ' ·-·
P«"'"'-"'" (6al) J,l<bul Jenpn mctode �''""'°"
:l,'8 U«oa l\o
<1,U,l,n ..ie..,n \'8 Mcoo,lc �,mpso,, \'!! d•rat Jug> d•u"5 d•L.m t,c.,,ul I, \p ,1,.1, J,gunahn 5 p,>.>., m.,ka J"' untul lchou I""' 1crscbu( 1dalah
1(0) • ,0 • ! /(2.4) • ,1.< • 11,()23!8
(f(•n) + l]i.,1) + 3�) + "�)J
•
l•(b-Q) .l"C:' (6.21)
!(Oji)•<�• 2,22.154 /0.2) • ,u • 24.SJ2S3
/(ii>)•., .. • >,95))J •
/(4) • < • 54,591'.US
(622.o) fn1cg,>I ""'"' dua I""' r<"""'' d,hOung dcnga,, mctodc Smipson 1/l
·-
fl', <'-'m»n 6 17)
Mong.op,� - 3 , mu. 1 .. ¥ (1 + 4><2,22.S54 + 4,95.!0J) • 3,96l38
-
E, • _s_b::a)_f ' -n (6'.Z2.b)
\l<t.,d,. S,rn!""" l '3 �,n-..o)a icbth d,,uh, l.lrcn> "'.-1X.>µa, l;ctdo,..

,,.d,, ug, d.tn h>nv> m,m,< 1 l,02318 + Jx24,5)2V + S4)98lS) • 41l)',(6f9

', '"I"<"' in h
...W..
JUrnlah p,.,
"l" b<<laku ,rn1<,l J•• ,w, pw, il< o,p Apo!..!• d•l.eh<.
tOn,'I m,U d.::p,, dJi. ..,,...,. n.cl...J<. lJ 0)''0."""' T .lap, mcl<>de

""� mcrub,tu�k,n '"'P>l hlu !);lam !''""'"''" ban)..l<L,,., lcc<.al.hlll Y'-'\ll rutup 1,,,,., Uotuk ••
kcJua mc10<k J,p.i illf!a"'1ng, , "'" ><JUIDl>h g<n>p I""' <bguoaho mc1ode
�,mpson lfh«l.tng 3 p,.a> "''""' Jo;.,n•k•n rnct:xk � r- f"O" >;II •
I,•, ,:r>.l lat>I ><blah JwnL.h Udl, kcdWI h""1 d, .,., ·
�' wt&hoo tcrhaJap n;1,; ,t.sa<

5J,.S98l50 - »Jl1(>873
•- 53,Y.l@J5 x 100%. -0,"2"/'l,
'" ML'TODl!l>V"UUI
6.J;. Jrnegral D<o�o l'>•J•og 1,a, Tidak ,.,,,. ,,,la, dan fungs, p><l> UJ""l·UJU<>g mlc""l mccg,-b< Rumus y>ng d,guR>ho
,,,tuk n><ngh,tuog 1...,,.n ollolah
Bebc"i>• ,um .. y,ng tc!ah d,pel,j,,. d; <lop,,o d..i....,••• p>da C<H).
data yang bcrJ•nk ,.,,... Di <lll,,n puktck .. ,,..g d,J""'""' '""" ktlll>•• J, I• (b-<1/(") + [lb)
mana d,pefluk.an pcm�n po••
dcng.,o panJong 1.i.u >am>,"'!''"" tcrl....._
'
<ialam Gamb>• 6.8 l'ada ).u"'• yang mdcnghng dcngao 1>.;am d1pcrlul.an
dcngan a cl.an b adolah ""'"' ,ntcg,W cl.an (t,.,,) >dahh leb>t don ID!mlll
1umW. p,.,, yoog le!,;h l>anyak schmga r,njang p,>• ld,,h l<ec,I d1b,n<11nc
,,ucgr.... 1'or<n> """oJt t<opc;,um borus md,lu, huk tn•k uJung, m•k•
deog,n p>da kurv>. y,ng rda1or dolor
• pert, tc<hlur dah.tn (,am bar b g_. nimu., "•P"'••m membcnk>n kes.,.lah>.J>
,ulupb<u,
'
,,,
,,
" ' ,,, ' .,
(,•mb.at 6 9 ll<ntuk g,af,. n,,ctod< i,apc:,.,um d,n G•"-"' 1'uadratu,
o; 001:u, bcbtupa >lu,on 1<1.ah <hbicauk.an, y,11111 dap,,t
)""II
<1,gw,,hn untul kc>d.,n ,oi tdol.,h mctodc !rapc,.,wn deng.u, bany>k p,a,, D1 dal,m mctoJc G•us, Kuodr•lu• d,h,tung J...,,.n d, b•""'h ll"'"'
<Ian bcntuk pc,.,.,,,.nnyo ><l>hh . 1,110, Y>"ll mcogJn!boogkan d .. ,;c;k stmba.aog p,do kur» Deegan
m,nctapbn po!,IM dam );«Ju, uuk t«scbut ,.,,,.,. hcb.u. m•k• •ko• b<sa
&,)+!(,, 1)
I•." [)'))+f{.g,) +
"") 2
._f(.Q)+&:,)
=• 2
L
r ••
+llx
. ' (6.23)
,htcnlukao p,-1> )urus Yil"ll dopa I menyc,mba.ogho ...,.,., k,.L,1,.an po,;tttp
<1,n n<gal;p. stpc,r; te,hh>I d>l>m t,,mb>r 6 9 b
Dalam mctod< tr•pcsrurn. pc,,..maan """l'•I 1<pc<11 d,1,e,;O,n oleb
dengan AG•,; - ,;-1 t•c,,.,.,..,, (6 24) d.,p;,t dnuh, dolam bcntuk
6.6. \ldo<I< hadn,lu• Pod.a """"' trapesium dan Su>'lpson, mtcgrll did»ark>n J>MI• 0,1., "'
la, d, UJ""i·UJU"ll, I""' Sepcn; , ... pak <U-1,m G>mbo, 6 9 L mc100< tr•pc:,.,
D, <Imm mctodc (,apesium dan S,mpoon, fwig:u !"'"!! duntegolho um d,d.,vhll J>a<!• lu.,.n cit b>wah g.,., lu, .. y,og menghubuogkllll 111i.,
"'°"'' numcrok tcrdm d,., dua bcntuk yo;,u tobd data''"" fw,g,o
D, d,I,..
mctod< ku•dra1ur, te,uum, y.,ng ohn d,b>h .. dolam ,ub bab uu ,.,bbb
mot<><!< GaUil Kuidro1ur, data f>"I! dibcr;hn b<rup., fong;,
I• q/(•) + <;./(.b)
cl,,:ngan c •J>Uh koo!lan<> Do,; pc,,..n,a,n leroebut akon cite.an ko<fwco

" d.,n c,
'""
Scpert, h,lnya ckngan n><tod< trapc,..um. d.11,m mctod< Gauos Ku.·
druw Jug> ahn dican l;ocfwen·k0<f1>1cn d,m pc=mHn yang t,c,bcnluk .
I• c,/(x,) + c:,/1,,,.)
,mTODE l<llMLRJl
"'
D,lam h>J ,,,; V>u>bcl ,, don •l ><lala.b udak telap. d.ao akan <bean,
,cp,e.h lc,hh>t dafam Gamba, 6 lO Pt""""'"" (626) mi:ngondung <n>f"I'
b,Uog.,n ulc d,<c<•hus yaitu c, c�,,
dao.Q. S<iungg., dipo.ruk>n em['OI
p<�mlU..O w,(uk R>Ooy,:le,..,konny, Unlo'< "" �p Pe..amun �b26)
h.>,.., mem<noh, on«gr•I dan <mpal fangs,. yartu /1.A)• l,/µ-)-...flx)-.. d>•
fix) • x', S<h,ngg,, on1ok .
' • -o.sm5(12f,9
,, .. -n
ri • n' • o..sm'i0269
'"'"'''"" do,; h.u,I tcr>COOI '« <Ll,m Pe."'muo (6.26) ...,�lk•n
1·R-n>+Rn> ' ' (6.11)
]!;( .. bata> LOtcgraJ dalom Pe,,.......,. (6.27) .. mpat (6.30) aJ:d•h ,l.,11
I """'P"' 1, sch,ngga lcbtb mcmodahk•• lu1uogan d.ao mcmbuat '""'"' ,..03
,l"l'f"' 00., d,gun;k•n 5«,lra ""'""' Dc:ngaon md.olcokoo lra,i;IQ<m>�
,.,.,.,. bat .. Ultegr.,, yang 1.;. dap,ot drnb.ah ke d>l>m bcntu.l:. tc<sebuo Un<ok
_,
•• "" d«u,ggap tcrdapat hul>uog.,o ""'"'• va,,.t,eJ tmu Lo dan van,bd o,.1; ,
"-"'"• hn,cf dolam l,eoluk
Gam, 6 10. ln1egr""' Goo"' K.....J,atu, (6.Jl)
fix)• .r' c,/(x, )+<,}{.<,) •

•
f ,' d< • 0 • c,..{ + c,.J ((,27)
A1�I• wi...,. b.aW>h >d.,l.,h • • Q, wi1uk ,..,,.1,e1 boru halos 1e,,et.,1
.,1,1.oh .>'.o • -1 Ked"" nd.a, 1«,.bu! d ...,t..t•w.,hn kc J,.la,n l'erum,..,n
1,, \l), seh,ogga <Lper(llob .
1, l, .,
<ill.A, )+c,R.<,J �I, t1x•3•ciri +c,.Q a•ao+�,(-1) (3.33)
• ,1,n ba,o,, b"'"'• • 1, m,,onber,l.i,,
fix) .. , qf(x1 )+<l/(.Q) • _J xdx - 0 • <1•1 + <1.r.> (629) �-ao+Q1(l)

(6.J.4)
• Pcr<am.aan (6.33) don (6J..I) dapa, dtsCkwhn seca., ""'"�•• dan

/(,;) .. 1 q/(x, )+c,/(•,) • f ldx•l•q �Cl (63l) h..,.1.,.. odaloh
•
i.chrngg,. dodap•I ..,.. • .., persomaa.n ... - •• (6..1:i)
' '
cu, + c:u, • 0
'
c, ,,' + <1':'1 • J
., ·-- · -· (6.J6)
qx1+ci:q•O Sob.10tu<1 Pe,,.m,.n (6.3S) J•n (6.36) Oe dal>m Pe,..m,an (b32)

""""!!l>a<llk>n
•• "IITODE NIIN.l.ll•
•••
T•bcl 6 I Nd>i < dau J»<l• rumm G>u» Kua<lrotu.
D,luc...,..J <W, pc, .. maon t<r><but mc,,gha,.,lk•n

'"" !u,ol>b t,tik KO<f1'1<DC Vauabclx
· -·
dx•Tdx• (6.38)
•
' q - 1,00:0:0:W
., .. !JO,XO))OO
q • O.SSSSSS:156
1,:, - -0.57m0269
• 0,5773500(,9
1,, .. -0,714>96669 q
•
Pcr>amHD (6.J7) Jan (6.38) J•r,t diubst,uwhn kc dllaro pe,..,m..,•
l"'"I! dunlcg,alkan - 0"
•• 0,cmw:w:«(I c, •
Ben,uk rnmus C.>UO> Kuadra1ur unuU du• •••k da!>"I J,kemt,anp.all 0,5S5555SS6
•• 0, 71•>96669
untuk lobih b.anyok tUok, y,,og ><CUO umum m<mpunr,,i beornlc • <1 • 0,.�7!!54&1S , • -0.86JJJ6312
l•<i1'<1)+c,f(.q)+ (6.J9) <,•0652145155 , - -Q,JJ\l98J044

<3 • 0.6S2!4SIS5 • o,3:m@Ll}W
Nolau c d.!u unluk ,um"' .. mp.ai dcngan <8'>m •••k d,bcnkan d,1,•
T>bcl6.1
q•O,J,4�5 • 0.86!136312
' c, - o,2:lW,:6885 l • -0,90:\179846
t,,n1-0h 7
q • 0.47!i628670 l>'l •
H,(0"3 ,nrog,al scpc,u daWll Contoh 6 dcog.ill 111<nggu.oakan .,.,oot C) • 0.568888889
-0,538469310
0,r«O)))))
G•UO> KuO<l,arur.
""
P<nr<lf .. i•n
D<og.,.n n><oggu .. Un Pc, .. ma.an (631) unluk 8 • O Jan b • 4 d,d,pa1
q• 0,4786:18670
c, "O.ZJWZ688S ',.",.. 0,538469310
0,90:\179846
(HO)+ (4-0) _...2+2_...

,, <, • 0,171:124492 , • -0,9J24695U
x•,
2 c, • 0.J(i(l761S73 c, • -o,661209386
T1Uunan d,r, p,:r..,...>n ter><h<il Mlolah ub,m=lan l;c <Warn pcn.tma>n ...i,, 1<h,9
c, • O,JW761S73 •-,. 0,66121.»386
d,d.apai c, • 0.171324-192 • 0,931-1(11514
•
. .
RU3'1 UMn dan
•
I<' ,b; • I .'' 1" 2 <n.
-
pc,.,..,...., d,. au, dap.at d,guo.o:t.on un1W< mengrul ... •
x, •
loa,.an dengan metodc GaUM Kuad,atw, dcngan me�ukk .. ndo, io •
-0,S773S0269 d,m .,. • :q • 0,5113S0269 ' .,.,. l.,.>l 1<pcrt1 d,I)<,.�.,, olcb Pe,samUJI (6.30)
l • 4,6573501 + 46,8'1l;iJNI • 51,549"\!\I

•• MIITT>DB �1J " 1.JIJ K DAN �D!.l,. ,,,.n_,..,, llK '1 l'll'l,GRASI NIJ'U RIK ••
K,:_<aloh.an
"'' -11.allba.o
• S�l50-51,549'3!l) • , "''II:,
I hUUlfl uucg,.J bmkw dengan m<to<lc lro()Wum PIU pu,.. 11,tunpn sam·
,, .s3,.'j98l!i0 -',<'-
I"' 3 a,,gl;.o di bdak"°' '°""'·

Coolol,� /:-i-i+sx+3.t.-
lli!ung >Nl d,\ao, C<,ntob 1 dcog>n mtnggufW<•• ,,..,ode c; ••.., K ... d»lw ) o
'"l. I hlung ,n,cgral ,.p<,1; d,b<ul>n J,1,,. So,I 1 dcng,.n rnetode ''"f><"WII
Nnyal:: .,... Jcogan iatcrval ru:•O,S.
l'rn)1'1e .. lon 11,lu"I! ,Rl<gtal """""' Jibrnhn Jol.,m Soot I dcnga,, lllClode Sunp<00
Untol 3 '"'k pc:<».,.,,.., (6 38) m<nJ.-.1• , l dc� 111tcrval ru:�o�
• ll"""II Ullei,,•I .. .,.,,, J;t,c,;1,.,, J..l>m l,Q,af I <kmgan m<todc �llllf"OII
"' "
lluuog .. «gr:tJ h<nkut J<eog.n m<todc lr>p<<1om Yiu P"'- ft11w,g>n
""'I"' 1 ugli.• di h<hl.mg k<>ma.
I• <i/(<I) + c,f(.<,) + <J/{.,l)
'
Jxt'dx
\cp<n1 tcrhha1 dol,m tab<l 6 I unlul 3 10,k, ko<r=n r Janx adabb
•
ny,l pas de,,µn Ullerval A<•O�
C) • 0,8till888889 It"""& mleg:rol ocp<:r1• Jih<nk..., dolam Soaf 4 J.,ng,m mciodc S«llJ"<HI
, \ Jcog..o ""<rval 6..-(U
<J • 0,S55555S56
. -·
1)3n co,,1<>11 7 duhf"I[ pc,..m,ou y:ong tcl>.b d,l.,.,u., >dalah
f •' dx • f'
. ,i:>•>") d<o
un1ukx1 • -0,7145'16669 - 2,(2+2',) • 3,1)')15546

I htuog Ulleg,-•l ber,kut
•
f(4+2,..nx),tr
•
untuk;,, • 0.0 - 2 /,."'->} • 14,778) !22 I< ngan .,.,ode
2
uo!uhJ • 0,774YJY,(J} - 2 / ' "') • OJ_s70ol925 , me lode t,apeo,um >Mu po»,
h mctodc tnpcs,um bany.,k I" .. (n - 5),
Pc,-= (1) m<nJ>d>
, m<todc S,mPI"" 1/l .. lu po»,
I • 0,5lli555'i6 >< J,1)915S46 + 0,8!B'i88889 >< 14,7781122
d melodc S,mpoaa l{8 ,.,u f'I»,
+ 0)5555!iSS6 >< 69.5704925 • 53,530J48o mclodc S,mp<OII bu.yak pu>
ft.lung ,r«g:rol h<nkut pa,,;L, 1n1<.....i x-1 d.oo x=l dengao mclodc
K, .. 1,h,n
''"l"OD 1/l H'1uogan '""'I"' J •ngi<• J, h<l>l.""11 ;om.,
• S�ml\50 - 53,i]03>86 " 100 % • O B %
' S'U'J8150 ' I' - .,,, .tr
•• Ml!l'Ol>l!�"UMUJK ••
JO Hituoe; '"lcgral ,;La,; ta!;,el dot• 1,e,;.tu, d<ng>D m<nggu,,ok...,_ ....,,oJ<
1Jopc,.,um <lao m<todc trof>Wum Je- korcbi u1uog
• I co I ,, ,
/CJ
'
ll H1tw,g ,oteg,•I ,epert, d.tbcnhn t!.,L,,n So.al JO deogan tnC"l!&Ul'l.'.l.l ..
mtlodt S,mpoo<1
12. HJ1u� '°'egral J•n 1>bcl da<> bet;!iut <11:opn mc"'l!E"Dlllll> mclodt VTI. PERSAMAAN DIFERENSIAL
1,apc,ium ..!an �LmpSorl
BIASA
• )
f(,)
.
Bo.o,·,k pc,m><>lah;o J>bm t,,,;Long amu pcoguahuan J,. td.nilc ya.og

''I'-" d.formui...ilwl ke d•l:un bentul peruma.an d1kr<o.ual, S<peru pcru
"' ,n knduta.o balok, teon gc1aun, prolil mu.I<•"" di ,uoga, <WI ><b"f,filllr,,.
I , ,m,an Mercn>ltl odaloh ,usndung IU,U"3n
r« .. m •• n M<re....al <Lp>i <Lb«l.Lw mcoJ"ill du, macam )�
, ,�nlu<>g rad• iumlah ,-ari:ob
h>.oya wu ""nabel bcba>, l"', .. mam J1,cbul tkngao re= rufc.
,�,I bw.a, da.o Jill mcnganduo;i l<:bih dn, ,aiu vanat>c:! beb.l.< d.scbul
, , ,maan d,fe,cn,.,oJ par;,,I. l)c,aj>J (o,Jcr) J,ri flC"""'"" J,fcr,.n,...I
,I , "'"-'"" ul<h dc••i>I ooolob pe,>3111.Un d1fcrcns1al boo<a d; b."''111 adalah o«lcr
, '"'· karcm turunan 1cn,n&,m)'I odalM io,unan pe,1>°"
'1.u>g pcrsam= d.tc,cns.,al bi•>a order du, mcng.,.Jung U1n1<wr kdiu

h og.,1 turun•n ccn,ngg,ny>, ><pert•
•• \ubol••w;k•n Pe............, (7 3) le <i.,bm Pcrwnun (7 2) memh<tikan
'"
"d-'-•"+J=
"" +?y•O
•' I •Cf
". -"
. ll<og.,o Jcmohan pcn)'Oblu"" tw,gg.al yang mcmcnuh• pc""m,on
m .,
�
Cootob pcnama.u, difcrc.,;.1 par»� de- vui.abcl bcba>x dan I odwh y(.<•0)•1
,blob
•' , ....
D, dAlam bob ;., hanyo •h• d,pclaJ•n pen)'<�,... pcrwu,11
d,le,co;ial hi><>, ..,J.,ng penydr.s,,w, per'"1'1U.O d,fc,ensial pan.ul ak ..
dJbocarU.,.O dal:un Bob vrn
t ,
'
Pen)'Clc>o"n pe,....,,..,n d,krc..,.J odaW, ....,,u fu"i" yu,g mcmc
nuh• pc,san,.aan J,fe,c...,,J dan Jug> mc:mcnul,, kooJ;.; awal yug dibmkao
paJ• pugamnn tcncbul. D, daL,,o peoyclua;,.o pc,........,..
J,!c,c..,..J
""'''" 01WJU>, bo ... nya diea,1 pcoy<lesaia.o umum yang ""'""',,Jung koo
,t.,,,...
'
i:...-ang dao kemud,an m<ogcvalua,, kOO.CaDI• te,...but ...icmu .. ,
,<,bingga hasiliiya ><>WU dcngan wn,d,.; .,..,1 M<tod< pcn)dc>.ua,, pet,..m>
:m dlfcrc""al """''" • ...,i,,;. terbo,., pa,di, pc"'1Dl>UI pe,o,.mun d<ng.aa
bcnlul. 1Cr1tn(", dan bi.asanya hanya u!'!u', ""'")'<le.<>;hn pc,..maa.o luucr
dengan to<fwcn loa>lan
Mowb.n , .. ,u pcrtotnnn J;fereasiaJ b<au or<k, r.atu bcnkUI .
"•'-'
Poo)'cl<.,..la..n dar, pm,..,..•n lc....t>w ,daW, ·
no
'. ce' (72)

'
Jll"ll """mbc"k•• b.ao,y,.k fuog,., untuk buNtl'; ,.,� koef...,.. l Gambar 71
""'nuojukUII bcbcropo kcmunp:,nan dar, pcnydcsaw, r.,...,,..., (7.l).
y.u,g te.rgantung pad, mla, C
Uatok mcDd.apo,k.., pe"J'<ic..,.lll tuogg,I dipcrh,hn on!� ,.,..
bah.in, mn.tloya rula, r(x) da.o/atau tunmanl>)'ll pad, "'1:u x tcr1en1u. Uotui
pc_.,...... order n bu<>ny• dipuluhn n kondl>t w,cuk mend>po,lu
pcnycku,MI tuoggal J'(<) Apal:,d.> """""' n kon<!W d1bcnk.u, pad, n;i.; x yang
...... (mw.lny,, ...,), fl>Ua pc, .... ,aLJun d»c001 d<ng.ur psoblcm mi.; ,.,.1
Apabda dilrbothn leb,b <Ian UlU ....... per......iahan <h>c:bul deog,.,,
p,obkm n,J,u bal>1,. MIUlnya Pc""m&IID (71) d;,c,i.; <letlf;>n kuodisi aw.I '
(,an,bat 1 l Pcn)'Ck:l.a,an pc, .. maaa � • y
'
y,,du di x•O, nil>1 Y" ! "'•u
)'\<•0) • I (7l)
•• >Ol!root. �UMUJK VII rER.'••-'•lAAN DIFl"Rh.'<SIAL 8'ASA
••
Mc!•><le pcnyclesaun nu ... ,;, tidak •<4 1,,t,.,. D><lli,<11>1 bcntul
l.l. Mttode !,.,tu LHgkab
pcrum•>D d,frrcru.ial l'cn)'Clcui.an bcruJ» 1ab"
luop, untul< bcrbag;a, ,�mbd bcbM. Pcnydc..ian ,uotu P<"-'m>"' Mc D, dalam Sub hob ,ni a!an di,.ckes.,;U.n pe,..,.,...,. d•fc«n>o•I ix..,
,c ... ,al d,lo,ul;an � t,t,k tit,k yan11 d,lcntubn ....,.,. hcrurut .. U'""" ,lcngan bcn1ul
mcodap>tk.o.n h..,J yang ltW, tcbt1 111.lU ;artl (IDl<rval) .,,,.,.. l�•• t1hk Y-•"lt
bcr1un1,.n tc=btll d,bu>t ,cmaLr, \;cod.
Pcnvck>a1on Pcn.ama.<n (7 l) dan 7.3) •,blah meocari n,ta,y
lu"3>" d>n .<- l'e,,am,an d1frrtM"I mcmhcr,lan kcmmnga.n kurv:, �·
"°'"'°' I\,,..= 1c1'cillll d•rat didcl..u, dcogan bcntul bcrikut
><ll>p ..,,k "-bail•• fu"!;",: d.an y Hlluopn dimul., dan ml., a..... 1 Y•"t
dilctahw, mi,.aln)a d, rnlk (.<o , _111) Kcmudian d•hllung konun.og.,, tu,,• �"' � • Y,+1 - Y< • f(x .y)
d,; & ... ., -x,
(g.,,,s "'"ggung) d• hhk 1e,,ebut. lle,du.,r 0111> )II d, t1ttk zo d.an kcmmog.on
lung,., <I, t,t,k t,t,k ter&<bW dap.,t ilibdwig 01l.uy1 di trukri )'Ul8 bc'J"••k tu
dv, xo- SdanJutnya t,c,l; µ-1 ,.1'1) yang tel.ab d,pcrokh ,c,...bul digon,k,n
Y,+l "'y, + f{J. .y) {J.," -x,)
untuk mcnglulu"8 "''"' n d, 111ik ,r-i yang bcrja,>.k ru <hr, llllk r,. ProscJu,
hitu"S"" lersebut J,ul•ng, Log, uotuk m<!>d.af"l'llll n,1., y ><laoJlllilJ"" scp«t•
tcrhha, dol.un O.unba.r 7 2. '""
Y\+i"'r,+<f>& (74)
' ·k •r�n •I> N>loh pcrUJun lcmuingan yug djgunahn un,uk cutrapow<
Im n;Lo, y, kc-"'' � bc,1.,d & ya,1u xhsth ""'"'" & •x,.1-x,
I < ,,.,..,,..., d, >IOS d.ap•• d,gun•kao untul rncoghrtung l.a1>ghh n1I•• y .... ,.
ruhap
S<mu• ..,,ooc Wu bnsk•h d,p,r d•luh> d.al>m bcmuk um= io,,.b,;!
hrl>ed•• n d.,ri bcbe,ap• mclodc y,rng .Ida ..w.h di <hbm cara mcng
'"""" lem,,"'&>JI •I> Dal.,m ,ub b»h t,c.,kut uu okan dibmb.o bcbctapo
,,de"''" l•nglah.
l \ \t<1ode [uler
Mclod<.. Cult, """1ah ul.ob 1acu du, mctodc ,.,u l>nsk•h - J»l"'II
,k1h.,na D, h•n�,ng dc"8"" bcbcrap,. rnctodc la!nnr,i. mctodc m, p,1,nc
, ,ng cd,h '""'"" Jc.,,,,.n mo:!odc u,1 p<rlu d.j,<l.oJ•" n,cng,nga,
,dcrh>flnnn,-. d.,o mudah pcmahamann)� ,chmo, mcmu,la.hhn di
,L,L,m mcmpcl,J>" mc:lode la.Lo f>111! lclnh t<hu
•
(,,. 1,)
Mctodc Euler dapat ddutw,lao d•ro De,ot T >)"lo.-
•
,.• ,-,,+, '•,.,.-.+, .. ,v

( ... y,)
d ..
Apobd, 1111>, & koc,I, mal, '"'" - rocng,,ndung p,.ngi<>I k:l,;b

Gatuba, 7 2. l'en)"kuJan numcnl pcrum.aao wlcr<11>1>l
"""8-''
1rni;g, <!a.r, 2 odalab lec,I d.,o Jop,t d••l»•kAn, .. bmgga pcri.unuo d,
,, "d>f"l1 d,tulu mcnJadi
Ml'JOl>I' '1J,ll.J<I�
y,.,•J'j+y',t>x (7.S)
"'")�,.,..i...
D<ogao m<mN<ldu,gkan Pcn.a,n .. o (7 4) dan (7.S) d.,pot <i,,,'"p,,lb• Pooycl=iiao ck>.ok d.,n P<""'= W ., .. aJ•l•h
\,ahwa dal•m m<lod< Eul<•, kommnpo �-J ,•!(;,., ,y,), iw:hu,gp Pt""-"""'" 3
y. -0,Sx' + 4x - 10i + S.S.i + J
(7.S) dap>C Wtuh, n><OJa.11 ·
I', ""le<ai>n """"'"k

d,Uukon >CUJ• bertah.>p p>d.a bebe1ap,, to LL yang
Jeng>• , - l, 2. l I'm.am••• (7.6) ><l;l,b '°"'00< 1,..i.,, Nola, )',, \
t..rn1U1•0 Dcogon !DCnggunak>n rc.-..m».n (7 6) dihoung n,la, 1 yong y,,
lui;,ak t!.x•O,S dan to,k awal .r•O Untuk 1•0 "'•h Pe.-..mun (76)
d,rr«!lli1 Jeng.in ""'_,."•k•• ko"'""'B"" flllljl;SI (....,• Jc'¢'• '"'" ...
-·1..i;
1•:<<ama) d, 1,1,k ,, uotuk d1<btupoi><1k1n ><Ura lm,e, jW1a J:Uak ><p,o•J•,.
1•>< t!.x li>.mlru- 7.3 ad>lah pcn,cla,.,n �,• p-af,. dat-1 m,ctod,: Eub ,, • rn + J(<,,,y0)t>x
" ' .. y, .. y,' (.r-z;) ; (0,5) • y(O) + 1(0, 1)0.!i
1
� • f(O, 1) • -2(0) + 12 (OJ' - l!O(O) + 11.S • &,!i
y (0.5) • 1 + 8j (0.5) • 5,l'i
Nol,, ckW JWU ,u;i .r•O.S adaLh .

y(0,5) • -0,S(0.5)' + "(0.5)l - 10(0.!i)' + 8,5(0.5) + 1 • 3,21815
•
1,d, k=W.•n doogon m<nggunahn moo<>.I< Eule, ..i,w.
, - V��;,n ,,100% - -61,1 '!{,
Con1oli 1
1'...b l,ogkah henku,nya, yaitu un1ulc 1 • ! Pe, ....... (Hi) mcn)&ill
Sde .. 1kao """""'""" .
n•n+f(.<,.yi)t>x
�·f(.r.;)• ii+12i-10.r+SJ
y (l,O) • y (0.5) + 1(0.S; S.2.'i) O,S
y(O)•l
1
• S,l'i + [-2(0.S) + 12(0.5)' - lO(O.SJ + 11.!il O.S • 5,815
'11 PB<SA!,tM..'I Dlf'I._RE."5W BtMA
Huung,n <W>DJUlhn dcngan prO>Cdur di"'"' d,.o hliwlya dobcukH

PROORAN 7.1
PEKYELESAI"" POB OENGAN >l!:TOD! EULER
dabm Tol><l 7 I. Un<uk A<• 0,2.'i lulw,g.u, d,tokukon <kngan proscdur !lo
>ta> Jan baWllya J"S" d.ibmlcan d.al.un Tabtl 7 I Dalvn C<)llloli 1cr>cl,ul
'' DY/DX•P(X,Y)•-2X3•12X2-2QX<I.�
!>1,U:MSIO>I Y(lll,YKIJI)
dc:ngan ruJ.u A< btrbtd.a., d.,pal <h>lmpulkan b,.b""' p,:nJlilllDUD A< -g ltt,d,
kecl al:.on mcmbcnkan h=I y.,ng leb,b tchD Tc,api komdwe....,nya w,<••
•••
OPEN (5.FILE• !ULE�.IIAS'I
n:111-1
lutungan 111<0Jod• ltbih l2ma Y(l)•l
DX•O. S
Yropom 7 ! adalah P<OK' ,m untuk n,,,.,g!utllll,(! p<,...mun d,f«on....i Xl•O
\....., dcngan rncnggun>k.,. mctod< l",.kr gun.t menyclt .. ,koa ..,.1 J.,I,,. NRI'.l"E I S, l O l l
Conioh I. F'rognm lcrscbut odalah unluk A<•O,'i. Apobda d.kcb<ndal, NRITt[S.IOS)l,Xl,YE[l),Y(l)
mc,W,,tWI,(! dengar, A<•O,l'i m.au ru.1,, ox-o.s pad> b1rn kc 9 d,g,,., l>O JO l•l,N
mtnJad; DX•Ol'i J.t.o program ... ,.,, d.igw,11hn unlllk rncnyclcu,UO X•(I-l)•DX
b nluk lu"l!" )"OD!l l11m, mllo p,:notoh pad> lxlmke J7 <hganu Jeng,,, - Xl•X•DX
pcc,..,,....l""I:' d,sc�. � baru ke 16 d.ig,.nto dcngan 1,c,..,, YE( HI 1•-0.�·xl • •4+4 •xl ••J-10. •xi• •2H.5•X!+l.
Tx•-2•x••J•12•x••2-2o•x•e.s
p,:,........, p,:oyclt= ooaht,s. Y[I+lj•T(l)+TX•DX
K•( 1T1 HI )-YE( l+l f )/YE( l•l i )•IOQ
IIRITE(S, IQS)Hl, Xl, TK( :C+l). Y( Ul 1,E
,--
C<>lrt l MVE
• &•0,, �·M '"' r<>RNATI" I X(T) TjlJ

O'<l"""T1 lX, 12, r7 .2,2F9 .5,F7 .21
YDHil)
'' '
''
,.oo
..
• <(%)
. ,,..•, <(%)
\ OO STOP
...,, '"'"' ,'".,",..".. ,- ,,,. �ILZ

=··
""'"
�.,
3,21875 63.11 4,17969 :?'))Ci X( I ) T( I f YDIF(If
"w O.OQ I. OOQOO '
o.ts
"""'
4,49219
' 1.00000
'a• o.so 63.11

,-,
J.21175 S.25000
acoeco
,",.·"w
s.stsco 4,.1431S
""
"'·"" 2.9.Hro
1,242!9 =· l.00
r • so
J. 00000 S.87500
S.12�0Q
95.U
'·"oo
.,,.,,
2,2Ul7S
· 2.21175
2.11875
IJ0.99
S,12'i00 "
2 , QO 2. OOOQO 4.5QOOO lH.00
'"' ,,,.,,., J • QO 4.QOOOO 5.87500 46.8$
, ll'i.00 "'" 2 • 50 4.75000 74. 71
'
'·"'"' '""" ,.= ' • J.50 4. 7187� 7. 12500 so. 99
...
�.fl
2.l'i
""" '
'""
3,61719
�.-
J,J,nro
'" ,,,.
, ,,�
'"
2,71875
'· """ 4.1'1969 "·00
21.(l'I
74.71
«ccco "'" " 4. 00 ).00000 7.00QOO lJJ.JJ
7 • K=lalun Me1od< ! ul<r
aco
azs
'
S.'16875
"' Pen)"Clcur.an ourocrr); dan pcrum..un dJe,e""'l t,i...., mcn)Wabkan
"" """'
1, rJ•d,oy,, dua l;pe kooal.t.>n, ya,,u :
7,12"1 a,w S.86il9
'
"
4,71875 k�lah.,n pcmolongon. yang d,,cbal,kan okh teko;lr pcnycles.wr. yaog
4,3105.'i digunokan uotllk rnr:mp,:rUl"ak•• rula, y,
',.o"o '·""" ...., ic ..... han J>0rolnrl.>1an, yang drscbahun olth ie1erl»I..,.,, JUrnlah angu
(d�) yang wgu..... dalam lu!w,gan
Ke:<oi.h,n pco,OIO<,µ.o tcr<Wl dari d .. t.agi,n Pet1atn> o,d.aLah U<0
lah.ao p<motoo,g,,o lohl yang tcl}><I; dari pcmoh,1.0 ..,_..u m«odc p,>da ,..... I ootoll !
langliah K<diu adalah l<ul.ahao pc-oogao mcnycbar yang <l�unl.,11.;o 11,tung k.,..J>..bao y:.r,g l<�adr � penggurr.uo rnct<><lo Euler dalam
d.,n 11trklra.an yang <lihawk•o p,>da laogt.ah 1.angl.ab b«ikuonya. G•buog.u
da,; kedu.a ke,alah,n 1aON)<l1 <hk<ruol dcngao l<sab.lw, p<motongan global
< ""'°" I p,>da langkab penama.
"'")<l<saoao
Ek= dao .,i.. t... Lab,o p<motoogao po<l.a me1ode l:ukr dap>t
d.i,clW.ao Wm dcrct Taylor Uotul u dipaodang p<nainun M,,._..... K«ai>h,o chak d.i.buuog de� Pu>am>an (7 10). Olcb
I""""'"'" l"'"II disc:lco.aibo odolah p01"""8oal ord<r J mu, kwJalwr. yang
Wcn.1
l,e,1,eoiuk.
,l1pcrh,1uoghn ha•)� ...,_pa, subr le l,g>, bten> turull'II kocrnpal di,;
y' •f(x.y) (77) 1•;,»mu,, J>&"V>t t,g, odalah ool, ><h•� Pc� (7 10) ID<n;adr.
deng.n J '•dyl<b. ,<dong� da,, y od>l.ah .. riabel � da,, t>k bebas. Pc")'< A>-' A,-) A>-'
E,•f'l,J",,!i)T,+f"i,J",,y.) Jt +/"'(i,,y,)7i
le..,.. dan p<r<amllll te,...t,ut dopa, d.ipcrbral,;on dcngao dcrct Til)b
,A< .A<. • Pod.a laogl<ah p<rt>ma t,c,,.,, x1 •O, ><h•nw odar !unm.on pert.....,
Y,+1•1,+1 �,
,,I-. +y ·� ··· (7.8)
lcJU> .i... ketiga ad.ilih
Apobila re.........., (77) diwbol�l'Sikao le dala., re.....,_, (7.8) f'(r, ,y,)- -6<' + 24£ - 20 • -6(0/ + 24(0) - 20- -20
.._ .. ,,..nghasilkan
f"(r, ,N - -1:z. + 24 - -12(0) + 24 • Z•
!i+i•!i+/{z;,!i)flx+/(r,,y,)� +f"(i.,fi)6t + .+R, /"(J",.Yl)•-12
lltng.m d<miha.o kcnlab'" ya,,g tcrj>ili unluk N•O,.S ll<lal&b :
'' ' '

Peri>ood,og1n ant>ra Pc-• (7.6) clan (79) ""'"""jukbo
mc1<><lo Eulc:r hooya nocmpe,hilu"t''-" du, suku pc,11""' da,; , ...

Porum.no (7.9) Kes.>Llhan yang lc,jodi <I.vi inetode Eulct ad.ilih
tw,..,.
t, ...
hte,.. u
dtl m<:mp<rlutungli.1.0 •••• ,uku tcnilir Jati re.....,,...,, (7.9) f""u ,ct>e,.,,
E,•f'(r,,y;)� +f"l,J",.y;)� + .. +R, (7.10)
.
E, • -20!!!,E + 241!!.E _ 12� • -2,0312:'i
'
."
D<:ngon 0>01>gg•oal:.a.o N•(l,2:'i te,abibao )� tcq>d, lcbil> kec,l
dcnpn F:, .d.W. , ... w..n p<moto,,g,o lob! chak. Uoluk A< )'>."11 .. opl 1'1,.lndmg dcngan p<DggLLD.1>0 N•(l,.S. K<Oaiaiw, 1<rxbut tcrJ>di pa.ta
kecil k.,..Jah.an"I'""'
yang dib«ihn ol<.b Puum.a>n (710) adal.ah l>c,l. lmgk,b pcnoma, clan alw, .,.,.....,.. p>J, langlial,-1.aogiroh l>cril:u1<1y,.
rongdcopo l>crtamNl>ol"' o,dcr (order )'>DI lcbth tlll@:gl) Dcngao d<m,k ... '"""' n;L,, p<rbrun pad.a laogt.ah p<lt>ID.I (yang .,.,.P'JOyaJ kcW>hui)
suku )'1118 mcogandung !"'"Vat lcbih bcsar Jan duo d&J>O! th>t>i,k.., ,l1•uoak,n "'bagli d»ar brtw,g,n pad.a w,gbb KWIJu<oya
KJurrgg> Pcnam,on (710) rt'lCOJ>d,
1.5. o.,..._ Taylor 0.opa Ordtr Ltbl� TI>rai
E, • f'(r, .y,) ":. (711) Sc:tclal, m<mpcl.aj.,n ktsaW,an ya,,g tcrj>dr p>Ja mctode Eul..-. dopot
,1,"mpulh.o bahw> mclodo to,sthul dap>t <l>perbaw <kmgao ...,..,pc,bi•
'""�on lcbdr baoyal: 1uku dan dcr,:t Tajlot (dcngao derd fiy1o< order yoog
� t.h hnggr). Duet Taylor order diu mcmpuny.r, -olr ·
\lfTOOP NUMf-""I ,n
ru' Nd.lli i., <!¥; Porsamaan (7 14) 1<r,ebut ktmud>an dJgun>.W uoruk
Ji•! - y, + Na ,y,) & + f'(,; ,Ji)l' (7 12) ""''"pcllll'ak.oo kcrrunoga.n ruJ• UJU"tl al:lur ,otcfV>l, ya,tu
Pcrunuan (7 12) aku, meml,e,;k.,o h.uil yoog kb,/, i,,;1; u"; I'm•
maan (7-'i), Oc!OJJI pcn)S:k:uwi mcnJ><lJ kbth win Luc11,1 harU> mcmpc,h,
J,,.., ..
tungk>o turun"" pcrtam> f '(<, .y,), lcn,.,m, bola funµ, ..,1;c unlul;
w
7.6. M"od• Heuo
M<1ode Heun merupak>n moo;r.1;.., dan rn<tode Eulc,. Mod,fouol
ci.lakuLao dw.m mcmpcrhr....,. km1ringao ¢ Mecod< ,n, memp,.,korak .. Kom,,.ngan «rato tcrscl>ul kemuJ;,. d,gunakoo untuk ebua�
du> !U<but l;emud,,. diutaho ""luk mtnd>pr,(l;a,, pc,h>•n l;c"'1flll&'D r-"111
lcb,.h b.1'-" {G>mt,;,,- 7 4).
Bmlliarkoo roctodc Euler, kcm,nngan p•da UJung >Wlll dan l.Dl<IYll a<l;l;l;
y,., - Ji + f (r; .JI) + q,!••' .y••• ,l a< (7.16)
y,•f(,",,y,) (HJ)
Me1o<lc Hcuo ia, Ji;cbu, Jug> mc100C p,<d,,,,,. ko,cl;to, r,,.,m,,n
Kcmmngan l<tsobut J;g,.,na,k.,, ""'"' m<oglutung rulaiy,.1 d<ngan d.JJ,o 1114) J,,._�ut dc"tl"" pcru,n;,.an prcd,ktor, ocdugP<r,amun (716) di><bw
po1 ... luuc, &ehmgg> ,k � pc, .. mun kon:l;tor
,••• ,-Ji+/(r.,y,)& (714) '·••lob J

Sclaari<an pcrum.un bcnkul .
!•t(r,y)•-,' (>)
r(O) • I ,,,
''!\,It\ Dl<"ll!llln>hn mclodc Hcun don 6/•0,l
r,.)<i...i.o
I < nyclc,.a<ao cbu da,; pc,,.>mun d, at .. ,d,l,h
I , n}':lc>aJ.aD oumcnk denpo m<"flgWl>kon m<todo Hcwt

'"'m""n (l) Jap<11. dttuln dalom h:otuk .
��----x,,.��--rc,'.-,��·
-ru� ,.,uli-0 r,....,. .... (l) """"JOll f"'.J\IF.IU•
vu Pl RSA.'""" 1Jl�M- B1ASA
••
T•bcl 7.2. fl..,1 lutuogan Jengan mttod< 11,.,,
Krmu,nga,, ru..gs, .r, 1n,k (10 .J,11) >dab),
-
1 yel<sak ypcrbr&00 <,(%)
/(l(J ,,,,)- -.Ill- -(1) • -1

" uco» r.eem
Perkin•• ml•• ,,.�J dato y di t�ik i • I o<laloh
,?-1-1xO,l•0,9 )111 M 00
=· "�" "'"
·-
KcmIJHll,lll fong:,, d, ,�;k ' - l ><blab 7142>16
1 1 • !(" ,y,"). -_ri • -(0.9/ • -0,!l! 0667"6
o"
t.cmmngan re,•,.
l'rogram 7 2. ado.l>h program untuk mcnghnung l"'"""'un d1b,..,..1
- ,·o+z·, ,
-1-11,111 • -0,\105 lusa d<ngan m<nggw,a.W mctodc lkun Program 1crsd>u1 <l,guo.ak,.,. uoluk
1 - 2 -
n0<ny,:ie..,too w.,I dalam (.ontoh 1 K;,c,.. pusa ..... n y,,og J,..leuik>o
.,.i,J•b ..,,... fflU• d,pat d,bood""""n h=l llllungar, dcogao IDC"8!!,ullllkao
.,._,ode Eu,:, <WI llcun Huuog,,n dibkuhn uotu); oh•O,S. H...J lutunpo
n• 1 - o.mxo,1 • 0.909S ,l••mp<lkoo <l>.l:uofik lkun.H.._ Pcrbond1ngo,, Ool••• h..,J h,lunga,, OCnpo
mc<odc Hew, (Program 7.2) du tnetodc Eule,- (Program 7 l) O>Cnunjulkon
Un1Uk1• l Pc�n (3) m<:")><h
,
y:, • ,, - YI ru
h,h.,.. o,et<><k lleun mcmbcnkon h&,a yons ltl,,h 1,a,k
l l Mrlod< l'nl;II""
!(•, .n}-
,
Kc,mr"'S"n fongs, d, uuk (rt ,y1) od.,l•b
-r, •
,
-(0,9005} • -0Jl2719
Di d.d.im mc100C Pobf!,:,,o, mc100C EulCJ d,gun•lon uotuk m<m1Y•·
,l,ls, kem"'"S"" n,lo, y pad, t,t,k lt"!!'h ,ntervol Untuk •lu pcnan,o hh
,l,h,tuog oJa; y,,1/l be1>kot nu Gat11bar 1,
od,.bh r<•J<bun d.m mc!OOC
reru,,,.,, wbi •wal dany d, l�ik , • I adaLth '""but
_,!J • 0,9095 - 0,82719! xO,l • 0$.!678 ,,•:•Ji+ /1,t-, .y;) 7.

Ko,rur,ngan lungs, di ,u,k , 2 adalab
, , , Kemudi;o .;i., ter>ebut d,gu""k•n un,uk o,engesr.,m"" kcm,nnpo
,,�1(11,Jl)"-n.'" (0,82678) •-0681<7

.
' "i' -
,
l,...J., t,i,k l<ng>h oD\O"'ll. )'>,IIU
.... ',., •• ,') (7 17}
, _, , ; , ·, • -o,s;m�-0,6831'7 • -0, 7'i)3!1 H,umgao ,...t,01u,or• d.W.ukan dcog>n pr=dur di.,.. d>D
...,....,..
d,bcnkoo dal•m Tot:..l 7 2.
y, � 0,?09S - 0,755:lRxO,!,. ll,83J9o
Kcrnu"'8'-o tcrw:but m<:rupokon pcrkuuo d.,, k•!llrtll8"• rer><• pad,
"' n.aL yang kcmudi.iu, d,gun>.kao untul; cbtrtpo{a>, lmicr dan .r, kc :r;+ 1
1\11>• "ICr,ggunllton mctodc [uler
y,., - y, + f (,,-,.: ,,,. ;i oh (7 1�)
,. PIIOOJ>.UI 7. 2
'"
fgJlygLESAIAII PDB DINO..... 111':TOO! �!UN
'
c DY/DX•PIX,TJ•-2Xl+l2X2-20X+8.5
DIKKNSlOtl YX(ll),Y(ll),Yl(lil
•••
OPXN (5,FIL!•'H!UN.111'S')
U(l)•l '
Y(lj•)
DX•0,5
Xl•O
IHtITE(5,10l)
ltl'-ITl':(5, 105) l ,Xl, Yl',1 J), YI I)
DO 10 i•l,JI
X•(l·i)•DX
Xl•UDX
YEiI+l)•-O.S•xl••4+4.•Xl••J-lO,•xi••2+1.5•Xl+l,
rx--:l, x• •J+ 12, x• •2-20,us . 5 x, x•• ,
Yl(I+li•YII)+PX'DX
Fil•-2 •ltl' 'J+ l;I •Xl • •2-20 • X l +8 . 5
PXJI• ( PX+PXI J /2
Y(l+l i•YI I )+FXR*DX
B•I (Y(Hl)-U1 HI)) fYlq lH) J • 100
--�--
6.<12-
l<RITIHS, 105)1+1,Xl, YE( l+l), Tl HI) ,E
••
CONTINUE
!'Oii.ii.''!'(' I X(II T(l) YDU'1I) !')
< ... tob4
'"' , ,
F .......TI lX, I:l,1'7. 2,2F9, 5, r7 ,2)
10 00 \cle,..,k..., pe,...mnn bcnkl&t dcng,.n O>elodc l'ol,goo Wlluk &r•O,I
'""
"�
r
=··
X( I )
o.oo
I ( 1)
1.00000
Wir(I)
1.00000
'.t·f(<.y)•I
>'(0),. I
'"
'"
' o.so J.2U75 l.0750 6. 80 P,..,.-..,a
•
'' J.00000 J.J1SOO l:l • 50
•
1 . 00
l't......,_ (!) <hp.at <id.uh> dal.am bcl&tuk .
l. 50 2.:11115
2.00000
2,68750
2. 50000
21. IJ
25.00
,,,
2, 00
2.50 2. 71875 J. lSHO l7 .24 ,,., - "+A>,.)\) Ar - y, .... � Ar
,.00000 4.JHOO 9 .31
' J.00
J. so 4.9J750 ,.u
•
,. 71975
J.00000 J.00000 o. 00 Perki, ••n rubiy pad.a uul. teogah m1,rn.1 ad>Lah:
4 .00
� Ar OI
y\•Jtt+•
2-1+1x2•1.ns
Kcm,nngm rump pad.a t�d< 1engah 1111cn:al odaWI .
, f • t � .,11 • ,osr, • 1.osr.m

PROOI\A>I 7 • J.
' P!NY!L!SAl-'N roa O!NGAN K�S P<>LIGON
DY/DX•F(X,Yl•-2Xl+l2X2-20X+B.5
' DIK!NSION Yt()l),Y())),Yl(lll
Y! • yo + f (.<j ,Yi) &c • I + l,(J:Sl27L �0.1 • 1, 105127
•••
OPEN (S,FILE•'POLlGON.RAS
ProocJur h,1ungan tc,scbut di "'"' drulangr U8f wuuk bnglrU tanghll YE(l)-1
bcnlutny,., dan "2,;lnyo dibcnhn dallnr Tobe! 7.3 Yj lJ-1
DX•0.5
Xl•O
Tobcl 7.3. H...J hltnnga.o de,ig,.o -ode Po1'8"" ""ITE(S,lOli
WRITE(S, lOSi l, Xl, YE( rr, YI l)
,.-
'
" ' 00
' ·- ,,(%)
00 10 l•l.N
X•ll-li•O�
u-x+ox
x:i-x+oxn.
Y£1I+l1--0.S•Xl•••••.•x1••J-lO.•Xl••2+$,S•x1,1.
rx•-• •x• • J• 12• x• •2-20• x+S. 5
u "n" Yl1I•IJ-Y(Il+rx•ox12.
FX!--2•X2••J+l2•X2••2�20•X2+a.s
• I 49\SLl I *11619 Y(Itl)•Y(IJ•rxl•ox

E-1 (Y( ?+l )-ft( l+l) f{l!( J+l) )'100
' I MMSI
"" re
WRIT!(S, 105 11+1,Xl, Ui I+!>, Y( l+l) ,E
CONTINUE
Progr>m 7.3 odalah l''"S'""' unruk mcnglll!ung pcrumaan d,fe,,...._.. l'O>u<AT("
l X(I) T(If YDir(II E'I
�.,,.. dc:oga.n mcnggwu,kon mctodc P,�,go,r. Prcgrorn lcr,cbut d,gu .. kon""
1uk m<D)'Clco.t,k,n IOOI dal,., Cootob 1 Pcrb,.nd,ngiur ••••u b.ud buu•
'""' roRKAT(IX,I2,r7.2,2P9.5,F7.2)
1000 STOP
dcngon mc100< Pol;p, (Prcgrom 7.3) dan mctodc Euler (f'rusr>m 71) '""
mcnwiJulckon bo.hwo R>Ctodc Pohgon mr:rnbcnhn buil yang lcl•h bail.. FILE
=··
7A. M<tod< ltunp-KnUa
Scpcrtr d,J<l•skao d, tlepan bah""' rnctodo Eulc, m<mbcrrk .. h>t.11
X(I )
o.oo
Y l I)
l.00000
YDIFII)
1.00000
•
,o
YD8 kurang tol,r, Untuk mcnd.,po1la.n b...J l""!l Jct,;h tcb� pcrlu dipc,tu ' 0. SO J.21975 J.10938 -J.
tungL,.n r,uku yang lcl,iJ, bany.,k d.u, dcttt T•)iot atau dcnpr, 1DCDQ!LU1>.k•
Ullm'>I Af. )'108 kecil Kcdua c.aro ter>«l\11 t,cbk mcnguntunghn Pcrrgl,,
'•, 1.00
1.50
2.00
J.00000
2.21875
2.00000
2.81250 -6 .25
l. 98438 -10.56
l. 75000 �12.50
2. 7\SJS
tung;,n ,uku yang kt.h banyak mcn>erlub.o turunan yailjl kboh ,_. <lat,
rung,,)'(.<), >«Ung pcngg""""" <1, - kccd mcn)'Cl»bhn waltu hou•

' 2.so 2.009 -8 .62
kt.h P,,DJIUlg.
Mctodc lt""#·Kun• mernbcnkon kct<bh>n h.,,I _ kWr bu.or J..,
••
; J. 00 •. 00000 l.81250
-· .69
lrdu mcmcrluk.an turunan do,; fonp. bcntulc umum <bri melodo Ruog,, 3.50 ,. 7U7S 4.60938 -a . J2
4.00 l.00000 J.00000 0.00
Kuuo ><Wah
Yi+!. Yi ... ¢, ((I. ,Ji • t..-) odalah fu"&" pe,1ambalwi png mcrupahn kcmm,,g,• 1.lf..l. Mttod< ltuop-Kotta onkrd ...
«<>l• � mtc""'1_ Funpi pc,t•m!:wwi dapot d1!ulu d.,l>m bcntu.l< umwn
Mctodc Ruoge-Ku!to 0<der 2 mcmpunr,,• bcnluk
.....,. (7.2:u.)
4> • •ik1 + a:J<, + . ... + a,.k, (7.3'.I)
(71lo)
(7.22.b)
lci •f(r, + Pl A< ,1, + qnk1 &') (7.21 b)
(7.22.c)
(7.21 <)
r,a,.; a,, az, p, d.u qu d.,...1.-i dcn,pn mcnym,ahn Pcrumun
(7 22.o) dcnp• <lc•<t Taylor order 2, yang mompuny,., bcnuU:
,••• - y, + f(r, ,y,)A< + /' (r, ,)\) � (7 23)
Jeo:goo / '(r, ,.Yi) &pat ditentuhn dan b"ku.o, bcrant>1 (<lwm n,/,) bmkut .
k, - J�. + P,-, r,,,; ,Ji+ <1,-11 l1 ru + q,-1)*' ru +
.. + q,-,.,-, l,-, Ao) (7.21.d)
h..,. _ ',ub>h!USI Pers.,""""' (7 24) ke dalam Pcnamuo (123) meog_ba.,llw,
.._
Pc= 1c1Kbul mcnuo1ukhn 1,a1,.,.. o•W k mcmponya•
bcrunrUD. N,l.ai k1 muncul daL,m pc.........,. uniuk mcr,ghilu"!l /t}, yug jug, !!.. !!..� 6,
Y>"II bc,uruw, ..,,; """"'""" m<1ode Rungo·Kuno >dab..b efwcn dalam [); <la.lam m«odc Ru-KUila ini <bean od.a, a,. a, Pl dan q,1 ..,de.
.,.,.&hitung *"
munc,,I dalam ])Cf..,...>• uot,d:: du &<1Cn1$11y:L Mubung>,,
,.�, -11 -t f(r. • .l'J 6t + ( o!r -t � ,nl}
'""
Ada beborapa �pe metode R,;nge-Kutta fl"< terg;u>1U"i pod, ruh, •
fl"< J,guo.ahn. UMuk n• l, )'""3 distb,,c O>Clodt Runge l';uUa <O'Jcr Wo,
4> - •it, - .,, "" ,J'i)
Pctutl>Wn (7.20) """';ad, Un!ul.ot•l ,...ka Pc,..m>"" (719) ...,,lad,
mwu ..,hu,gga Pmamaaa. (7.22.•) el:.ivalc• deogo.o Pc,........., (1.25) Uotul
,,., • 11 + f(r, ,N l>.x ,,u digunaku de,o, T:,yk,, lllllul rncugcmhaopclll l'uuma..an (122.c) D<m
l"'"II .. ,,.. de- mctode Euler Taylor uotuk fu"l!S' deogo.o dm varub, «lelah nil.a, n dttetapb.n, l'.¢,nll(fu,,
d.u q diean � mc:my;,m:wo Pc.........., (719) tkopn ,uni
1 (r-tr .7-t,) • f (r .y) -t 'f-+ • ! -+
,uko dui de,<t T>ylo, L1<n11.aa cara cc ••cbut PcrS>......, (122.c) daP"' d11•li> d.i..m bcntuk
f (<; -t p, ,1; .J'i -t qn t1 &) • f (<; ._r;) -t p, Ji
,. MIITODS NlJ"I RIK m
r.,amc,cr tcr><but •p,,bil.a <lliubwl..a111 ke d,Jam Pe,.........,

.l'Hl "'J'i + a, t,.,.f (.<; ,}I) + •i i»cf(,;, ,y,) + a,p, f!,.1-! (7.22.•) ll.UI n>engl,as,lkon •
+ 01 qn ti.,2 !(.-, ,J'i) { + 0 (&)
•••• Jcllfl .. :
J'iH • J'i + [ a,J (<, ,y.) + a;f(.<.,y;) I<\< k, •f(r.,r,) (7.29.b)
+ I a,p, !+ a, quf (.<; ,J'l) ,! I flx1 + 0 {4<} (7.29c)
Dcng.u, mcmb,u,dmgkan l'en,lmun (7 25) dan (7 26), d.!pat d,S,mp,,J ,I, ..,.,.. i1 adw.h kcmon�n fong,., pa.b a-1 mlC"al dan ki ad.obi,
UII b&bWI k«I"' .,..........,, .abn e-n ,p>.W., · lcnunnpo fu°"' p,ad• •lbit ""erv.i. Denpn Jc,rukian mctodc Ru"&C l';un•
,od<:t 2 .,J.,Lah..,,.. dcng;u, mo:todc 1 lew,
a,+a,•1 (717-")
,. M<tode ro1;g0o (RIZ l)
�p, "2' (727b)
A(>llbd> "' d,;.,,gg>p 1/2, nuka Pcru:na,� (7 ill a) dan (7.28 b) dap>i
d,,eic ... ;k.n d.oto <lopcrolcb :
•><Ill .. '
2 (727.c)
Si.lcm peru,naan d1 at» yang l�J,n da,1 tip pe....,mun m<n,pndu ..

tntpat t,,bogan tU: ddc,.llu� selnttggo. <Kl.de t.... di,,ele$1,l:;>11. Unluk �· p,•qu•ln
saL,h ..iu b,l"""'o to.I: <l,ketahw ditcuplan, J .. kcmudian d>c>n k<l,p f'arlllllClcr 1<r><:bul •?>bib disub&tot,u,L,..n kc dal"'" Pcuamaan (7 XL•) •iu..o
b,lmj;a.n ya,,.; l,m Dw,wp l>al,w-; a> rulci.•pba, >eb>na> � n,cngiwdiaa .
(7.27.a) samp.a, (7ZI c) dapal <ho<:l<u,,Ud <WI mcogloao,lkon
(7.:l(h)
a1•!-a2 (7.28.>)
Pt • 'Ill " '

2'11 (7.28.b)
*• •/(.r;,fi) (7.30.b)
�na IUW •l dap;,t J,pi�h ,cmbar""II, nub akon terdap.>< bttyn

11>1:todc Rung,,-Kutto ordc, 2. Dalom...., � ID1 ll.lll <l,bcnkao tig,, metodc (7.30.c)
yang ><nng chgun;tl<••
L M .. ode 11 ... n d. M"odc R>l,too
Ap&biL, •i diaogg,,p 1{2, mako Pcrsamoan (7.28.,.) dao (1.lU) dap;,1

<h>cl<$fil.i.D d,.n d,re,oi<J, ,
., .. !
p1•qn•l
a, •
Dc..gou ,nc.,;J,b a,·lll a.t.lD maigiw•lhn kcsalah,n pcmol""i"'
"""""""' un1uk O><todc RWlll<·Kun• o«lcJ 2. Dtog,.n 1f.l. d«Lopat ·
"' - l/l
p,•qu•li4
••
·-
••
)\+1 -11 + .
(;*• + 3' '
., r,.,
''" l'ER.'.AMAAI>
,e .. ,ol i,, ...

rn1•,:x1,:<SI"' RIA.'lA
l'rooedu,- h,tungan d1ul:u,g, un<uk ,oe"&-"11uog y pod, l.angkoh-1.a.ogl:.ah

t,e,;);uu,ya_ Pr"!IJ&m 7 4 >d,bh p,og,om untuk menghuung pcn,unllll difo•
dcngan ffl<-"&Wl2kon inc:l<:wX R.i.,00,. Program tc,scbot d,gu·
n,UD UDluk mcoyelt,.aob.n ,ool d,bm C:O,,tol, 5 (...,. den&>• (;o<iloh !)
k, •f(Zi,y;J (7.3l I>) P,tO<;R.UI 1. 4

n; .. UL:l!SI\IAII PD1' DZ"<'"" HETOOZ JUU.STOII
k,. f(r, +.' •'*'

'' DT/OX•r1x.•1·-2Xl+l2X2-20X+8.S
(7.31 c) OIKDISIOI< TZ()IJ,Y(ll),Yl(Jli
6r ,)\ + 6.<)
•••
OPZW (S,PILE•'RAl,.ST<>N.HAS')
Cootoll 5 Tl(lt•l
Tll)•l
'kkwh� pcu&mun d.tercm.ial benkut de,,g,o mclodoe Raltson.
DX•O.S Xl•O
WRifl(5,l011
•
!!I'_ • - i,! + 121 -D + 11,5 WllIT:ll(S, 1os1 l,Xl, YE( 11, Y( l)
DO JO l•l,M
X•jl-i)•Ox
<hr, x•O samp,u J•• dcngan mo:,,gnn:dan La.ogl:.ah ru-o.s Kond>si ....i X1•x+DX
!"'WI x • 0 adalab ! • I X2•X+CX•0.7S
.._a YEjl•l)•-O.S•xl••4•4.•Xi••l-lO.•xl••2+1.S•x1•1.
FX•-2 • x• • J+ 12• X• •2 -20• X• I. 5
Yljl+l)•TII)+1X•CX•0.7S
i..>ogbh p<'1...,. odaJal, m<ogluowig k1 du, kz Jcopn mcnggunak••
,x1•-2•x2••J•12•X2••2-20•x2+s.s
r..... n12211 (7.31 h) Jao (7.31.<) 1XR•PX/ l. +2 . •rXl / J.
Y(l+lj•Yil)+PXR•DX
1, .. fr.,,, • .111) • -2(o>3 + 12(0)' -10(0) + � • 8.5 E•( (T(l+l)-YE(Hl)) /TI:jl+I l )•)00
WRITJ:(5, l05)l+1,XI, YE(l+l), Y(I•l j, E
C"""'IIIUE
k1 •/(r, + •' oh ,Yi+•' k, Af) ·!(�. 14, t 1115) ,",. ,ro,
fCRHATI' I X(II T(II
F RMAT( u, 12, r7 -2,2P9. s, r7 ,2)
YOIP(II 1''1
.. -2(0,:rn/ + 12(0,:ns)i - 20(o.J75) + 8,'! - 2.5820312.S '°' ,.,

]000
Kc� rcrol.l odabh

rILE
="
¢, ,. t (8.,S) + � (2,'i8'l03125) • 4.5�5 • Xll'I
0 .oo
y (I)
I. 00000
TOIP(I)
1.00000 •
).277H
' 0.50 J.21175 1.12
).39
'••
).00 3.00000 l,1015,
Niw ,<0.5) dih,tung dc<lpn �.,.......... (? Jl .. ) s.u
I.SO 2.n11s 2.J41U
2. uou 7 • OJ
•
2.00 2.00000
2.so 2.71975 2.15547 S. OJ
• 1 + 4,35,168"1:,(ll.'i) • l,27734)75
'• J. 50 4.71975 4.80071 l. 74
•
J. 00 ,.00000 11119 2.91
•
4 .00 J,00000 J,Ol125 l.04
lluuogan <t;1e,u,k,n <Ulluil meod;p;,,hn ••I•• 1 pad.a mtefV>I bmk11tnya
1.i.l M<tod< Rungr-"utta Onl<< J Program 7 S od.,l•h pcogra.m untul rnellgiutung pc,..own <lobc.....J bwa
M<todc R"nge·Kutto o,<lc, ) dounmk•• denga.o cara yang .. ,.. dcog;,n mcnl!S"n•\;on mctodc Runge-Kutto o«kr 3 Program te, .. bul dip
dcngan 0<<k• 2 u.o1u\; n,i.; M -3 H .. ,lnya adilib 6 pcna_ma .. ckog,,• J oabn uoouk rucnyeJes.,;ta,, so.I dal,m COll!oh 6 {.,mo dcngan C-olo !)
h,l>r,gao t.d< wkcl•hu, Okh Wen, uu 2 bdmg;an tal< d,ket.hu, h.v..s .i,,0,,1,
C PRQGM" 7.5.
\;on untu\; m<nJ•p,thn 6 tnlang•• 10\; dik!Ohu, l.au,nya Hasd yang bu.. C PENTELESAIAN PDB DENGAH ""TOD� RUN<;E-ROTTA QIU>ER 3
d,guna<>• ><ialah . c DT/DX•F(X,r)--2xl+l2X2-iox+8.5
.... (7.J2.•)
··
D H>:liSIOH Y(ll) ,X( ll ,Ci(ll. ?El Jl)
OPEN j5,FILl:•"RUNGE.11AS")
TE(l)•l
YI l i•l
DX•O.S
k, •f(r•. y;) (7.J2.b) XI•O
lf!UU(5,l01)
\fRITE(S, 105) l, Xl, YE( I), J( 11
(732c) DO )0 l•l,11
Xl•(l-li•DX
Xl•XI+DX
(732 d) r1<11+l)•-O.S•x1••4•4.•x1••l-JO.•x1••2+8.s•x1+1.
DO 5 l<•l,J
X(l<f•XI+(l<-!1•0.5•ox
(;ooluh 6 Ci(i)•-2°X(l<l''l+l2•X(i)••2-20•X(�l+8 5
'>clc.a!l.ln per.am»• \,cr,\;ut dcogan m<lodc Ruoge.Kuu• o,du J ' CONTINUE

PHI-(Cl<(li+4.•Cl<li)+Cl<jJ)Jf6
YII+l)•Y(lf•PHI•DX
•
!!:t. _-if+ 12, - 2(), + 11,'i S•(IY(J+l)·YEtI+l))/YEtl•l))'i00
••
W>tITE(S, 105)H ! , X!, JZ(Hl), Y(l+l), !
..,,,P•• ,- 4 dcngan mc,,uuru.b..o 1ang1:.i, �-o�
•••
dan , •O Kn<>J.., ...... COIITIIIUZ
1�du -0 ..W..ky - I
'" ,ro,
l'<l!UIAT( •
• X( I ) l1I)
l'<l!UIAT( ix. 12. rr, 2,2r9 .s,n .2)
YDIF(I)
l'<•J"'lh>,an "'
1000
pc,w,., dalmi mctodc Ruoge.Kuua Qfdc.r 3 � mcogh,1un;i: lo. '""

1 ... ng1iah
ki<Wlk)
1
"� =··
k, • -2(0)' + 12(0) - 20(0) + 11,5 • 8,'i
'• X( I)
o.oo
JI I)
l.00000
TDIFIII
1. 00000 '
a o.so J.21175 J.2ll7S 0. 00
ki • -2(0.2SJ' + 12(0,25)'- 20(0)5) + 1:1,5 • 4.mr,s a 1 • 00
•
l.00000 J.00000 0, 00
1.50 2.21175 :.l.21!75 o.oo
1
2,00 2.00000 2.00000
k, • -1(1).!i)' + 12(0�) - 20(1).!i) + 8,'i • l.2S 0. 00
a • 50 a. 71175 a. 71875 0. 00
J.00 ,.00000 ,.00000 0,00
De°"'" o><:nggu,uk,o Persamun (7.32.a) d,h�uog oa.ai )'\I)
3. so ,,71175 ,. 7U7S o.oo
1 (O.'i) • 1 + I i (8.5 + 4(4.21!175) + 1,2S I o,s - 3.2181S ' ,.oo J.00000 J.00000 0. 00
•• "'-'!'OPE �'lJ\IUIJk VII 1'1!11&\."M.N ()IFUU..NSIALBlAM ••
' PJlOORAK 7 , � ,
RUNGZ-�\ITTA QJUl!a t
c P""YELESAI"" P08 DtN�-"' laTOD�
c DY /Dbl'( X, Y) •-2XH l2X2-2 OX+ 8. 5
7.IU. M<tod< RuDJf-!<nll>.Ord<r4 Dilll!NS?OII Y 1 JO) , YE ( JO) , X( 31 , C1<(3 I
M<lode R-Kuna order 4 \wl)'ll digu .. UD I.arena m<mpuny,,,
l.eocht,an ldnh t,ngg, M<tode om mempuoya, bentul bcfU.ol ·
•••
DPBN (S,FILE•'l<UNG!t.l<AS'I
Yl<(li•l
•1•1-1
y,.1•:,,+�(k1+2k2+2k,+k.,)N (133.a) ox-o.s
Xl•O
WUTE(S,IO!f
...ITE(S, IOSf l, XI. Ui 11, Y( I)
00 10 I•l,N
k1 • / (<,.y;} (7.33.b)
•
Xl•(l-l)•DX
f�' ,)', + 2• Nk1) (7J3c) Xl•Xl+DX
.
kl•/(.,;,+
YE(l+l)•-O.S•XI•••••.•xl••J-IO.•x1••2+s.s•x1+1.
k, • , (r. '
+ zA< s, + 2& ki> (7.JJd)
00 S 1<•1,3
Xil<J•Xl+(l<-1)•0.S•DX
C1<(1<)•-2•Xil<J••l+12•X(1<1'•2-20•X(1<)+8 5
(7.llJ) S COffTINU!.
PHl•(Cl<(ll+t.•C1<(2)+Cl<(J))/6
Y(I+lf•Y(l)IPHI•DX
<.:001oh J E•( ( Yj HI )-YB( HI) )/YE( l+i I 1'100
W1'.IT1!iS,105)I+l,Xl,Y!(I+l),Y(I+li,B
�baibn per,.am.an ,cperll d.alan, COGloli 6 <le- m<lode Rwigt IO CO!n'IN\IB
Kult>o«kr4 IOl FORMAT(" l X(I) Y(I) YOIP(l) E'I
\OS POIIJ<A.�(1X,I2,P7.2,2P9.S,F7.2)
r,�,..-i... 1000 STOP
Lao&k•h pen ..... dol.am mct<><le Rw,gc·KolUo o,dcr 4 od>l>h mcngli,lo,,g kt,
*> d.,o k,
"'
•
ki, X(I ) Yi!) YDIP(I)
ki • -2(0)'
1
+ 12(0) - 20(0) + 11,.'i • 8,5 '• 0.00 l.00000 l.00000
a o.so J.H'7S J.2U75 o.oo

2 0 .oo
ki • - 2(lUS)' + l2(0,2S) - io((l.2S) + 11,.'i • 4)1875
'• 1.00
l . so
:l • 00
].00000
2.21875
3.00000
2.218H 0 .00
o.oo
' 2.00000 2.00000
kJ'" -2(0,25/ + 12(0,2'i)' -10(0.ll) + 11,.'i • 4,21875
• 2 • so 2. 71875 2. 7l'7S 0.00
k., • -2(0,!;il + 12(6,5)' - 21l(0,5) + 11,.'i • L,2S y
D<ng.m m<'U"n>la,, Pcnamu.n (7.33.a) <hln!u,,g nil.ai,V:)

(
0
,.
• 1 +(! (11,!'i+ 2(4).1875)+2(4,21875)+ 1,251 0,S • \2L87S lhtungan
. Jiter .. i .. uotuk '""odapotbn mlaa, p>Ja ,,.,ers�! btrob11nr,o

s Progr;im 7.6 >dal.ah program unlul: m<ogh>!ung p<!......,ln
)
d>f«c..,al bi..a ckng>n menggunak,n .,.,ode Run;p,-Kun.o <>«ltr 4
Pr"IIJ•n'I teroebu< d,gu tlll•n untul: mcnytb,,,hn w,J d>';m C<,nloll 7 ( .. ',• J. 00
J. 50
4 .00
,.00000
,.71875
].00000
,.00000
4.7U75
l.00000
0.00
o.oo
0. 00
...._ <Ieng.on Contoh 6).
,.
C&t>lob I
I
T\ans; ve<tilcal m<ncrtm• t<k>D.aD ongin Y""6 !«bog, me,ata )'>do
8 8 8 8 8 8 ""I""
� � 0 0 0 0 0 0
"'h1n1h Hngg,..oy>- Karon., ang,n te,.ebul. i;aog ok•n ....,oga1.am,
J<flehi yang bcsornyo dibcnh,., oleh r<"'"""""
b<rilill
5< !
- "- �. (L-z) (1)
e
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<
' � � �
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N
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5
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a
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""'""","'<� d.tii l
• i"
N
8
8
I panPi'll h•"l!- p;kc1ahu, L - 10 m.f • roiw1m •
•
" • • • • •
z " sa•" a • • 0
f. • I>< 10 k,flm , I • O,OCIO!i m lhow,g dcfld.,
·� d<ng,.,, mclO<.lc Euler dan fl.z•OJ m
ti·
•'
.... ,..1 .......
8 � ••
0
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� >
_...-,,".'1.. ...:..,.i...,§ l.kng,.n mcnggullll>ll t,.,,Jono», benkul .
.,...,
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•••••
0
•a• - 0
••
•• ••
z � • � a :1 !:: �
"'
! 8
• l'c,......,...n (1) daJW ditubs <L,1,m bentuk
•
• ••••••
0
• ••
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> !- � �
--
•
• '" ••
••
•
•
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'f •
•
a 5
"
:::: ;i 8:: • s ,Wnu(l)•O
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�
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e s 3
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j •'
.,
0
•
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� ��
"" ...... u,+I .. M,
+_
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l ntuk, • I, m.oka
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' zxrxtc xO,OClli
• • • "
N N •
• >'crww,.an (4) dapat dnuh< dalam bcntul
".
S51!=151
0 0 - - � . ....
518S:,.:,8 . Yl • Yl + " A? • 0 + 0.0036><0.S • 0,0018 m
_,....,..,. • "' ... .., .,,
• h<ongan ><la.oJutny,, dil>kukan denp.,, l'Togr•m 7 7
••
M .......... Lat!b..>o
PRO<:RAK 7,J o;ketah.; perullWlll difc,cn,.iol """' bctokut uu
MODEL DEP'LEl<Sl TIAN<:
' DNl.�Sl0'1 V()l ),1J(l1)
H•20 ;; ... +'
OPEN (5,tILl':•'TIAl><a.lO.S')
,-ao. y(O)•l
DL•IO,
Dl•O.S
E•\.0•10••9 tl,/e1,lu;,1.13, y(O,l) dc�n m,c,""I dc Ral,,100
WRlTl(S, lOS)I, Z,U( 11, Y( l I J MetoJe Runge KuH• orde, 3
00 12 I•l,H c Mctode Ruoge·K•l1• o«kr 4
A•Fl(2•E•CI)
l•I•DZ Z. Diketahui pcrSamun d;fe,c....,I 1,.... l>e<ikut '"'
U(l+l)•U(l)+DZ•A•(OL-11''2
Y(H l )•f( l)+U(Hl) •oz !!l' - yi
.� -'
""-IU(5, 105) I+), Z,U(I*l), Tl IHI
u CONTINUE
y(O) • I
·'"'·
P RHATI l�, 12, F6. ), 21'1, ')
"'
1 00 0 s,1,,.,,•• pcn••111.aan tcr>ebut <W, .r•O ..,..� .r•2 d.eogan mt«vaJ
6x '" O,!'i dcDS"" .,.o,ggun>k>n mctodc l,enkut ·
"' ' " ' L M<lodc Eukr
'
•, ••
0. 0000 0.0000
•. s 0. 0036 o.oou b Mctodc Heun
LO
• 'LO.c
0, 0069 0.0052 e- Mctodc Rolstoo
.. '
0.0097 0.0101
d Mctodc Ruog,;-Kuu. 01.Jcr 3
'• .e
Q.0)23
0.0145
0.010
O.OUJ
o. ons
O.OJU
e M«odc K-Kutuo«Jer 4
I D,l<et..i.o, p<rSama.Ul J,fe..c .... l � l,enkUI ,ru <bri .t•O .. mp.a, .t•2
'• ,.,
0.0182 0.0409
' •,•.•, 0.0196

0.0209
0,0507
0.06ll
d.eogan 6x - o,.'i <knga.n ... ._ ... h .. ""''""""' t,,;,;ku,
" s .e
H 0.0219 0.0121 �- .. ,Ty
u
'•.• 0,0127 0.0934
0,0950 1{0)•l
" ,.,
u 0.0:.lll O, lOO
" ,., 0.0:131

r, • 0.0242 0.1190 o. Metodc Eukr
b MOlodc Ho""
.•,•.•.,
1312
"
n
0.0244
0.0246 o.uJs
u Q.0241 0.1551 c M«odc R.i,.,oo
•"• ,.,
0. 02'7 0.161"1
O.OH/ o.uo� d. Mctod< Rung,,-Ku11• 0<du 3
H IO. o 0.02'7 0.192\1 e. Me1odc Rw,g,, KUii> o,,Jer 4

••
4 Dtkc1abu1 pc,,.m»n difetc"""'1bitia berokut '"'
�•A+y+..-y
J(O) • 1
......
w;,Wlf!. y(O,l) <lcnpn IDie.vai tu. OJ)2.'l ,l,eogaa m<nggUIWan mc11,,k
> M<1odc Eulo:, VITI. PERSA.t\1AAN DIFERENSlAL

b. Mt1ode Hcun
c. M<lode R:obl<>o
PARSIIL
d. Me!od<RWI@" l(uUo«dct3
c. Metode Runge-Kutt> o,d,er 4
S s.Juno deog.u, u,mp.,.ng�mpal ID<R puaral ltl,ar <WI.< 8 • S m .....
Htt11D11 f""ofd muko ,;, do scbdah hulu ><-

obrllll debit Q•IO m Id Kemit� dasat &aluran lo•ll,OOlS J.
tocf0$i<n M •• ,,; .. n ·(J,1]25 Kodl1anwi ••• ok UJUDg lu};r >dnah y .1,0,.
1500 m dc:opo ,,.c.....i
lu•500 "' (t,g,, l•oguh h�u-) dt"3"11 m<tode E>ikr Peru,....,. � l. l'<ndabulaan
prof� muka .,, a,rla.la.b :
Kobanyak.ln prnn... lab.rn <Liam ,lmu pcngctohuan Jan tck""""i:i
•'¢
lo-< , .,,) d:JP4l d1p10$Cntasil..an dal.am bcntuk ptrwn>>n dofcrcn>W J>USl;I rcf'>AfiU,ln
!1_. A JI lcr>eb,,,1 mcrup.,hn laju pcrubah>n 1erb>dap dua ..._. kb,� ,,..n,bd bclw.
dx 1 -
.,,
/i..I_) l•"ll 1,,_nya oJ,lah "'""" dan iarak (ruang) lknl•k umum p<J!,;ma,o
<hle<cn,..al pu•ul octl...r 2 d.an Jua J,,ncnsi ad>l•h
<leng,,n . A •By, P•B+2y, P. • �. T • B, t• 9,81 ml; S.lc,.aihn J"P

deng>n mcoggunak•• ID<lode � bw, (llcw,, Pobgon. Runge-K,.,o
or<la 3)
6 llu>tW. p,0&1•m kompules ""1uk ine,,yelr.oaika,, � S. Jellj\an a, b, c, d, ,, f d.,n r b,s.>. m<rupllkn lungs, don vanabd x don y dao
? Selc.<.a,llll Conlob 8 dcngan mcnggvnah.o IDClodc llcuo., Polw,o. Ruog< ,,m,bd tHlH bcbtil'.
Koua ord<r 3 dan 4 Pcr>amno J;f,,c.....,l p,rwl daj,al d,bcd.allo meopdi 3 upe ya,tu
8. Huatlllh JJ'Ofl>'>DI �pule. unluk mcoyde,.,,hn Soal 1
Pc,...,.. Elhpo J;�, bl - 4ac < 0
2 r« n Parabola i••• ·b1 - 4ac • O
1
I Pe< .. ....,, H1pcrbola ,_l:a b - 4'I< > 0
Pcr:w:n .. o iwal;,ol.,. busan)'l rnr:ruraJrao p<"2111>,l11 - te,gulu,rg
1� =Uu (tH.lak pe,m,nr:n) Pcnyclc,.a,an pe""1'1lllll ter0<b,.11 mcmeTlul<ao
vm l'1'JtSAMAAN Dlfb.UNSW.. PAJ>SIII,
liondisi ow,J da.n balao. Pc,.......,. clhpo tusuya b<crbubung>n <knv• U. Bth<l">po Btnl•k r..».....,n lllr,,....,1,1 Pol'Slll
ma<alali li<.><:UDbmg,10 al>U \oo,cho.t pe, ....... (t.i.l t<rp,itung w;,k<"), d:,o Benkuo ""d,bcnhn bcbcroJ>I bcntuk pe,...o,uo diferclWOI pu,ul
pen)'Cbo>aru,Y,, n>emctluk.an koodw bot,. d, >ekdilmg daerah bnJ'"""
rc ... maan h;pe,bola boauD)'ll t,e,hubu,,g.ao � gcw,..., "''" P"""""""' £11,p,
per.....i.h,n d; ow,.a tcr1od1 lct.Ju·k.,..,ayuu, ("""""'°""') Jaw» ..n,u,
>epc<t, gekm>bang kqut y>ng te,jod, lClldal·konl;•)'II>• <Worn kccq,al•n. P=o )'>"8 tcnn,..uk d.ilim tlpe .,,, odalah penamoan Poo,.wn
......... da.n '"I"' mm Peo)"I-HIIO <Ian pc .......,. btpubola ""''"
d.cogao pen� pc,,:.n..,.o parabola, ,ans O>CogiutWI(! DUllf' uoluO n,I:,, LL +�

i +,-o
�,) �1
(8.2)
J dan r y>»g d,bc,,kan.
Pcn)'Clclllian pe,-,..,ma .. difucmud patoi,J dcogan koodw • ...,,1 J.,o don JlC'""""" Lapl11CC
b,las dap;U JCsdc,,,.,w, dcagm n>elOdc bed> lllnga Unouk ,tu dib...i
}>nrtga,, ((;k hltungan pi><la <!Kral, '"°JOIWL Sro>gai <Oatoh pen)"ba"" lr.+l.£.o
pc,,...,,. <llil" pi><la daa-lh S y,.ng -..,,. <>k:b kwv, C sq,en, tamral,
d.il,m Gmilw 8.1 l)auah ti<tJOUU S wbag, ,nedJ..i; OCJwnlah I" .. (toil.
�l a,' '"'
bnunpn P) dcng,.,, w••
ontou P"" odaL.h a, ,;bo t,.y Koodw d> """"
nnabel toiak t>eb .. (f') h>rLll JDC1DCnUho J; ,u,h,,g hin', C dl>dxio dt,....
Pm.,111..... dbpo bu>.any, be,hobungan dc<l(l'UI m-W,, ..... t.b Jic.c.
,mbilrlgll> •••• ""''" pcnr,aoe<1. scpc,i,,hr._. u11onoh di ba,,.,..,
b<ndllD8"-"
d.,n k...-en, odanya pc-flllll> d.c!lch, plat We .. odany, pembcb&iwi,
J,o,,d,.. NI• Pco)cl<oa,Oll pcnm,ua dd'e«.a>W mentpallll perl<>tun don
J:u, &ebaga,nr•
n;1., f' p;,d• 1u1k·tUdr lutunpn Pu, P,i . P." .. Pcrt.ir"" dol,kuho
<lcngon mcngg,.nt, ourunon dari pu.........., d<lcrcasal � �
11,r:,,ggunab.n pe,k.,••• bed.I b,.ogg>
Pcrm....Jobon - mcnganJung ..... icu ><wpl v;u,abcl bcbti b,uany,
1en11a.,uL dol.am pc...,_.,, par;oboll. p.,..,,,.,. par•bola yoog J>lbnc
"-<k,b•"' Mlaloh pc•-•• P•- ohn Mu" polutao, )'>"C m,:mpuny,,
l>cotuk
' -�· ··-iT

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al-
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I ' t
OWm pe<WU>n pc,ilrnbalvl - T WW, lcmpcralw, K -
(,._fis,cn ko<>dukt1v,tos, r ... bu ,;bo. x o.dal,h 1a.,k Poda .,.,..,,.. ... J;f...,
0
I
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' 7
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1•!"'""• ,.,.,;bcl T
odabh kM$Cn(ras, Peoyek,.a,.o oda4b "'°"""';
lempe,;tu, T
polwon Jao K odalah '"" konscntr.., polut"" d, lobs, (1,1,k)x ,;bo Sd"P woOtu l
d,,r,
loer..,,n Jifu;,
l /'.....,,,...,,, �,p,rl,(,la
lurbul<o_ pcrsam.,an
ttrselM
p.,.,...,.... lupcrbolo - J>lbng ><dc,lw>a. odi,W, persam,u, gdo;,m,
l>ang )'llll O>Cmpw,yoi bcnlul bc<U'.ut ·
4-ci�
dl 11r'
(S.4)
<l<ng,.n 1 >J,loh perpu,dahan vcrukol (nukt1UOJ) P"do Jorll x dan •i•"8 uh lkntuk l'e=• (!1.5). (!1.6) <WI (!1.7) d0><bul <lcngan d1kreiwal
..
yang bcrgetar - 111<ntpunya., panjang I. ,=,dab """'" r. Okh karma rub, 1 m>.Ju. mundw <Ian terl"""'I Ddereos;.11e,had;p 1 )"P dapot �,1uh, dtt,m
pada ujong·•J•ng tah l,;.a,.an)'ll ddcctahu, Wltuk .emu• W3klu (kondw bolo,,) bcmuk scpcrto d, ol><. y;,.,1u
dM bcntuk >ena teccpo1a.o 1a!, d,ket.ahw pod> Wlltu DOI (l:ondisi ow>l).
mah peoytle,..;an pcrsamun o,d.doh ,c,upo d<ng.u, p<ny<k.aian pod.a ee .. ,.,,. ,.,, ('-')
pw,am.u.n par>bola, )"ilu mcoglutungy pador dao, ,e,tcntu
,,
8-l. l'trti"""• rnr,..,..,,;a1 O.apn llodo lll*IP
!'£_,. fl• - fy-1 (M)
l'erklfa&n '"'"""" (d,f«ensial) <1<...,n bcntuk tx:Jo hmgg, tdoh
d,pd>Jlll dan,o Bab L Gttnbar 82. a<laloh )U!Dp" t�a-. bJ1w,gan 1>:oJ• !£.,.f••·· .,...
bul•ogr 1 - d,f>ti d,b>g, m<DJ><h ..1untlah p, .. ,cgi em pal Jc"V" sw .... ily 2 ....,.
<b.n t.y. Ponjlwg pi» J;al•m ara.b r ,,Mah 6JC <Ion Ja!am onh f adal.ah t.y
l_.t.. .. ,,.-, - 2 ,.., + ,..,.,
D<:o&>• mcnggunal:an J•rtngo,, t�,k lutuop.n J>.l.am G.unb>r 8.2, ,cmuo
difereru.ial d�uL;,, patio IM•k h;lwigan (• ./) lkntu'- '"""'..., pen,.,.J•• ..,., ...,,
kcd»a d>dek.ato okb .
'•• •••
•• f······
'
!!....:£... ..
- ,...,,., - ,,•• ,.-, + f,-1,-1
41\r ,.,,
,�,
T• • ••• • .. ,, Ui,tuk prn,amun Y""l ""'"PndWl{! ,.,,oat,cl r doo � pe,fo.,n bed.,
1•
hrngg.,. ddakul.ao dcogon manbu,1 µru,g.,n uuk h1tw,g.,tt pa<la t,,Jaog x�
(( ,..,,lJar 8 J). )'11"1! d,t,ag, dw.m ><Jumlab iu< dcag•• 1.111erval ,iw,g d:an
'' •• : . - r,-,,
• ru
. ,
•• :.Jr ,.. ... -,.-,.
a. .. 1 t.:,
J .
r .
!.'£... .. 1',- ,, - 2 ,.,, + ,.,.,,
a.'
�-r···�e,
t.r'
. ,
�..t.,u
>d,lah tu
don N -l---1-
,,., ' llcntut
lu<UJ10n
.,
ptrtOIOa
l ··•'---+-----+--'---'-
�·
d1n kcdoa
, !crbad.,p
WUtu
Ian ,u:u,g '------,l,--'-----'--L._,,,
1--••--+--••----"l '
�
adabh
"
,
t
' ,
" l
' -
'
(
-
!
I
. +
7
)
-
(
8
. -
8
)
l
-
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VIU PP.as.,,MAAN DC�LPAR.S.llL
o• l • Peoyeb,i.,o pcn..unaan ter>c:but W• membcnbn 111.W T &otara O
.!'!: .. fl
•
- ,.
•
(8.10) don L (d=noi IUUlf!A) don ............ 11 .. (<) dar, 0 sampa, W. lCrbingg., Ja<li
dacrab 1ntegr ... S .ialam bodang :t-1 (Gamba, 85) mcm,,....r,,i h,... W.
., .
! I..f_ ,,.•., -
,,,,
2,,,' + ,.•,., (8 11)
1«1ungg;1 yang <l..bau,si oleh """bu z dan p1U gario "'j>jat pada r•O J.an
r•L Bidang ,a,<l,ut dl5Cbut dong.,, d>,e,ab tubuu m<:oa klllYll bat .. C
1Hla<
tcolutup.
Dahun bcn1uk bed, huigga <l, ., .... p<:fW•pn dann+ 1 mcnunjukia>
rula, f' pada WU1u n don• • 1 rcnuh"'" n ,eb,g>i ,upcr>knp, yang""'""" •
1uH•• wiliu, untuk mcmbcdakm dcopn o.uh,knp untul: � / dan l Y>"I!
n,enunjullan nc,..,ruang.
S,I. l'<n)'<l<Sa,.n --• l'anbola

"·'
e s
D:.bm mcmpclajati pcn)'&lc>a,ao _..,. paral,ola, dipand•"'II
I""- pcromb>t>n pan» 1""ll .,..,pw,y.u
bcntut bcr.t.ut ·
'
ar •K;r
�x'
(812)
a,
<lc:opn Tad.al.ab tcinf"""'"'. K adal.t, kocfis>cn koodukltfotu, I adoWo wal:.10 ••• ' •
d>n.< adadah µnk ("'2-ng) '"' > ) 1'� >.WAL
"' M
............ 1<...t,Ul di.,phbs,kM pada OIWU batall!I I>,.; 1""i dOfM
na,k.u, ,abb ..Cu UJ""t!"Y>, ocd.,ng UJW!f! prig J.ain .Ja\ah !<top, ,cpc,i,
di<uoiukktn dalam Gambar 8.4. P""°' pada UJ°"l!A tenebut Han

le lljUDg B l)cogon mco,:guoakan Paoaawtl (8.12) .t.a.n dapat d,pr<dib
met•"""' Di daWD (,am!,ar 8., iu.tlu batang pcnghantor pan» mempuO}'t1
temper.tu, di scpa•J•"!I bes, (,) >DlaraA � B daD pada ><:t1•p SUI (1) ,lr.">!nb"" lccopcrO!ur •..-.l pado t•O; J.an pad> "l""II "l"'W'J'il mc:inpunya,
1<n1pc,>1u, J'ilil3 merupabn fungs, wal<tu D;.cnbu<, 1<mpcr>1ur 7\<.1) <h
1,._,ang � .... tcu I;, 0 <lopat <l.,hitw,g dcngao >ngg>pu, bahwa ..C>l .....>1
ro,,a ba!•"!I 1J.W. koas1an. Pe..........Iahan dopot diprese111>01bn <Wam
1 .. ocul-. pc, ... o:i..un dr!crcmial <kllfl3• Oood,si owal don batas.
re,.........., (8.12) berlnu u,1111,k <bcrab O < z < L d.an O < , < , ,
Jcogan T ad.al.ab WU(u hilur,pn !<JUl. scdaog k<X>du, nrai du, !,ow ad.al.ab •
T(,,O)•f(,)
T(0.1) "S,,(I) ;0</S< (8.13)

D, dalam p<•m'lai,h•n tcnc:bol, lelllpeotur pado UJ""i UJU!\g b.n""fl
(ura. A dao 8) yang mcmpw,)'3> ja,oi: l diltd.abw ""'-Uk selun,1, ..-.k•• T(L,i)•tJ(I)
Ko,>dw"" <b<ebu1 dcog.u, kond.., balu. Scl"" ou di<lnhu" tempcralw <Ii
"'P""J>ng bMang pod• o...-•I hil""&"' JUI!-' chkctohu,, d.n kon<h,., ''" <hscbol I >.lam Pe"""'""2!l (8.IJ), T(,, 0) odalal, 1-.ondtu •wal; >edu>s go,(<) du It(<)
<lc:ngon ko,,d.,, a-....1 .odab.b kO<><h&, batu, Kpcrola dcoga,, meogguo•k•n me10<l<
bcda bu,gg., dlpal d1bed.,l,;an menpili du• metode (skcina) d;osa,, !''"'"
,kem•
cbph,u dln ,I- ..... ,mp!i,it Pod.a ,le1ru1 ebp!N, >tmbel (temper>tUI) p>dl
,wlu utik J,bitung sear• 1:,ng,wig dan -.,i.bel d, h<berop.a mil< do .. ,+-+--I---+--+-
selutarny• pad.a .,.k,u ,ebelumnya, yaog ,udah <hke1ahw o.lo,nyt Dc:,v.n
mctodc 1,u, pcnunmao pcrso.maa,, dofcren,.ud p.arwl kc dalam ben1uk ooia
hongg,, ad,,l,h m,..L,h Na.mun ke<>d.w "'""''"Yl'
adal.oh kcmuoghnon
1c,1adinyt ke1.W. ""b<l>n lll1ungan. ap.abw. di$unahn kangkah waktu yang
be.ar Dolam ,hm• 1mpl"'1, untu< mcnghjtung ,ari>bel di watu trt1k pc.lo
d,bua! watu SISICm pe•umun y.ng m<npndung vv1>bel d; c;,;1, tc,,ehw dln
uuk i,uk d, ,ekitarnya p.ada wutu Y""l! ..... Si,tcm pc,........, )'>ffJ
"' •••
letl:><ntuk iliseleu1k•n d.cnga.n mc:nggunokan n>etode yang tdab d,benh•
d,Ja.m B:tb Ill S,al.;,h >a!U mc!ode )'3<,g paling b>.n)'ll d� un1uk (,amlw 8.6 Skcrn.o cbpbsrt
mcoy,::lc..,hn n1""1•h ;,,; :.dalah mctodc '"I'""" gondl d.n Ch,..lc<l,1
Bc,c!a,.a, k,d .. dcma <bs.v ,cneb,o ldah d,kcml»ngl:>• >ken» la,on,-,.
"'P""'
.-
rJ.em> CrW-Nicbolv>n, PreM,<0, L..oap Frog. Jao !.Cbogamya
�kerru Cronk·N">Cbobon mc,upakan gobuogan Jar, >kcm,. d,,pli.<,l Jan
T,,.1-T,0
unpbs,t. Sle1111 Prc.,.....n mc,up.,kan pcogemb>ogar, <hr, >kcma 1mph,o. �!'!:.•)
...:dang stem., L..oap r,og
odalah pcngcml:,aogar, don >kcma ek>j,l.,,.,t. D,""'
b>b 100 ,elaio den» cksplioit d>.n ompl,>il Jug. •klln d1pchJ>n <.kcm>
.1'7l< ,I)• T,"-1 - 21"," + T,�1
(.r,nk 'I�. !'cniel1"3ll kb<h """' dar, kt,p >kcm• lm,chvl d,t-.-nl1n
hcnkut mo a.' &'
Dc"ll•" mc._.,wm .t<ma d, ,1.., Pcru.aw.n (8 12) tbp.at m1.i..
8.4 I. Sk<""' t;,p1;s1t dalam bcotuk 1J,e,;ku1
Mciodc beda h,ngga >keml ctsp1;,.,l ba•):a< d,guo•kon J.,I,. 1
T," -T.' T,' 27,' + T,�1

•
p<ny,.kr.arao pcrumaao d;fcrcn,.,al pan,;[ �ken>;t ,ru .. ogat O<der""n> J.,,r 1-
rntiJ.b unlul< mcmaharmoya. !'Or>ggllOU.n ,1:cma tersebu! Ulltuk rneomunk .. -< ,,,,
pcrr.am.aan JifcmWal p:,,,.,il mco1,id, penamuo bed, !w,.gg., J"P m<>du
/..unuo ,1,m.a '"; mcmp<,nya; kdemah>•. yai!u bngl::ah w,J:tu !JJ. OMm cu);"I'
kccd l..mj!kah ,.:a;.lu !JJ. <l,ba1.ui herd.,., b,.bngan Courant Y"°'

Cr"(U !JJ.)I &:S 1. Ap.abil• ojl.n Cr> I m•l:.a lutungao mcni.J, t,d,J: stal.t
l(,t,J.
T, o+I •T, ' +- • o
,-(T,- 1-27, ' +T,�,) (8.U)
Pengguna.a.o \angl::ah ..Utu Ill yang l:cc,I tcrx001 rneni,:balJhn pr""'Ju, ,L,o
woltu lu1uogan rnco;adi ""Dg;ll panjtng dao lama. m<oggunol.. >kcma '"JI<"'
yaog d�unjulhn pad.a G,ml»r 8 6, luop,
van.,bcl (temper.cur) T(<J) dan turu=oya daJ.am ,,...ng dan w;ktu did.cut,
I Bea/ul """"" d<,plls,< okb beniu); bcnkut.
Pad.I ,kcma tlspl,>il, .. n•bcl p.ada wollu n+l d,lutuo� t,crd,,.,k ..
,�,abel � WU1u n yang sud•b du:cl.Jru, (Gamb>t 8.6)
Dc"t"•
Pco}':ko.a..,, Pc...,,....,. (s.tl) dan (8.0) te,lladap �""& )'ODii dipo·
,...,.., (AB) d,l;,l;.ub!, <lcaprr mcmbag, ba1ug tmcbut men;,<h sejurnlal,
r-. SelanjOU1ya dibual jmiqpur l�,k bihu1gu. dllam bodangN. scperc; <!,.
<unJuilan dalam Gamlw 8.7 i.,ak ..ur, ,�,k lutw,pn � p<as)..,,.
I.!, Ill• LIM. de- M adldab jurnlah I""' ><daag Ullcrval w:ulu bitw,g>n
...i..tah !JJ. D<nga.n Pc.......,.n (8 14) dan kO<>d>si bwo di kodua ujw,g baw,g.
"'°111nngl::mbo untul; rna,gh,tu"i r,'" (r•I . M-l) betdasarUII lllW
r,' (r•I . yang tclah dikei,.bw !'>dl D'll! Jut._,,_
nilioi • .,,o1 don tD
lcrnpcra<ur T, diketahw ,ebago, kond,,.r awal. D>n oda< 1...,,1 tcnd,ur. dan
MJIT'ODB �"UMUYK
'<ondos, ha!•>, dapot dihnuog .ul11 T di >epaojang bl.tang(, • l, . . ,N) pod>

wutu bcnkutnya N,W yong tel.ab ruhitung lor>ebut d,guo.abn tllllul
<, <
-·
mco;gll,1"ng T, (1• I, • . , M) un,uk nk1u benkutnya !>.g1- Prosedur Oll.ung;on "
•
, ''
,n, d;ub..og, L,gi sampa, a'<hornya d,. dap,t IIIW T, (i•! M) W>tul ><mu•
"
,, ,
,
,
' f,;\
, ,
, ''
'
·====== " ,,, ''
'
''
' '
• ,, ., •
• "' "'
, /•)* x <,
/•� • <,
l'cnJela>a.n o,eoge.,... ..._llbtb1u dar,t Jobkuhn dcngan mtne:!!unlllll
co,nob bcnkut S""'" b>t� yang pod, kedua UJungn.-. d,pc,1>b.ank>n pad.
' ' •·-6, - " 1cmpe1alu, '°""'"" ya,tu O C. l)IS(t<bu,., tcmpcralu, ,....J dal,m bcnuU tak
t,;,d,o,e,..; sepcrll dnun1u'<k•• dal,m 0:ombor s.9 d,o oecar. motemahl
mcmpunya, bcntuk bcrokut
l. Sla/J,/,i.,s skona <>pl,.,"

T•2(t-x)
�pertl � d;tuo1u'<kan � Gombor (8.8), d.tlam ,J:ema <Uf>lwl.
r,' tcrg.,ntw,g pada tog., ,,,;1: ><t<:lurnnf" r.u•u · A4o dJcMi pcnyd,,,,n tempcr>tur d> ><�ja"il, bataog dan U11tLU
1,d,.p la.ngl<ah wal.tu Sew-a mat<m>alis p,:nna,alahan l«,ebut d>p>t <hgam·
•-1
T,., , T,
,-1
dan r,,.-,, b.trkan ,ebag,u pcny,:-o """"'';k dat• P"'"""'..a.o .
�r.xtr
K<tig,, mil in, Jug& hanya tergantung pada S rnok pada ,..,l,.
sebclumn)'> Bo.tans kte,p.n!Ungan <bn pcny,;!ua,an nwnmk (bod., .. ,I) a1 ai
lcbih k<,ct! dar,pada t,;dong <eie,g,.ntu.og.on pcn)'Clc ... ,an •lllli�<k (Al �J r>�""'mmuho
�h,..ln�f""Y"lcsaw, on>ld<! dar• T, l<rg>nlllll& <h ant..r:u,y> pada. ,,1;1: � , ., T • Opadu • Odon i • 1 untuhcmua, (koodil.r bolas)
don �.-,, sed.rng pad> h;n,nga.n numcnl tklak te,gonlung pad> t�,k ,.,l
t<rsebut Keodun m; d,,pat men�blan k<lodak .... ,w,o dat• sL, .. t, r-2x untul Osisl/2
} I • 0 (kond1>1 •�-a!)
ter>Cbut. y,,,a bc,up• tc,jad,.nya amplifik..s. ba,d bd.uogu dat, ko,,d.w a•-a! d.lll T•2(!-i)wnut va s e s r
,mroDENU...UUK
'" Yt11 !'U<SAMAAN DiF'U<ENSIALrARSl.11.
'"
Tabd 8 1. Kondw ar.ll d.on b.al ..
,,
.. ' " " ••
' •
' ,••. ' "' ', , • '
-..,
0
"
••
"',
0 0,0
'' "
o
�
o
-
0 "
'
' o
o
Dllam oo,ntoh W .Jia,,g.,p ....,,.. K • I, >cbinggo bcn1uk pcruma>.n '
bcda hingga (re....,,.... A.14) ""'"� ·
oH • lt.1 o ,
T1 •T, + t:,.}(T,-1-27,O +T,.,)
N O
•••
r;, "" •>< ,,.-,+ ( 1-2,r) ,a. +•T,•., (IU5) Hltllllg>n <bp;,l J,bhiho <lc:np,, mcnggw,aim tanga.n r:•lku.lato,).
l'asa.m.un (816) J,gw,,W u<>luk meaglulung 1cmpcra1ur T, dari , • 2
UlllpAI 5 <WI d:m n • ! """!"' dc:ngor, v.utu yug dikc.b<odili (dal.tm.
wn!oh IDI n •20)
Uotul n• l Jan, bc<ge,alc <Uri, •2 sampa, i•6. Pc, .. m� (11.16)
Oabm 0001oh "" Jl""J>D& baw,g odalab >atu don dtb>gJ n><opd, 10
.,..._ sebinwi panJang PJ1S aJabh C..•\/10. Koa<lio. awlll <WI k0001$1 bal .. di.,_ di!WI> Jalarn bcotulc bctikut UU. Dllam p,:,� te,oebul r, »llu
untul oh• 1/lO diberibti dala<o bcntuk angk> ><pen, tcrbhal dalam Tabtl
8.1. BcrdaoarW loo,;l,si lersebul kemudwi ddutung rula• r,• d; '"� lempe,aiw di hlik, pad> "lllu kcdua, ocdllll! r, odaW, teo,p,:,olw j*U
bacug (<•0,1; 0,2; {1,3, .... ) <WI p>da >Cb.Ip wutu (n • 1,2,l, . ). iw.: .. ,wal lutungan (kond<oi o....J)
m»alahnya ><b.bh oin>chU, ll1da pc")'<l<.w.an dap;,t J;bkuWl unrnl Tl• ;\;(T,' + 8 T,1 +Tl)• ii(OfJ + 8><(1.2 + 0,4) • 0,20
octcngah batang (T,l,el 8.l.)
Dobin ""'mpcl,i••; •tabiht., n1m1Cnk "" 11,tw,g.,n diluukao Wltul

Tl· ;\;er,' + R r,' + r1) • ;\;<o.z + bo,, + o,6). o.40
bcbcrop,o keodaaa, yaitn LUlluk /lJ. • 0,001, ,!,, • 0,00'.I <WI Ill. • O,Ol. ,,,,,,
·-·
Pod.a kcadaan I daambd Ar • ,l;- <WI f!J • ; _k
-
-
1th1nggu • � • _!_
,i.,' 10
T• • ;o(T, + 8 T, +Tl)• ;o(0.4 + 8><1J,6 + 0,8) • 0,60
T} n ;\; (T•' -!. (0.6 + bll.8 + l,(I) • ll,8)

+ 8 Ts' + T]) •
Tl•;\; (Ti+ 8 r.' + rJ) -io (11.8 + 8�1,0 + 0.8). 0,96
Dcnpn mcnggunok.on nil.ai,uil.li trneoo( Per>amun (8.!5) meniach ·
Sel.anjutn)" huJ lulllfl3'n pad> WUtu " • I te,..bul d,gunai:a,, uatulc
H +871' + ,,•+,)
,"\ • 1I0( ,• (8.16) mcng!uu,"ll t<mpcratu, J*U w,\1u" •2. d,n lw<loy., od.llah
'
"' "'
PROC""" 9.1
rl • -f.<r,' + s r,' + r,i - ,'o(o,o + sxo.2 + o,•l - 0,20 UNYELESAIAN URS.
c!Tfdt•� d2T/dx2
PERAKBATAII PANAS
r1 • "ij°(ri + s rJ + rl). fo-<0.2 + sxo.� + 0.6) .. o,40 DIMENSION TAillJ,TB(ll)

N-10
11•20
r.'- .� (Tf + B rl + ri) • ji(0.4 + 8><0.6 + 0,8) • 0,60 OPEN (�,lILE•'EXPL1Sl,HA$')
DX•O.l
DT•0.001
rl--f. (Tl+ 8 ri + rl) • -f. (0.6 + 8><0.1! + 0,96) • 0.796 ce-i .
t>o 2 l•:l,N
IF1(I-l)0DX.GE,0.6)GOTO I
rl- ,� rrl + sr.1 + rh--l.; (OJ!+ 8><0,96 + O,l!) • o,m u1r1•2.•1I-l1•DX
eeee a
Uj I)•2,' I l-11-l I 'OX)
H,t_ dlW!JUIUD dcngan proocdur )2l!g san,., dan i...ihl)a dobe
r.b..o <4l>m Tol><:18.2. ' CONTINUE
TAjl)•O.
TBjlJ•O,
T.W8.2 H;u,I h�"- pad> kond,;; \
.
TAjN+l)•O.
••
' ,' , '.. •.., ,' ',, '
TBjN+l)•O.
IIRIT!(5,l0))
' ,. ,, ' ,, IIRITE(�, IO�)J, (TA(I I, I•l,N• l)
' " "

''
J•O.
. •
'
,..
' ' nz
" ,, «s 0,%
t>o 5 J•l,M
0., , .. ,.u
'·"" '"'
t>o 10 1•2,N
�
'• ' "
cc DT·CJ<f11>x••2J
oz ,.. ..,,. ' o 0.,

""" """ «rae
' ,,,,, """
0,9016
'""
TBjI)•TAil)+CC•(TAjl-li-
2•TA(l)+TA(l+il) CONTINUE
"
o.•
' ' "' ""' 0,1818
""' 0,18!8
NRITE(5, l05)J, (TB( I), l•l,N+l)

t>o
15 I•2.N
TA11)...,...1I)
CONTI NU!
·�·
' CONTINUJI
,,..
··�
0
" ' "� ""' "'" ""'" om,
" c "'"" """

...,,
·- ·- '"
1 0 0
FOP.MAT!' J
FOP.MAT(lJ, l lF7. J)
T11i,!•l.M+l')
'"'
FIL!: IIASIL
Ho,;J h;Cungln d>l.ml Tabcl ij 2 mcouojukkan 1,u,.� pcrulwi•• J T(l).J·i:<�,
tcmporatur l«Jadi ...,.,. berang,ur '-"8"'', d;,n h>l ,ni ,csua, <le"P'> konJ,� 0 0.000 11.m OA(l'.I O,<JI UIXI l.000 U00 WOO 0.400 0.200 0.000
fiuk H,tungao di a,"' daim dtl.ll•hn ckog,n mcngguna<•n Program 8.1 \ 0.000 11.m OA(l'.I O,<JI 01JIXI 0.l<,O U00 O.!(I) 0.400 0.l!XI 0.000
H,...J 1>1�am dibmhn d,lam 1,bc� d, mana kolom pcrlam> mcnuoiukk,n > 0.000 0.;<11) OAO> CU.00 0.7\lo Ul:!. 0.7\lo CU.00 G.«I) OllXI 0.000
1 Oilll o.;m O GI 0.600 01'0 O'lm 0.790 0000 UOO O.llXI 0.000
laogl:ah h,lunp.o .soda"i kolom l< 2 .. mpoi 12 odalah lcmpcratur di tilik l•il;
h,tungan. • 0.000 O.»J ""' om O>ll ,..,., o"" om 0-400 o ,oo 0.000
• 0.000 o.m o,oo o.m om,..., o.m o.m o..oo o.m 0.000
• om, om ,.., O.!!cl o,,.. OM? o,,.. o.m o,oo om 0.000
J
,,. V\11 ,El<SAl,(M" DlffiRl!l<SIN, P AJ<SllL
"'
IA'JlJT.-N llasd h,tungan <blam Tol,d !U ""'"""Juklahw:a pcndwwi !OO>·
J
1 0.000 o.x,,
T(l)J•\.N+l
o.m o.m o"' un o.m o.m o.m o.x,, o.<D>
r<"'"' don ,.:aotu kc ,..k,u t..Jak be••"ll'"' a.nt'"' Secora f..,k pcrul,.alw,
><lll>Clilll ,tu t.W. bena,. Dap,at d,oi,npulnn t,,hwa umuk n;la, 1<•1),5 lw.il
I 0.000 OU<» O.J90 0-5"1 0"'6 U\l 1).1'6 o.519 0.,.. IUJl o<DJ h,tuogon hdak mcnccrnunlwi koodm yaag lt<Jld, di ,lam. 11>1 w -•" ur
, 0000 o.zoo ..- """ o.m om om o.,111 """' o.ir:,o orui ... odoz,ya Oet,d.ak·"•W>n lutuogu, pa<!a kOl>d$ 2. H�unga,, J"l" <bp,at
!0 0.000 U:,, 0-"" 0.W 0.l'll! 0"181 0. 720 11-"l 0-JI"> UIO 0000
U O.<D> 0.\90 0.:,,0 OJJI 0110 O.ffi 0.119 (IJ" � O I .. Orul
dLluukan d,eng>n mcnuunak,n Program 8.l Uotuk •• !.mgl;lh wUlu yang
1l 0.000 0.19' U>I (IJ)< 0.11\ 0 M O '1l OJ'.I< 0-"' 0 19' 0.000 1«d.,r,,1 pa<!a pcnntah p,aJa t,a,;.. <; <!,gut, <Ieng.an DT•0.00.S
u os;,, o.m om o.m om o.m o.,.,
.�,
•::,•I
0.000 0.19' o.J93 0.000
,. 0.000 0.1• o..., O.><d 0,,0, 0:,01 0.000 ,..., ... , ., .. 0.000
Pod, h-•d,on3dWllbd t.x • �don&!• ,:., ,.luogg,.><
11 0.000 o ,.. t.309 ,.,., 0.686 o.m •- o.s., o.!119 0.1• 0.000
,. 0.000 0.191 o.:,r, ..... 0.01' O.ffl ''"" (IJ)o o.:,r, '"' 0.000
..,,,, lkniµ.n mcnggun>bn ntlao rul.i !t.....,..l Pm.,,....n (815) m<nJod,
11 0.000 0.1"" � O.l!l 0..,11 o.'1! o..n o.x, 0.1"" '"""
11 0.000 0.1 .. (I.JI] O.S,J o..-• n

0 060} O.S,1 (I.JI] 0.!5'0 0.000
19 O<al 01., OJI II.SO>·- 0$7...,. ,.,., 0:,11 0.19'1 Orol
ll) 0.000 0 I .. Q.l1S 0-"1 ...... lUell OMO IUl1 Q.l1S O I ... 0.000
r.•• '-r.�1-r,'+r,'\., (8.18)
Hrtwig>n <l>l•kuhn doeagm ar> Y•"II....,. ><pc•l• pod>. k<Od&a.o 1

dan hliwly;o thbcr.Ua dolam Tabcl 8.4 H•ungon J""'
<lap.al dil;il;uton
<kagan mtn�w,alw, l'rogr>m 81 Un1u• "" laogkob .,...i,u )'On!I 1c,d,p.,1
)'Oda pcnnto.b p.,da t,,,., 9 dig.tnl, <kngod DT •OOI
I , Tobdaao>J

o+! O (8 17)
T, • (T, 1+T, 1)
2 - ,
ll�w,pn <hlal:uka.o Jeogan

1»>,1nya rlibcnbo dabm fab<I !U
ur, yang ,ama Jengan keo,daan ! Ju,
·- ' o.r az
•,, ,.
s • us
•• 0
...
,- o.or u0 ,, ,.
"" "' "•• t.o
.
• •,•. ."', ",. ,, o.r
•
',., • c"'a
s
'
•• ., ,., .., ,,
t
' cca o
� 0
'.,' ••• -"' "" o uz
., "'"'
'-o,o
" •• •"•• " ' ""' c na , ..
00
" -" • 1,1
000, 0
"·' •••
" " "·' "'
omn
0,0lS
0 ••
.",' ,. " ",·,' ",, ,"', �pc<li d.tuoJ"1.ha dalam Tabel 8 4, pad.a kODWSi 3, pc,ubalwi •=·
pc:,otu, .i..,; waktu �. ,..klu o,ca)>di _., ndal. t«otur 0, bobo<r>p., tttik
o "o".ss "'
""'
h,tuni,an 1c,,adi 1rn,pc:ra1or Y.,"i m<lehdu l<mpo:nlut .,..1 don Jug> tcrJod,
""'
.
0
". '
o.m ""' n,i.; ncgaur Pad> londis. ) ,ru t<l)ad, kula.h.l• hitw,gaa.. Hal "" diocbabb«
kan,na odanya k<t>d.ak !l.lb<lan bttuagan pad>. � 2 dan 3 Dan lctiga
OOllloh lcr>ebut dap,at <l1tank kesimpuLu blhwa k-i.., lw.w,po •lwi oul,d
·-
. -
ap.,b<la aila, 0 < " < V2.

o.icc 0 0,17!7
"·"" "c'L 0,.J0711 ""'
"' Denpn menggunll.ln !.kem• d, "'" don <lengu, aoggapar, tw,,.,. K
Cootoh d, ot» m<nunJull:ui t,a.h"" ,Uma chpb.it m<mbe,ilwl haul
P"8 bail,; ;oko langk.th wal<tu 41 cukup k«:,.l Ap,bd• 41 bc>ar, pcoydc:u.. o ..Wo.b kocw:on. J>u,..mun (8 12) <lap.at dnulo< d>l.,m be"1uk bed• b•
daf, l'ersam..., (8.14) menJ>d.. t.hk .. at.l Kc1e,N1.,..n ,..; .,.�babloo
>eb.,;:� benlwc uu
Ucmo ebpl,s,t kuran,i: d"ul;ai, .lcarc:na dtperluhn W>bu lutungao yang l<bil,
lama. o .. U.ema )'2tlg oho dibi,catua,, d;lom ,ub Nb benl;ut odalah >tabol T,"1-T," r ••• _,,•"+r""
•• ,
.,., ,-,
v
t'u'
s ,.1. si., .... lnoph,11
".• .,.,., ,."• •• , "• r"' . ,.·
DOWD >lcm• .e>.pl,,.,I, ,...,.. );'"an dan l'cr>amaa11 (8.12) duub, �
••
.!.1 •• '
- - .,_, + -? T, - - , ., • ""I;,
w:ik1u " )Iii� mlainy:> r.uthb d<k<tabu, �dan& p,da >l:cmo imrfwt, ru» N M �
, .... teacbut d,1uL_, p•d> -..�klu n • I d, """'" rubu:tya behtm d,keld1ui
G"'"bar (8 lO) rn<nunju.lcho Ja''""'" tl!ok lulU!lf.il-0 <Ian ,&<ma tmpiJ
"' Dol,m �bar tcncbut, ,�1.t,el (tempc,Olu,-) d, lohk; pad• ""1k1u .le\
n + l (rt• ) J,p<nga,uh, olo:h T," - ,ud.ah d.Lkuh"' n,la,nya 1<'1> r,'\
J,n T,� 1
1
m.an (� 12J d, h<•k q. n • I) mc'1f),llJ.lhn nr!M)<I T� 1

..
)""'!! bdum ddctaho, n,L,,nyo Deng.an <km,la .. pcnuh,an l'cr..,
yang mc""'DJ""ll
,.•.,, ,'
-"1' ;. ,,
' ,
' ., ;. C'T,,'"1' • D ' (8.19)
,.u,.bcl T,-i' T,'', dao r,';'i', ,c:!ungg.a nil.u T,' tWk hu, la""''°'
J,b,llll\j; Al .. tc:rbcotul ,oaiu ""'•"" pe,,.mu,, yang basin di&clcui._..
untU:. ,nc,npc,.,.,l> n,l,t0 T,,., (1 • l !If) De"«'n mc:ngg,,nakoa ,ken»
poda G,.mbar 8 io, rung<i T(,,J) dan lurw,....,ya dari l'e=mun (8.12)
A,•- fu' '· C,•-<U, '·
do<lckau olch bcotuk benkut ,.;_
B,•(-+2--) ' ,. D, •
,..
""I;,
N ,/
Apabda P,,.,,,,...,, (8.19) duulis untuk sctiap lruk linw,g,n Jan , • I

.. mp.a, M m>ko .i: .. 1eJbcn1uk •••lu ...iem pe,,am...., lwer behkuc !DL
_., _,_ J.__...J .J..
•,.!--e---1--...J---1- J',,7,1 .. , ............

U"1uk:
' .' • A1 T�+B1T1 +C1 Ti •D1
""'f"Hwokn,,
' .' • A) T1 + B, Ti+ Ci T, • D;
., ' .. , '.' • A1 Ti+ IJJ T1 + CJ T, • DJ

G....t,ar 8.10 Skema unpl,"'
i•4 • A,T3+ B, T, + C,Ti • D,
K(,,,l)•K.°
'""'
a71r,,) r,"" - 1,"
•
;,,?
•
.•.
a ' T(.,,r). ,, , , - ,,,.•·'�,,"
t,i
-i'
T
"' "'
Dol>m P<:n.amun (8.20), uotuk pen)W<,....,.,.._. pcoulisao, va,,. T,•f',T,.,+Q,
bcl T,••I dOul,, T, (1 .. 1'" o,eoul,s o+ l) Pc,...mun (8..20) Japat �,1ul,s
dalam bcn1W< m>tnh brnknt ,ni
,.-.7-7c,'�
Bo c, 0 o o c
o
,, "'
B,+A,l',
A1B1<.20
OA)B)C) c r, "' D D,-A,Q,-1
+A�
Q,·-;8f,-� ,P, �
(8.2S.b)
o A,n,c, c r, "• 1
' • (8.21)
Dal.am pe,........,.. pert.am• dar, s ...cm (8.20),....., To lldola.b udok ad.a
ur, .. i•O oddab d, lou bodar,g lutwipn, oe�""8S" per"-m•an 1o»cbul
.i.�, d;1u1 .. dalatn be"'"'
0 0 0 0 0
"" T,---C >,• D,,i
Mat,ib 1epcrt, d,bt,ikoo oleh Pc,...mun (8.21) <lapol -lcu,ho
,Jc""'n ""'"llll"""k"" ,,.,,ode
YUl8 telah d,bmk.ui d.olam Bab Ill ""tuk
•••
rn<oJapookan o.,1., T,(••I M) M0111b 1crscbul .,.,..,,.kan ""''""'
tnd,ogoo>I. Mcng,og.,t koc:f""'o <la,, m>lriks te•$WUI buiyak Y2"ll
""� ..,,. pcoy,:luao,n ahn ,....,..i,
lebih scd<rlw,.a dcnpo ...,_, .. b.
be"'''"'
T1•P1T,+Q1
P,• --
,,,,
n>e1<>.I> sapuao pod,, (douiJI, n,wp ""'1iod,) rcordesaian "'""l!SUO>kaa
mOl<:.l• .,pu>11 ga,,<la d,J:,kuhi, dcng,.n rrx:ngaa,ggap � .... tcrtl.,pa,i
hubuog.,..o bmkut w
T,
••l •• ,
•l'iT,•• +Q, <=> MW T,., 1 f*l• penamun tcroklnr don S1>1cm (ll.20) Jug> t.W.. oJ,
rnb.111)';1 karen> ,.,,, M+ 1 bc,od.i W h,a, lndang luluag>rL Scpen, d,t,cr,bo
ol<h Pcrsamo"" (l.13), rola, Ts, a,nlob
T,•.,• l •l'i-1T,•• , +Q,-1 (823)

(8.26)
\uh$1""" dar, Pc,uma.u, (8.23) kc <lalam Pe,um...., (8.l9), dam u,uol
pcol'edcrlwtun ,upcr>l;r,p n + 1 d,luL.,"3"1", '"''' (B, + A, f',-,) T, • - C, T,+1 + D, - A, Q.-,
A, (P,-1 T, + Q",-,) .+ B, T, + C, T,., '"D, T, -C, T +Do-A,Q;-1

''"B,+A,P,-1 "1 8,+A,P,-1
Pcny<lco.um f'<rYm&aD dd..kubn dahm duo
l>ogk.oh )Uu l;uiguh
pen ..... bcrgcrok <iv, Ian l.c hn>.n (dan o•l m<DUJU
kc r•M) D•lom
!anglcab..., dilinuag dm das,tn�n tocf"""' A, ,fl.,, C, ,D,
J', don Q, unlul;
>tJDlll 1JUI. , <kngao bc.,.im <l.,n l<m kc k.anao_ Ktl,h
,unp,,, d,Nlas k""""•
kondl!o bat .. d, uuk tcrxbut (TM Wktahw .... T,..
wlutw,g dar, Pcrsama.:u,
8.26) mcmunglmbn uolol: mcnglutm,g 11.lW T di ,�,k
d, "bclah fou,ya
(TM-1) dcnpn mcngg,,!W•• Pcn.>moan (8.24).
ML'JODE�1JM!..RI� VIII l'<'ltSAMAAN OJl'E.Jtl'NSlAL rAII.SIIL
I
Pen)"l<sawi deng.u, mcnggunaho sl<mo iropt;,;i lebih ,..i,, ddw>d"'l! O(I)-TJ.1I)/DT
P(I)•-C(l)/(D(Ii+J.1I)'P(l-l)I
J.rng.._. slema ebplt<,t Tcup, slcma i.,.pl,1>1 mc1npuo)'>,! kclcbthoo )"08
Q( I )•ID( I )-J.11) •Q( 1-11 )/ IB(l I OJ.(11 'P( I-I))
ung.,t pc:nung ya�u bah .... o.l:ema o«i.cbul ,ut,;I tlOpa S)'>,!"at L.agl;ah ,...klu J5 CONTIN\J'E
Ill dap,t J..amt,il 0<mb>rang (he=) la.opa mcrumbulhn keti<bk-<1.t,il.aa TBIN)•Q(N)
PcmbatllS.HI Ill UD)1I untui; mcoJ>ga keollaban pen>Olongati ("""""""" '"'°"') DO 40 L-l,N-1
I•N-L
dolom b>ta., bot .. yang <lapa! '61enm,. TBll)•P(l)•T8(I+l)+Q(l)
l'Togr.,,, 8.2. •d1lah program un1uk m<oy,:b.nka,, pe.......un
perambo1 .. pan.,,, 0<pc:n, d1pr<><n1 .. ika,, <Wa,n b<ruuk 1'<"""1llll (8.12) •• CONTIN\J'E
DO 45 I•l,N
TJ.II)-TBII)
Dalam P'"W""' tc.....,t,ur !angkab waktu Ill drbuat ..,.. de- l;ondis, ke 1
(d,bm pc:o)"l<$01.1ll OCllga,, rnc:nggu..,k•n ,kerna chpl;,it). ya�u N•0.01
D.alam pcrrggwiu.r, llema ekspli,.,t. oila, torsebul m<•yei:,ablw,. h>o<>I ho:w,g>n
" CONTINtJg
"111'1'£1 5, 1051 (TBI I), l•l ,N+lJ
,,M itOb,.l, .. _.,.,. Unluk ,kma unpl,<,! ha,,,loya IWp >tabd. '' CONTWUI
FORMAT(" J T(lf,I•l,N+i")
C
C
PROORAH 8 • 2
pgKygLESJ.IAN rgRS. PERI.KII.\TIJI Pa!IAS
'
1000 ·=·
FORK.\T(lX,)IF6.l!
PO
C dT/dt•k d2T/dx2 FlLE HASIL
C SJ<El!a IKPLrSIT
DIM!lNSION TJ.(50j,T8(50),J.i50).8(50),C(50) ! T(l�l•l,l',"+1
DIMENSION D(50),P150),Q(50) 0 0 <O:I IUOl O ""' UOO llml ' ""' ....., '""' 0 Ol llnl 000:,
N•IO I O!>XI0.191 O.J900.1M0.7:J>0Jll 0.1':l!o.5M OY<OOll'>O.OCII
M•l5 1 o 0000.,,. omOJ!50-•o,a.n, ,u,ooom o.mo.111901llll
OPEN (5,FILl':•'IllPLIS.IIAS'I , • ""' ..,,,., '-"" o.m ...,.. Ult> """' • .., "-"" o.,,., o.ooo
DX•O.I , O«ll o. 167 om w, os«i o�n o..wo o m o..m ._,., 0.000
DT•O.Ol
CK•).
, otooo.w om"""...., o.,1,o...,o.m0.B10.11S01llll
0 .. 00) 0.14l 0.21>OJ7J OM.> ..... 0M.S o.Jn o.z?l 0.Hl 0.000
DO 2 1•2,N
7 0.000 O.LlO O l.a O.l<l o.40:! O.•Z7 OA0:1 Q.34) 0.141 O. lll 01llll
IF((i-1J•DX.GE.0.6)GOTO l
,
A(li•2.•(1-li•OX 1 0.0000.11,omo.mo.,o, o..Jflll....i OJlllllllO H901KU
9 0.000 0.JO, 0 1111 o:MS O.lloi ,.J51 o.JJo O 115 0.1f11 0 lO'I 0.000
l TA(I1•2.•(i-(i-l)•OX) ,o 01llllo.(>9'10Ul•O.lllOOJOoO.U, 03060 MO '"at"! 01llll
2 COOITINUE u o.<momoom omo.rno.mOU'llo.mo I'll"-""''®
TJ.(11•0.
l2 0.<00 o.oo;t 0. 1'7 0 l 16 (U!J 0.lfi7 0.2'1) 0.l!O O 1'7 0!lll ........
TD(lj•O.
TJ.(N+l1•0. lJ O.OOOMlSO.toO ll'OUll o ><102110.1.. 01'10.(1)! 0000
TD(N!l[•O. ,0 0.000 IUl60 0. 130 0 l '9 IUIO O "1 0..,,0 0. 11' 0 llO "-"'" O!IOO
liRIH(5, 10l) ll 0.000 OJ6l O 111 0.1"1 0. ,., O.:oJI '""' 0.1<» 0111 o.l'.162 0.000
J•O.
liRIH( 5, 105)J, ITJ.( I), I•l,N<l) C(If•-<:i/(OK••21

DO 5 J•l,M
P(l)•O.
011)•0.
DO J5 I•2,N
a111•-cil(DX••21
B(IJ•l./DT+2.•C'K{(DX••2i
SAJ. �kr.,. Cnok·Ni<lrol"°"
Dal.am sub bab <oi al.an
drr:la>hn salah .. 1u
pengcinN:lpn darr ske ... eksphsit
d"' m1plisit, yaitu u.cm>
Crank·Nidd<on Dalonr slcma
eb• ph.,.rt. nw; kana..o dat1
P<nonruo (8 12) drtuh> pad• ..utu
\en Dilim ,...,.. w,p1..,,. nw;
bnan dan pcn,amuo 1crscbut
drtuh> untuk waktu n + I Oat..,
'«dua ,kcma tcncbul J.forc.....J tcrh.>J>p .....,.,
dr!WI$ dalaJn be�luk .
m
1 Se� kaunJ>Ulaa Jan kouga slccma yang J,icau.,.. ru .,.., ,.,..,,...
�T,.(T.'� -T.')
• • >n (8.ll) d•pat ,J,tuli$ Jaw,, heotuk ·
r,•••-r,' r•�>_,,.a•l.,.a+l �• ,,.,.,.,

••• ,
yang he,.,,; J,lemWal te,puoat 1ahadap Wlltu n +
•
,,-, ,, T '"' ,, I - ,, T
Sk<""' c, .. k.
Ill.
Nicbolson mc:ouln rua,i Ul1&II dau Pc......, • .., (8.12) )>Odo w.,k(u n + l/2 J'lng
.,. rue' +(l-f'J rue'
n>e•"1,.k>D ml.ii ,,,.ta <Wi il,:.,. cbplo<1{ don impl"" SkCOlll JO<;,,gan t�,k
h�ungo• J,bc,i,,n oleh G,mb.u 8.11).

dengan,. adolah kocf,;.,eo pembobol dcogon "''" ""'
9•0 a,..i,;i. ,l::etr110daloh e,pl,sit
'/• 1 apat,,i. sleo,• aJdah ,mpliod
,..112 apal:,,.b slce""' ..W.b Crank·Nicl>olwo
·+----+-+-+-+ B<n1uk Pcrumnn (8.27} adahb stabi.l tanp> sy>nt untuk,. l:: 111., daJ,
;oot,J okngan ,ya,-.,
uniu< 9 < v>.
S.S. l'<nr<l< .. i•n l'<namaan Ehpo

Dolom M1b bab IDI U.an di1c� can cn<:nlran>f<><mliWUl periama
., "'
an Jifercns,al pa,.;,1 ch['I mc•Jad• ''''"" SISlcm J.,n f,I pe,,.maan dc:ng.,n N
t.bng>n 1>k &kc1>h<1> l'cn)'CJea;ao pe""""un cbp, dila<ukan de"""
laogl:ab langla.b t.,nkw "'"'
Mcmbual ••• _ ·�"' b.Jtuogaa & d,.J,.... ... .,.uh b<daog yaog d•hOJOU dao
bat .. ·b.alasny:,.
Turnnan ked..a fo"3" lc,»dopx adoloh · 2. Pad> .1et,.p �lik Jawn bod.tng tc,>W\11 dlluh> heD!uk pe,........,. difr
,en,.i,J por<ul kc dab.m bc.otuk bed, bmgga
rlr IT,"
-,' -2T,at! +T,atl TO +,�,·
I T, 1-2" +l
-·2< , >+zt , ) 3 Ddultr. n,b, n,b, fungs, JWO ""'""" Mk di NIH kcbl,ng boJ.mc de....,
• ru ru 111<mperlutongl,o kondis, bol.._
UOluk meo,00.,hb,, pen,clasan JM, pen)'Ck>oi.oD !"''"""'°" ebpo.,
T,"' . -T, ..j ...

I T,-l -2T, o+I
+T,., I T, 1- ,, ,�·
+,,.,
TO
ahn d,.bc,okan '""'" o:irt!<>h «<lcrlwla dai.m � •q;,cmpat Contoh
pen)'CI<..,.. tcrs<blll. dapat J,k,mbugbn w,t>Ll po,...,,,,..,, obp< yang l<bib
ru
M ·2< ru
, J+z( , i O<Hnpkk.,;.
D1p,,odu,g s,,a(u pe,.. m.,n l..ap!:,<r yang
Snlu l;ed..a ,.,...,�._. d,.r, per....,_d,_ at .. tclu dil<ctabw Tc•blo•c

� ptourunaD pe,saou,n d, .... mcngbas,1.1:.at> beotuk ...,_. ""Pb ><g>cmpa< (0 .:5 x ,;,1(1, 0 .:5 y .:5 .!O). Y:,.ng bcrbeotuk
.... )'>Ill peDJ'<lc»,anny:,. ..Wah "''"P"
dtnga.o y:,.ng tdah d,JCl,.<k .. pada
sub bab ,cbdwunJ'I. Kclebib.., dari d<m> ;., ad>Lah bah�-. unlOl oilai rue
tcne.ntu kuhhao pe""11oop;> )>Odo wb dalam 61 adalah l<bdi kcc,l (8.28)
danpad,. dalam i!<:1Da inlplis>t da<> <-,pli,.,t
m
9{0,Y) - Q y,(.<.30) - 0
'• >-10-1
f'(40,)'). 0 f'(.1.0) - 0
Dllam G•mW 8.12. n,la; f' d, sckchlo"(I bodang odaWo O tee .. � di uuk ' 1 ' '
,4 l<::rJ.J; ganggwuo ,cl;,aar f'A•l Ahn J"'"11 IWill f' di dilim bodaog
"l '
,cg,c:mpat t<r,cbut. ' '
'!==.:�'.::==-=: ' ' • ' • .,
l l. Unouk i•""I"' tnik h,ou,,gan ,cpcrt, yang d,bcrik•• daLt,n G•mW
j '-------+"'--- ---LI. j 8.13 • Pc,sama.an (8.JQ) dUubt. po,da ><h>p 1�,k yang bcrtonJ• x 0<hmj!go .
'
,-...-J--< ,
•
,... , . 10>1:(2. 2) 4,,z.;t - "'-' - ,,:u - n, - ,,,._. • o
Un1uk men)"Clc.<aokan p<N..1.m .. n lor11ebut cbbwoo ,a,u>pn tn,k hnu"i!

•• deoea-o pao,ang piu !O 0<pcru terl,ho, d.lun Gan'lbar 8 !Jo. D>lom (4 2). 4f'o-,,,.,-f'S.l-ru-f'<.l•O
Gunbu 8.13 b ,;,i): titik d.engan oanda t,ol,t d, ,ckchh°' b,d,.ng •d•l>h ,;,.l
bala, yang lolah J;ketahw IW.alllya (y,). yang <lal.im hll ;,.; adalah not kuwr�
di rnik (J.1) yoog DlWllya odalah \1'(3,1)• l. llon konJa,r batu te,scbut Wn
<bean n;Ja." poda hhk 1�,k hilungan yang Jil:>eri t:uoda srl.aDg (x)
lleogon "''"'Bilwul:an bcnouk beda b"'8S" scpcrt, yang J,benk••
daj>.m rer,ama.an (8.8), nu,ko pm,amHn Wpiac< d.,po1 d,luho dal:tm bcn1u! •<r,:, ,,.,-r,;•1"1.J+N< (8.31)
berilut ,..._
ti-•, - 2f',j + ,.. ,, + f•,1 ,-2,,,+,,,�,.o

(] • 1) 4 l'l,3 - 1'U - '"-' - ,,,., - "" • 0
(8 2'1)
u ,,'
(4.3) 4,,,.,-,,,.,-,,i.>-ro-,u•O
.,,._, - ,,,_,, - ,, •••• - ,,.-, - ,,,..,. 0 (ij.JO) 4,,� - ,,., - "" - f'l.J + ,,,�
VII! PI.RSAMM.� Oll'F.JUJ><SIAI.PARSIJL
S1>1cm Pc= (8.31) Jop.al d,1.h!.dawn be1111d U. M<to<I< �,.ic..;..n ""'"•""""'• Ullp,
r.,......,. (8.33) !'>C<•l>U•• <islem pe,sama .. bn,c:, y:,ng dap.,1
... , .. +f'l.4 d,sele�ltan � bebuap., metode ><pen,� dibenkOD dolam U.b 111 .
M<1ode pe<>y<leuwi tcrxOOI dopa! d,bcdu.az, meoja,d, do.> )�"" metode
- hJ + '¥l,3- 11'0
-�· pe")'<baian i.ng:,""8 don melode ;,o,asi. Dala,n pooy,,le..;... pe�
d;p0, pein>4'an mel<><le O.e,.,.; j.,uh leb<h mlld&b d.a,;pada maode pe")'<le·
-,u • f'I; t f'>.I
.. ,...
.
..... lang;1w,g, Ada Jua me1<><1< �u ... y.uto ..,.,ooe YIICOOO don GaO>S
Scidc:I. S"'e111 Pma .. .. (8.33) ddl!WI dalam benlllk
,.,,,. ""' . ,,,,

ro+r9+fu
4
f¥ + t•;,
... ) - 4 (8.34)
t'2.l -
•
"Y + fY
..
_, _, o _, c o f'l) + .....
"3,:1 • I + fY + fl.!
•
+ fY
. _,
ty+ f;IJ
Oeng;,n me'IQS"lk.., .,;i., pe,kDCaan aWill !'•0 � ,ua, kan>n d.,r,
c _, _, "_, o
"' '"
" _, ,., f'S) + ,....
_, _, •
' _,o ' o

"'
f'U + 1'1.1 (8.32) "" - 4 pod, nw mi A.,.t.i. n;i., f' Y""8
"_,' - o' _,•

+ ,,.., l'c,.....,,n (ll..34). okon d,r,erolch n;ta, I' dan pe<btaon •wal. m.,Q
" �, ·
fi.>
f'
,uJ., f' yang lela- du>'.llillkhn ke ,,.... tan.an d,.rj p.,,_ (&34). unluk
• "' wbs,)Ull 1<ncl,ut bdlll1l .. ,,.. (men<kbci) ,,,..,
Dalam .... ., Pc, .. .,.... (/1..32) <11.11 Ullllll odala.b kond1>1 bat .. yang m<og)utu.ng n,(aj I' p.,,d., �e,.., benkutmya PrOICdU< tcrxbul d•ub.nai '>&i
1eW. dw,tabu, ru!au,l"'- D<ngan mernperhnw,glan,,,.., rondw bat .. l"'"8 ..,.pa, d,pe,oleh o;i.; f' yang donwukkao d; rua, Q!Un o,en,Jcl::01, n;i., 'l' d;
.
1eW, J,bc,1hn, ma.l<a ..., • ., porumHo tcncbut IDCllJodi
_,
_, _, _,o "_," ' ',u"
,u., k,ri de"ltl'• lu,gl,:al lotel�,a,t l""'I! d,kehcodakc 11...i bitungan &:np.
p,ooe,Ju, torsebul odwh
.. ,.. • O.O'iO
' _, ' ,.,.. • 0.106
_,'_,' ' '

'
n ' _, ,"u' • <=>
"
u " _, "_, - ' .

,u
'
f'O • 0.0'iO
Dalam <Ollloli d, .... btdaog lulU<ljla.o dd,,g, dalam ;anoga.o hhl

' _, c _, " hnuog.ar, yang law (panJaag pu,, odala.b b<.sa< ya,to IO), w:h"'83'- has,!
• "' ' hnuoga.o bu-aog «l•,c Unlok mc!>d.apa1lui i.a.d lulw,pn yang lebih tol;ti
nw:, d,guo.ahn janogao truk lutqa.o yang kbd, bmytl Tc1>pi
dc,,g,.o
dcnill<iaa h�- 1iJU bu.a Ilg, dobkukui dengan 1angao (kalhlato,) d3n
baru, J,gUD.ll.UI kompuler =uk me�.
Bmlut ,ru J,bc,;k>n contoh batung,.n dcogon ""'"l!!!"na.bo p,"og,>rn C PROOi<AII I , J.
komputcr Pcnna,al.ahan yang J<h;,d,I" •dalah sama Jcnga.o )2lll td,h C 1'1':NYELJISAIAN PEl'.SANAAII !LIPS O!r>CA.N IIET<)()! JACOBI
OIK>:N"10tl, PA( 10, 10), PB( JO, 10), PCI JO, JO I
d,bahu J, dcp.on. yanu pcn)"�W> dan Pcr>.lm.Wl (8.28) J..-1,igan l»tuog,.n CMJIJ\ACT!R•lS r!IAl<l!',AIU.11
whw.t dcog.,n P.,J>•g .,.. .. - kb1h lwl scpc,tr terhbal ,!al,m Gamb>t O TOl<MATilSAI
8 14, dr rna.o• pa,>Jang "'""' .,. .. •d•W. S 11arn(•,u21
READ 49,FNAMI!
02 TOl<MAT123X,'NAHA PILI': Ol1Tl'UT. ',\)
01'!1114,PILE•Pl>Al<l!'I
M C �OIIOISI AIIA.L 01 ....... lL NILA! P•O, �()210!$! IU.TA$
C AD1'LAII NOL �ECTJl'.LI 01 Tl't!K (l,JJ , Pll,Ji•l.
00 10 J•l, 1
oo 20 I•l,9
, .. , PA(I,JJ•O .
.. ,
PB(l,,11•0,
' .. , , l1 20 CONTIIIU!
, '
JO COIIT!IIUE
PA(S,lf•l.
PB(S,if•l .
• •• JS
• ••
IIRITE(,,l!O)H
H•H•l
AHAX•O.
00 30 J•2.�
, 00 40 I•2,!
""(l))•(PA(I IJ) • eA(l o IJ) o IA(l),1)• PA([)+ l))'I
•• • N I'<:( 1,Jf•PAI I ,JI
{,amNr 8 14 1..-ing,n 10,k hrlungao ""'"" 6.<•<\.y•l

•• CONTINUE
""ITJ!( -. l 1)) (PB( I ,JJ, I•l, 9 i
CONTINUH
Sc<;ar, umum Pcnao;u,, (!!JO) dap,,1. d11uli> d.aLom bcolut 00 H J•l,l
WRIT!j,,lll)(PB(I,JJ,!•l,91
COIITINUE
1',i •
fl·l1 + fl°'I +
4
fy-> + f1'� 1
("') " 00 SO J•2,G
00 60 1•2,1
Pcrunw.n (835) mcnw,1ulk•n bahw'• mla, ,p J; su.atu uul ..w..tr P,.( I ,J)•Pl(l ,J)
••
CONTINUR
mat• <iar, ndar 1' dr cmJ>,<t ,;,a, di sd,1.,nya P<r'11DUD (835) d,sdc""°" CONTINUE
unlllt mcOOO.p,oll."° rub., l'•o <leng,,n , •1, , N l d.u.1 • 1, , M I PW t>O H J•2,6
•�•I hrlung,.n ><mu., o.,la, f',, (• •2. , NI, J•l. .. M·!) d1ltl>jlk•n DOI, t>O 42 1•2,8
lemuJ,.,o J,h,tuog n,\ar ,.,, H,.,,J )""8 dipcroLh tersebw J,;;un>l•n >roopr EP.R•ABS(PB(I,J)·PC(I ,J))
IF(!RII.GT.��)AIIAX•El\R
rula, yang wJab d,kot>hu, pad, '""" k..n.u, du, Pc,....,,,,. (ID5) uolul
menglHIU"ll nda, ¥',, pada ,tc,.., b<nlot11ya Proscdw tc<"W diuiq COIITINUK
CO�TINUE
"""'I'" l
o,la, !',, pada ,m.,.; kc o mcndckou ruLu pad., ucr= k, � " IFIAHAX GT O.OOliGo'tO JS
l',og,o.m 8.3. adalah f"OS"aM unlulc '""")'Clcuikan Pw,amun (812) i ic PORMAT(H)
Ketd,1;,o )'11"3 d�<!>pkan odaloh O.OO!i yang <bcapa, pad.a ncra,, kc 14 Ha"I
hrtung,.n <W>m bcnlok ,;,,;;1c...,n J,bc,ik.u, dalllm Tabcl 8 S
," ,w,
PQIUV,T ( 9Pl . l I
'"'
Vlll P1--"""" ......... Dl>1.JlE.'NAUARSIJl
.
11.1. l',na.,....n m...,-
C-ob dan b<nh,k re•wn>an lupe,bob. od.uah re= .. • gelo,n·
' ' • '

;. bus, pcr>.1<naan t,o .. po<. o,ebwb. gclom� d,na,n,b. g.as, "�'"" ,urer·
!ocrasi kc I ' ' ' ..,..,k. <Isl.> Ad• d,.. metodo yang d.ap,,1 J;i;uoabn uotul: m<nj<:lcu,hn
pu.......,.. lupcrbola ya,tu mctodc b<da hlngga d.an mcoodc kor>itcn.,,k
1- 1 o coo o iro o.cro o«o 1.00:, o.cro o.cro o.cro o.cro l'cn)\olcuian dcngan metodo b<J• h"'I'-&" d.apa< dtlal<uklll dcnga,n '"'em•
2 o.cro o.cro 0.000 o.«o ozso o.rm o.cro o.OOJ o.OOJ <bpus,1 d.an nnpl,si<
1 o.cro o.cro o«o ocoo o.ro:i o.oo:i 0.1111 o.lJXI o.00'.I Mc,odc 1i,,,,,...;.,;.1c merupoka.n mcoodc l"-"11 kl>O ,:o,:ok d.,o ocl,h
• o.cro o.cro OllXI o.oo::i o.oo:, o.oo:i o.cro
O!Ul 0.001 u,..uk ,,,...l"1e.s,,;1w, rerum..un hopcrbola. UOluk ..,,...,.... yng udal: t<r·
s o.llXI o.«o o.cro o.cro o.cro om:i o.OOJ om:i
o.cro blu .lccmpldabh '"""")'l. mi:todc bed• h,r,gga,
<lap.at <hguoukan. Tet,p •l'>l>'- fongsi atau i.alab >alu b<nluk d,fc,c......,lnyo
�
7
0.00) o.OOJ 0.00) o.OOJ 0.00) 0.00) 0.00) 0.00) 0.000
0.00) o.OOJ o.OOJ 0.000 0.00:, 0.00) 0.000 OlJXI O.lJXI
t,d;,k "-'")" (-) <l, ...,.,u ,�,. i..,.., """
kct.Jak·kontinyu..,nnya
ahn m<n,a.Ja1 ocp,an;ans ,.,.k,c"•"' fl'"!! m<Wu, t,tU tmcbut Kcodaan 111,
ll<rasi k 2 r,ul,o W>tuk da,cl<,.a,k .. de"!!"• mcoc,Jc b<da lungga, d.an harus digunal.an
J• 1 0.000 0.000 0.00) OlJXI 1.00) 0.00) 0.00) 0.00) 0.00) m<todc hf•ktmShl.a.
2 OlJXI 0.00:, o.00J 0.D6J 0.250 OD6.l O.OOJ O£IXI 0JXtJ D,� .. >lu l•h d<:npn l""J'"8 L yang l<rUal p;> )'l'UU J;. -o
du. •L Tegangoo ,.i. ad.alab T d.,n bcr>l pc, ....... P••
J1"8 1"6 a,dal,.h W J,klo tah 1111:1,,lal"'I ""'-" (<l,ank dalom auh legal<
• o.cro 0.000 o.ooJ o llXI o.cro o.cro o 001 o.cro o.ooJ lwus l"'"J."11! uh) d.,n lcmud,an d•l<p;uhn, ,,,...., lab alwi bcrge1a1 Sun·
s 0.000 OllXI o.cro 0.001 o.cro o.cro 0001 o.cro orm IW'S"' 1 d.an """'P ''"' tcrg,nlung p;>ng
6 o.cro o.cro o.cro o 00'! o.ro:i o® o.OOJ o.cn
OJnl unluk mcnggamba<k>n g,.,.,,.
tali ad.al.ah
7 O.oo:J O.oo:J 000'.I 0.00:l 0.00'.I 0.00:l O 00:l O.oo:J 0.l))J
(836.)
Pe..,.m.uD (8.36.) yaog m<,upalw, pcrr.&OUl<n gclombang utu dtJD<""

loua,, le 14 ...,.,,.,lukan tOf>d;so awal dlll l>ata,; hctULII oDL
oirooiroo.cmo�1.1mo®ooo:iooo:iooo:i
! O.oo:J 0.014 OJl.11 0 117 0.342 0.117 0.041 O.Q14 0.llX.I (8.31•)
J 01lll 0016 O.D42 0.o84 0 1,1 00>4 0.04' 0.Ql6 Oilll
4
S
O.oo:J O!ll2 0-02<5 0.0-W ll1l6J 00-W 0.IJln 0.012 O.llX.I
0.00'.I 0006 O.QlS o.on 0.W0 0.(123 O.QlS 0.006 O.oo:J
{i] .,-o * U(<) (8.31b)
6 0� 0003 0.006 0.0!0 O.GlO 0.0!0 0006 0.oo3 0.llX.I P<n)':......_. da.o, Pe,umun (836.) do:npo rond1>1 OOounyo d1><:I=»·
7 uocc O.M O.cro 0.00'.I 0.inl l).00) O.oo:J 0.00'.I 000'.I b.n do:nga.n mct<><lc bcr[,"' Dcng,n ""'"lll!:"""""n
>l<cn,a ..,pen, drtunJukkan Jalom Gamt>M 8 1� '""'""" ke<lu. din ""'P.ang,o
1 te,had.ap -,;,u I d>n n,ang, d,l,onk.an okb bcmuk be,,.., ,.,
vm rnWc\lAAN l><FTRIC'<SIA! PARS!!L
't--��-· ---� flt• JTg!W

(839)
•. ,l--l--l-L-1---+
Pc,>aJll.llll (838) l<Ulah ponyde..,,an numenk dm l"''""llllltl gek>m·
,L_J__J......1-l... j_
.,L_J__J......l_l... J_
• N"l ,..,u "'"''""' Pcm.abun ....,,,_, clupl,... WOOi.., okh la.ogkah ...i,u
huuogan, 1""8 opabrla mlamyo tcrlalu be .. , (Ill>>) da1'-'I men)'t.Nbhn
,L.11 IL_l_ k<1,J,,k ,ulalan h,1unga,, nwocnk Hm111gan oun,cr,k ,I.an Sl>bd dan
membrnl:a,i b.os,I .. ...., clcr,gao rular .. ........_ ·�• rul••
T�<V)', W(<l.o/ • I
• '--'--'-l...-1---1- lk,� nilir 1c,..b,,,1 •••• J,pe,<llch longkoh �aktu huuogan 1<pcrr,
L._L..
I LL,L
0 _, L.,. \ J1bc11hn okh Perumun (s.39) J,h ml.,, pcrt>aoJ,ogao dt llas kurang d>r,
1, Jw,1 h,1ung.,n mco1o<l, l;w•ng 1<IJt1
---« A, "
Apabd• Pc,..,,,•,n (� 37) d,tuh, unruk Wlltu n •O ah.n m<n1ad•

Gamb,u 8 IS Skcma cbp11Sll p<try<Jc,.,,m po,.........., lupcrbou
I O O I
1+ 1-1, (8.'10)
y,•y,+ 1,-
d17l>:,1). r,"" - ir," + r,•-•
\Jntuk mc"Gh,1ung Srmpa�n 1>11 pada w•klU «. ,-111-11 J,porlu""'1

"'' ru' n,lar <.tmpar,gan 1>.>:,•). T,"-, - 27,' • r::., pugan �· ,,aktu ,�, 1 (y,,,1u ), ) ad.ililr ruJ..i ><klum haungan J,mular,
�ubl.u(u,r bcntuk ddcrcn!IOl tcr>ebut d,
ii>' t.x'
••a.s <c d.iam Pm.un&an (8.36) tl.,n . '
yang dapM J•pcf<lleh "'" lon<l1<r aw,l drn Pc, .. ....,,.. (8.J7b) Deng.on
rncnggu!ClLn ,kc""' Morcnsul lc'l"'sat, Pcrr.amaa.o (8.17 b) J,1ol" mcnJil<I•
-
m,,,.benl;o � ' . 0) • "
! iii)r' I, ,-o • "". ------yu.;,- • GI<,)
••I , • � o-1 , , •
y, - •Y. , y, • .!&. y,+1 - 2).• + Y.-1
&' - w &.,)
,. • - y,• - 2G(<,).l.l (8 41)
Unluk rocnd.rpa11<a,, ....,_ t.Jr pada •khu d.an !llt<� .,,.,tu,
.
m,h perwn.,arr d, ,tas Jitol1> mcn1:odi ·
1•e....,mur, (8.41) twryo hcri.ku untok r -0; )'<Oog •IW'W
,., � • __. I ,-, ,; � ' ' b.o kc Jal•m Pc,sam. .. (8 ¥l) ahn o,engh>»lhn
W.,u\,,ut""
y, • 1(r,+1+1,-i -y, + 1- ,)Y, y,1 .. ,,0.,+y;0-,-y,I +2G(<,)6'

W(<\o,) W(t.r)
••••
\Jntuk mcmudahk..n p<m�m>n pcnyclc».Wr pe,.,m.un d, .,.., l o
<lw,ggop \,ahW> rulai Tg(<Vj1IIV(t.x) • I, 0<h1ngg. d!perolc:h · y, • 'iI V'\+1
O
+ Y.- 1) + G(<,}61 (8 42)
Pod.a •"cal huung.>n. le11ko ••I• ba,u ".I" J•k.i- d.,11 po,w 1>mpongao
(!08) aw,J, m;k; leccpolarl aw.iJ d1 IICfflUO loi,J: od.,l.,h DOI,
•• •
1;-1., .. •G(<)•O
Ml<TOOI, N\Nl!JUK
seh,ngsa Per>amaan (!U2) mCDJ><l• . rl-,l +,l-A•o,4+ o.c-. 0.3 .. o,,

1
, ..
l O
•+
O
1)
(8 43) ri-,l + >i-A-(1,.'i ... 0,3 -o,6 -o.z
, 20"·· 1,-
Sctcl•h n,eni;b�uog o.impangu, t>h pada languh p<:rt•ma dcngao

Uoluk lcbrb mcmudahl.ao pc:rnah ... an d•n pc:uycle!.>,.. p<,..,.,..,, mengguoak•• Pcrsamu,, (8.4)), >CW>Jutny• d,gWW:m PcrSlo>&lll (8.31!)
h,pc:,bol• mi. J;pal><lang co,,lol, h1'uopo bc,ikut ""· Su>IU 1>li gnar dcr,ga.,, uotuk langk.ab lutung,,n ,ebnjldnya Umu� • • I, mll• .
r,,niang 80 "'' J•• I:,,;,;,! 1,0 J7""' T>I, tcr>ebut dite,tanglw, dcngau g.,ya
tcgar,gm 40 tro,..,., Pad.a utik vaog bc<J>r>k ll'.I cm J>n .. w, r.atu UjUngn)'>
dtt•nk dcop.o wnpangao 0.6 cm <hr,� ,etunbug. d.ui kemud"" dile
pas.ton. l litung s,mp,angou p,<!a tu,k 1u,k ><:panJ"''ll 'al' ,eNg>; fungsi W>klu
Pa•i•ng ••Ii diNgl menJitd1 8 pw .. p,nJ•ng fu•IO cm Kond"' aW>I
aJalah simpanga,n 1 1<p,,n.,aog tab yang l,n,e, tc,ti.>Jap .< Jany• 0 d, .< O
.. .,.,_.; 1 •0,6 d, .; •0,ll) daD jug.a �.,., .. '"!'>' .< •80 cm I >ngbb waklu
dd,enkan oleh ·
2
Tg(�)' • l .. (40Jnl)><(9!l0){� )
W(Ai/ (1�)(10)1
'""
La.ogkab pc:n:uo.a, Persamaan {843) drgunalon uatu� me"V'ilu,,g
5'mpmgamy;' du, ,•2 s.ampu 8, ochUltJ!I d,pc:rnleh
,l. O,S� + ,t) • O,.S (0,6 + O) • 0.3

n .. (l,.'io-i ... ,t - (l,.'i ((l,.'i ... o:i) - o,4
,l - o,.s(J -1- Al• (l,.'i (0,4 + 0,6) • o.s
,! .. o.s (l,� ... ,� - (l,.'i(0,3 + o,.'i)- o.•
,1 .. as ()"! + ,,"} • o.s (0,2 -1- 0,4) • 0,3
,\ • 0.S (A + ,t • o.s (0.1 ;. 0.3) '" 0,2
1' • o.s � + ,'!) • o.s (0.0 + 0,2) • 0,1
,l • ,! + ,l- �'" 0,4 -I- 0,4 - o.s • (1,3
,J:.,: + ,l -A- 0.3 ... ns - 0,4 - 0,4
Ji-rl + ,-j -..:- nz -1- 0,4 - ()."l • OJ
,.J .J . . ,l-J- O,l +0,3-0,2-o,2
,i-.J-1- rl-J- 0,0 +0,2-0,1-0,1
llilungar, dJonJutkao untuk languh·l>ngkalr YOU!u bcnhrtnya bc,d, •
.. , Pe""m""n (8.J8) Jan dc,,g.,n '""°'"unaklll l'rognm 8.4
C PROG,v.,r �-4 P!NTILESAIAII PERS. HIPERBOI.11

c d:iT/dt2..,..,/11 d2Y/dx2
DIMENSIOH YA(9J,YBl9i,YCl91
DATA YA/0.,0.J,0.6,0.S,0.4,0.J,0.2,0.l,0./
H•l6
•••
OP�N (S,�lL!• HIP!RJIOL.l<-"l')
DX•O.l
DO 2 I•2,II
YB( I 1-0.s• 1 U( l+l )+YAl 1-l))
TC(If•YB(If
CONTINUE
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10 C¢1'TINUE
llllIT!(S,20f(1B11),l•l,N+I)
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YC( I )•YA! If
YA(I)•YB!lf
IS CONTINU!
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20 FORHAT(U.�F6,2)
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Smiitl, G.D., 1.9i 5, J· ru.nwlic.!J Solurion of Par(al Diffi, ial Eqr.iaricm : Fi'fiiJ.e
Difleri nee ethod«, Oxfo:r :r:uvcrsi1y Pre. s, Ne Yor .
Smith . -, 791 ltmumt(J'.!)' umeriw.J ,1 l 'Sts, Harper & Row Pu �i. h
Inc, New York.

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PENGANTAR

&Jal 1ahun 1988 pc.ouho mcng.,J>r mact kubab Mctode Numc11k

M>teri )'U3 tcrkat>dung d.al&m bub U'li mcrupahn rangkuman d.m

ob I dan boko ial -= "'flKN

mcoubo tembali ..,,,; 1enc:t.1 1<1111- ••- pew == ,_. dM

3 9 S.0.1 L..t!ihan SS 7 S. Mc100< 11o..,. Kull> ,�

Mo<<><.I< numcr,k adal•b tekruk uncuk n,o:oye.,,..,kan pc,m ... lall.an·

dcng.,a ,,. �xt00%•l0%

,hpc,h,tungl;,n btber•p,, suku J><"'"" "'l" 1',I., c.,.1 Jan<

llntuk n>enun1uklon p<nprub hany,, d1perlutuogkaony1 bc:bc:ul" wku

a. D,pe,huungk,n ,..,u wku pc,tama

,, • £. x 100 % • 1 e'f.72,,.!!' !.,- I x lOO % •:l'J,15 'I,

b D,pe,h,tung): •• dua ,uku pe,tam, 1.4 l. l't,...•nn d<ttt T,)1o,

K.,..1,han bc,d.,.rhn per<lfa.,n terl»1k ddutllJII, <Ieng.in Pe, .. m.ua (I •)

Rr,+1) '"f(G) + f'(x,) � (l.9)

Dcrct Taylo< y•n11 mcmpc,h,.ungk•n ug,, ,ur.u pert•"'-' d,n "'"' k•

/(.<,-1)•/(x,)-/'f.G)�+f"(,,)� _,. '"')� + '""

I '(r;) • N, >tl - 2/V-,l + fi.<,-1> 0(6r')

,}_ !"''·) N,,1)-lfµ-,.,J+'!f(x,.,)-f(r,-1)

•. - ... - . !1. .. f,,,., -,.,,-,

!! f '"·) Jt,,.,)-4{µ",,1)+�.)-4{(.<,-,l+/{.r,-,J • u., (1.27)

IS •. 1 ""'""" ttrb•d•p ,.,,bb<I 1,ln (I :-ii)

.v ,u t.• ;, ru' i1 t.i

o,i..m G .... NJ 1.3, pukiruo or<l<, .. ,. •.Wahgor" lu,.., d•n k.,.

._. p<tn(ll<>ng>nny,, od>l•h . ru o.5 ,,,..,.,..,

E, • p - P• • 1,5-1,2.S • 0.2.l � ,l,hJn,O,h>J•pnol•;•k<•l

Turun.,. kt,g., dan fuogo, ,d.Jah

/'"(x,•O) • l,S i ,, ,I, "' t« hadap n,I•• oh•k

' ,,. ,_. ,,

\cca,a anah,,. ,urunan pen am• dan kcdu, ,I ,h,.,

l x' /' .'

,,, "' f(r•O) • I

lxng,.n menggunak,n ca,a .. pt,h ld>h J,jtlulcao J, <lcpan, bcnluk \, • l

U, d.1.bm � tni dtpelaj.,., bebeupo me1odc untul: ""'"""-" okor abr

Unoul. perum• .. pooDOJllW d<rajod t;p M•u empot, rumUi·rum"'

lkntul pc:rsamun-persamun S<pen, tcr><""1 d, .... win atau trdd

Garnbo, 21 M,ncr>tuk•n oUr p,:rsamo,n -.aro grof"

Ked .. <>•• lcrsebul odalah udu efu.en du <odalr Wl<m>l.._ Ad.a

". ---. -1+,-2 .

IP(>"X OT.0.JGOTO IS ,,.---- 2 - 1 ....,

2 1 <,m)J HOlOO I 7500) l.!175(),)

teem -O•m 07S9S7 .003243

"""' "= 1 14063 -0.03243 O ll613

l 73193 17Ul3 --0 OOlll

" "= 11U32 l !31211 -0-

interpol..,'""'" diu nola, dau fun&'• yang mcmpunya, 1anda t><rlo1<�nan

z1,1 �.,-,. 1'o1'1)

.,) ,.., -,,

•2 -13-1-,11 (2-1) • 1,571,2 FXl•P(X21

.�- r-:X�- ""'

Pro..:dur buu,igan t<r<ebut d, .,., dilll.llJl&tUo dong.in 111<nggull.Ua•

"'"" """' "''" ,_, "'""

' --0 00611

'""' ,,.., ',,.".,'

""" f(x,) ,.... .. ,

c-,,;1, � Gamba, 2.7 B;pn ohr me,000 �<,.too R•ph;o,,

/'(,:,•3) • 3 (3/ + 2 [.\) - 3 • JO

•+-------:?"- cc,-�,--- '

r,1,c1 2.4 !l:.;al lulungan dcng.a,, ""'"><!< Ne"'"" lhrt,""'

Kckw•ngan m,:t<><k NcW!Oll Ropluo,o au;ll.ah dip<r!uk>MJ'> tt1t.,..n

fl\,•2) • 3 H '''""Ir 11,.-.,.

h ,n,form»1 ,.., dap.al diJ•kukan dcogao marupul .. , alJ•Nf >tau

Tabd :Z.S HI.Yl hi,unsan dcogon mc1ode s«�"'

,_, .r,., • (-,. -+ 3;r; + 3)