INTRODUCTION TO EARTHMOVING

EARTHMOVING MATERIALS
Earthmoving equipment is heavy equipment, typically heavy-duty vehicles designed for
construction operations which involve earthworks.
They are used to move a large amount of earth, to dig foundations for landscaping.
Most earthmoving equipment uses hydraulic drives as the primary source of motion.
SPOIL BANKS
When the quantity of earth obtained from excavation or cutting of the channel section is in
excess of the quantity required for forming the bank and service road then extra earth is usually
deposited in the form of spoil bank
A bank of excavated refuse or waste earth
It is characterized by a triangular cross-section. If the material is dumped from a fixed position, a
spoil pile is created which has a conical shape
Spoil pile means the overburden and reject coal as it is piled or deposited n open-pit mining.
The construction of a spoil bank begins with the making of an initial heap using draglines, power
shovels, chain-and-buck excavators, bulldozers or scrappers. During the mining operation the
spoil is accumulated in layers.
DECISION MAKING
Decision making is the fundamental process of management. Most of the effort of the managers
are related to this process. Unfortunately, decisions do not always turn out as planned.
10 REASONS YOU NEED TO MAKE A DECISION TODAY
1. YOU MAY NOT GET ANOTHER CHANCE
Sometimes opportunity only knocks once. Don’t let an option pass you by because you don’t
make a timely decision.
2. YOU CAN CHANGE YOUR MIND
Don’t let the fear of making a wrong choice paralyze you. There are very few decisions in life
that are not changeable. Your degree, your job, where you live in and even your relationship.
You can choose again.
3. IT’S NOT THAT IMPORTANT
As well, there are very few decisions in life that are truly that important. Don’t let perceived
importance scare you from choosing.
4. NOT MAKING A CHOICE IS A CHOICE
When you don’t choose for yourself, life will choose for you. Ironically, too many people make
their decisions by not choosing.
5. A GOOD DECISION BEATS A PERFECT ONE
To re-phrase a famous quote, a good decision now always beats a perfect one later. Don’t wait to
make a choice that may pass you by.
6. CHOOSING IS A PROVILEGE
It is the one thing that you control in your life. Make sure you choose your own path.
7. OTHER PEOPLE’S DECISION ARE NOT YOUR OWN
Make your own choices. Live your own life. Otherwise, you will look back and realize that you
are living someone else’s life and priorities.
8. INACTION LEADS TOA BORING LIFE
Some people choose not to make decisions because they think it is easier and less stressful. This
may be true but also boring. It is uneventful and lazy. Be bold in your decisions and live with the
good and bad.
9. THERE IS NEVER A PERFECT TIME
Don’t wait for the right time, there isn’t one. There is never a perfect time…just time.
10. TODAY ALWAYS BEATS TOMORROW
Today is the only day you have. Tomorrow is only a promise and may never come. Dream for
tomorrow but live for today. Make your choice and do it now.
THE EFFECTIVE MANAGERS
DECISIONS WITH SIGNIFICANT IMPACT on the entire organization defines the manager.
Tries to make the few important decisions ON THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF CONCEPTUAL
UNDERSTANDING
Knows that a decision MUST BE BASED ON PRINCIPLE and should be made on the merits of
the case.
Effective decision maker constantly monitors the result of the decision to ascertain that the
desired objectives have been achieved. If not, he/she have to restart the entire process or review
of the situation may reveal the following:
a.) An error in the actual implementation
b.) An error in calculation
1. DELEGATE WISELY
Learn to effectively delegate both responsibility for completing assignments and the authority
required to get things done.
2. SET GOALS
Every employee needs goals to strive for. Not only do goals give employees direction and
purpose but they ensure that your employees are working towards the overall organization goals.
3. COMMUNICATE
You must make every effort to get employees the information they need to do their jobs quickly
and efficiently.
4. MAKE TIME FOR EMPLOYEES
Above all, leadership is a people job. When an employee needs to talk with you—whatever the
reason—make sure that you set aside the time to do so.
5. RECOGNIZE THE ACHIEVEMENTS
Every employee wants to do a good job. And when they do a good job, employee wants
recognition from their bosses. There are many things bosses can do to recognize employees that
cost a little or no money.
6. THINK ABOUT LASTING SOLUTIONS
No matter how difficult the problem, there is always a quick solution, and leaders are the
happiest when they are devising solutions to problems. Deal with the cause of the problem
instead if simply treating the symptoms.
7. DON’T TAKE IT ALL TOO SERIOUSLY
Running a company is serious business. Products and services must be sold and delivered and
money must be made. Despite the gravity of these responsibilities, successful leaders make their
organizations fun places to work.
REASONS FOR POOR DECISIONS
Sometimes despite the best efforts of the manager, a decision turns out to be poor due to
unforeseeable circumstances. Although such occurences are not very common but more often,
failure can be traced on some combination of the following reasons:
1. Errors made in the decision process
2. Bounded rationality
3. Sub-optimism
1. ERRORS MADE IN THE DECISION PROCESS
Sometimes this is due to a manager’s style of making quick decision or failure to recognize the
consequences of a poor decision.
A part of the problem may be of the manager’s unwillingness to admit a mistake. Some
managers demonstrate an inability to make a decision, sitting down on matters, when the
decision should have long been rendered.
2. BOUNDED RATIONALITY
A term which refers to the limit as control on making decision because of costs, human abilities,
time, technology and the availability of information.
3. SUB-OPTIMIZATION
Is the result from each different department’s attempt to reaching a solution that is optimum for
their department.
Unfortunately, what is optimum to a particular department may not be optimum for the entire
organization as a whole.
In many instances, managers fail to appreciate the importance of each step in the decision
process that was just outlined.
This might be due to a manager’s style of making quick decisions or a failure to recognize the
consequences of a poor decision.
9 HABITS THAT LEAD TO POOR DECISION
1. LAZINESS
2. INDECISIVENESS
3. REMAINING LOCKED IN THE PAST
4. NOT ANTICIPATING UNEXPECTED EVENTS
5. HAVING NO STRATEGIC PLAN
6. LACK OF TECHNICAL DEPTH
7. OVER-DEPENDENCE
8. ISOLATION
9. FAILURE TO COMMUNCIATE THE WHAT, WHEN, WHERE AND HOW
ASSOCIATED WITH THEIR DECISIONS

BUDGETING TIME
TIME IS THE LIMITING FACTOR
Effective managers knows that time is the limiting factor. He doesn’t start with his work, he
starts with his time. And he doesn’t start out with planning but start by finding out where his
time will actually goes.
TIME IS A UNIQUE RESOURCE
Time is totally perishable and cannot be stored. Yesterday’s time is gone forever and will never
come back.
TIME IS ABSOLUTELY IRREPLACEABLE
There is no substitute in for time, everything we do requires time. Yet, most people take for
granted this unique irreplaceable and necessary resource. Unless it is managed, nothing else can
be managed.
The larger the organization, the less actual time will the managers will have to manage out of the
little time at his disposal.
Time wastes is often result from over staffing. The symptom of over staffing could be if the
chiefs and the manager in particular spend more time on problems of human relations.

EMPLOYEE DISCIPLINE
DISCIPLINE is a mean that management uses TO BRING EMPLOYEES BEHAVIOR UNDER
CONTROL.
The purpose of discipline is to prevent the commission of an act which violates the policies, rules
and regulations of the company.
A form of control to protect the interests of the company as well as those of the employees.
CONTROL WITHIN THE CONTEXT HAS THREE MAJOR DIMENSIONS:
1. As a means of establishing awareness on the part of the employees regarding the proper
behaviour, attitude and conduct in their jobs.
2. As a means of establishing an atmosphere conducive to working together efficiently.
3. As a means of correcting or reforming employees who commit any infraction or violation of
the company rules and regulations.
RESPECTFUL EMPLOYEE DISCIPLINE STEPS THAT PREVENT FUTURE PROBLEMS
IN THE WORKPLACE.
AVOID TALKING DOWN TO OTHERS.
COMMUNICATE WITHOUT ANGER.
EXPLAIN WHY THE BEHAVIOUR IS A PROBLEM.
USE CORRECTIVE MEASURES, NOT THREATENING STATEMENTS.
GUIDE EMPLOYEE THROUGH CORRECTIONAL STEPS.
GET ALL SIDES TO THE STORY.
FINISH WITH POSITIVE DISCIPINE.
Disciplinary action should not be taken unless there is an obvious necessity for it.
The reasons for disciplinary action should be made clear.
Give the man a chance to present his side of story, and do not argue.
There should be no favouritism or discrimination in any disciplinary action.
Reprimand should be given as soon as possible after the occurrences of the act. Right timing is
important, but first have all the facts
Forgive and forget. When disciplinary action has been given, the supervisor should resume a
normal attitude toward the offending employee.
THE END