Elementary Technical Mathematics 11th Edition Ebook PDF

Elementary Technical Mathematics,
11th Edition (eBook PDF)

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vi Contents
ChAPTER 8 Graphing linear equations 291

8.1 Linear Equations with two Variables 292
8.2 Graphing Linear Equations 297
8.3 the Slope of a Line 304
8.4 the Equation of a Line 310
Chapter 8: Group Activities 315
Chapter 8: Summary 315
Chapter 8: Review 317
Chapter 8: test 318
Chapters 1–8: Cumulative Review 318
ChAPTER 9 systems of linear equations 321

9.1 Solving Pairs of Linear Equations by Graphing 322
9.2 Solving Pairs of Linear Equations by Addition 328
9.3 Solving Pairs of Linear Equations by Substitution 333
9.4 Applications involving Pairs of Linear Equations 334
Chapter 9: test 342
ChAPTER 10 factoring algebraic expressions 343

10.1 Finding Monomial Factors 344
10.2 Finding the Product of two Binomials Mentally 345
10.3 Finding Binomial Factors 348
10.4 Special Products 350
10.5 Finding Factors of Special Products 352
10.6 Factoring General trinomials 354
Chapter 10: test 358
ChAPTER 11 Quadratic equations 361

11.1 Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring 362
11.2 the Quadratic Formula 365
11.3 Applications involving Quadratic Equations 367
11.4 Graphs of Quadratic Equations 371
11.5 imaginary numbers 375
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Contents vii
ChAPTER 12 Geometry 381

12.1 Angles and Polygons 382
12.2 Quadrilaterals 389
12.3 triangles 393
12.4 Similar Polygons 402
12.5 Circles 406
12.6 Radian Measure 414
12.7 Prisms 419
12.8 Cylinders 424
12.9 Pyramids and Cones 430
12.10 Spheres 437
ChAPTER 13 Right triangle trigonometry 449

13.1 trigonometric Ratios 450
13.2 Using trigonometric Ratios to Find Angles 454
13.3 Using trigonometric Ratios to Find Sides 457
13.4 Solving Right triangles 458
13.5 Applications involving trigonometric Ratios 460
ChAPTER 14 trigonometry with any angle 473

14.1 Sine and Cosine Graphs 474
14.2 Period and Phase Shift 480
14.3 Solving Oblique triangles: Law of Sines 484
14.4 Law of Sines: the Ambiguous Case 487
14.5 Solving Oblique triangles: Law of Cosines 493
viii Contents
ChAPTER 15 Basic statistics 503

15.1 Bar Graphs 504
15.2 Circle Graphs 507
15.3 Line Graphs 510
15.4 Other Graphs 513
15.5 Mean Measurement 514
15.6 Other Average Measurements and Percentiles 516
15.7 Range and Standard Deviation 519
15.8 Grouped Data 521
15.9 Standard Deviation for Grouped Data 528
15.10 Statistical Process Control 530
15.11 Other Graphs for Statistical Data 534
15.12 normal Distribution 537
15.13 Probability 540
15.14 independent Events 542
ChAPTER 16 Binary and hexadecimal numbers 549

16.1 introduction to Binary numbers 550
16.2 Addition of Binary numbers 552
16.3 Subtraction of Binary numbers 553
16.4 Multiplication of Binary numbers 554
16.5 Conversion from Decimal to Binary System 555
16.6 Conversion from Binary to Decimal System 557
16.7 Hexadecimal System 558
16.8 Addition and Subtraction of Hexadecimal numbers 560
16.9 Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion 563
16.10 Hexadecimal Code for Colors 564
APPEndICES APPEndIx A: tables 569

table 1: Formulas from Geometry 569
table 2: Electrical Symbols 571
APPEndIx B: Exponential Equations 573
APPEndIx C: Simple inequalities 579
APPEndIx D: Answers to Odd-numbered Exercises and All Chapter Review
and Cumulative Review Exercises 585
IndEx 613
L I S T o f A P P L I C AT I o n S
Length of heater hose, 49 Blocks needed for wall, 11 Find dimensions with
Length of socket, 63 Board ft of lumber, 48 vents, 49
auto/Diesel service Length of time engine Bookshelves construction, Find size of square sheet of
Alternator-to-engine runs at two different 251 aluminum, 370
ratio, 270 speeds, 338 Capacity of two trucks, 338 Find lengths in
Amount of fuel required, 277 Length of tool, 42 Concrete floor, 18 framing, 496
Area of windshield, 188 Mileage of vehicle, 188 Contractor testing Floor space footage, 72
Capacity of fuel tank, 278 Miles per gallon, 9, 72 tanks, 338 Gallons of paint needed, 18
Converting gallons to Mixing parts cleaning Conveyer length needed, Gauge for check of diam-
quarts and pints, 54 solution, 338 463 eter of crankshaft
Cooling system leak, 185 Mixing two types of Cost of copper tubing, 271 journal, 463
Copper tubing length, 42 gasoline, 252, 338 Cost of home in price per Height of building, 467
Cost of Batteries, 252 Oil flow rate, 270 square foot, 271 Height of TV relay
Cost per tire, 9, 72 Oil used, 40 Current needs for tower, 463
Difference in tire tread, 62 Overtime hours, 72 compressor and air Increase in floor space, 85
Displacement of piston, 9 Piston displacement, 22 conditioner, 338 Increase length and width
Distance from driver’s side Piston ring wear, 63 Cutting Cable, 72 of lot by same amount
front tire to passenger’s Ratio of secondary voltage Cutting pipe, 9 to increase area by
side rear tire after ac- to primary voltage equals Cutting squares of corners 4000 m, 370
cident, 496 ratio of secondary turns on a piece of material Inside diameter of pipe, 48
Distance from front tip of to primary turns, 277 to form a rectangular Insurance for replacement
seat cushion to tip of Service time on auto, 40, 49 container, 370 cost, 18
head rest, 496 Strengthening antifreeze Difference between plate Invoice from lumberyard, 85
Distance traveled on a tank mixture in radiator, 252 thickness, 42 Length and width of a
of gas, 9 Strokes to pump fuel, 277 Difference of diameters of piece of sheet metal,
Each piston displacement in Time to change tires, 49 ends, 63 370
cubic inches, 73 Total miles on trip, 186 Dimensions of yard, 251 Length of cut boards, 251
Each piston displacement in Total piston displacement Distance between Length of guy wire for
litres, 73 in cubic inches, 73 centers, 48 smokestack, 463
Finding piston movement Total piston displacement Distance between floor Length of pieces of
distances, 466 in litres, 73 joists, 42 beam, 251
Flywheel – drive gear Valve stem length, 63 Distance between rivets, 48 Length of rafter, 496
ratio, 270 Volume of oil pan, 18 Distance between two Length of roofline in a
Horsepower developed by Volume of trunk in auto, 188 adjacent drilled holes, building, 466
1.6 L engine, 277 466 Length of steel pipes, 48
Horsepower of engine, 188 Distance of house from Litres of liquid in a right
Increase in air pressure in sides of lot, 42 circular tank, 463
tire at end of trip, 278 industrial/ Drilling holes in metal Material for concrete, 338
Kilometre per litre, 9 Construction trades plate, 463 Mixing chemicals, 54
Labor cost per hour, 9 Amount of sand to make Excavation of basement, 72 Mixing concrete, 251
Length of crank shaft, 72 concrete, 277 Find check dimension in a Number of boards pur-
Length of cylinder, 22 Angles in a roof, 496 dove tail, 466 chased, 251
ix
x List of Applications
Number of bricks for a 25 Difference of yield, 188 Find t (time) for different Find centers of equally
foot wall, 277 Fertilizer cost, 63 values of V (voltage), spaced bolt holes in a
Number of ceiling tiles Fertilizer needed for 370 piece of metal, 465
needed, 17 lawn, 277 Frequency of radar Find missing dimension, 63
Number of days to com- Gallons of herbicide, 83 waves, 48 Hexagon length of side, 62
plete job, 73 Grass seed mix, 338 Heating element current, 73 Length after cuts, 48
Number of each type of Herbicide ratio per acre, 271 In ac circuit, a right triangle Length of drying booth, 278
tiles, 338 Insecticide amount, 83 shows relationship of Length of guy wire to at-
Number of studs needed, 9 Mixing two types of impedance, resistance, tach antenna, 498
Percent of volume of dry milk, 252 phase angle, and reac- Length of rod after
mix of cement, sand and Mixture for feed, 338 tance, 465 cutting, 72
gravel, 278 Mulch for flowerbed, 19 Inductive resistance in Length of rod, 42
Pieces of drywall needed, 18 Percent of antifreeze in circuit, 73 Length of shaft, 42, 43,
Pitch of roof to rise given radiator, 278 Length of copper resis- 62, 102
the run, 277 Percent of fat in beef and tance, 277 Linear feet of pipe in
Plumbing supply invoice, 85 number of pounds in a Length of wire needed, inventory, 9
Ratio of concrete to carcass, 278 49, 339 Number of cuts needed to
cement, 271 Percent of live hog that is Load of circuit, 49 turn down a stock, 72
Ratio of wall to window carcass, 278 Ohm’s Law, 10 Number of defective
area, 271 Pesticide in spray tank, 277 Outlet spacing, 49 tires, 83
Reducing diameter of Pesticide mix, 338 Power in circuit, 73 Number of metal sheets in
shaft, 42 Placing plant container, 19 Power used, 49 pile, 72
Remaining thickness of Pounds of N, P, K removed Ratio of secondary turns Oil needed, 11
plate after lathe pass, 42 per acre used, 277 to primary turns in a Pins after cuts, 48
Roadbed inclination, 463 Rate of gallon per acre, 271 transformer, 277 Pitch of screw, 72
Space between walls and Sand & topsoil mixture, 271 Ratio voltage drop across a Sheet metal pile height, 72
windows, 10 Volume of cylinder, 188 resistor, 270 Space between end of ply-
Tap drill size, 42 Wagon ratio of pounds per Resistance in flashlight wood and stripes, 11
Thickness of pipe wall, 63 bushel, 270 bulb, 73 Time for lathe to turn, 48
Thickness of sheets of Weight of feed mixture, 54 Resistance in lamp, 73 Weight of metal sheet, 73
metal, 185 Width of area of border Size of two resisters, 339
Thickness of six pieces of around rectangular Total current in parallel
metal, 188 garden, 571 circuit, 41, 62 CaD/Drafting
Tiles needed for wall, 17 Yellow pepper & red pepper Total resistance in series Amount of “peanuts”
Time of work for two brick planted, 271 circuit, 62 used, 19
layers, 338 Yield of apple per tree and Transformer coil ratio, 270 Angles for rafter to be laid,
Total boards in order, 9 income from sale of Transformer voltage, 270 464
Total thickness of sheets of apples, 277 Two types of capacitors, 338 Capacity of tank, 54
metal, 185 Yield of field, 271, 277 Type branches in parallel Channel dimensions, 50
Types of light circuit, 338 Construction of shipping
fixtures, 251 Using right triangle to find box, 19
Volume of cement pad, 49 electronics voltage across coil, 465 Converting feet to yards, 54
Weight of iron rods, 53 Batteries hooked up in a Voltage drop in resister, 270, Designing a mating part, 467
Width of river, 463 series, 338 277 Difference in output of
Cable for wiring, 49 Voltage of iron, 49 drawings, 10
Conduit length and Voltage of source, 62 Dimension for length of
agriculture and angle, 463 Wavelength of radio drawing, 186
horticulture Current in branches in waves, 48 Dimensions of plot, 339
Applying pesticides, 83 parallel circuit, 338 Dimensions of walkway, 339
Area of lawn, 22 Current in circuit, 73 Distance across corner of
Butterfat mixture, 338 Current needed, 49 manufacturing hex bolt, 467
Chemical for 220 acre Current through one of Amps used, 73 Distance between points, 41
field, 277 branches of parallel Diameter of largest Height needed for riser, 72
Concrete feed lot, 49 circuit, 185 part, 43 Increase in door area, 370
Corn and soybean sales, 338 Electrolyte solution, 338 Diameter of pulleys, 339 Internal diameter of
Cost per pound of weight Find t (time) for different Distance of holes from tube, 62
gain, 83 values of current, 370 end, 62 Length of pipe welds, 49
List of Applications xi
Length of shaft, 42 Dimensions of sheet metal Number of drops to set up Number of pie crusts from
Locating a benchmark, 467 to patch of hole in large IV, 271 pie dough, 50
Location of two ports metal tank, 370 Number of milligrams of Number of servings from
for connection to two Earnings of experience medicine, 73 container, 54
threaded posts, 467 welder and beginner Number of teaspoons of Pork: beef ratio for ground
Number of stores, 19 welder, 339 medicine over two beef, 278
Original dimensions of Hours of work for each days, 49 Potatoes in kitchen when
room, 339 welder, 338 Number of vials of two new order needed, 43
Original dimensions of I-beam divided into equal medications used, 339 Quarts of fruit juice, 54
building, 339 parts, 72 Preparing a 20% saline Remaining flour, 43
Overall dimensions of a Length of support for a solution, 338 Remaining French fries, 43
barn model, 278 conveyor belt, 463 Rate of intravenous Remaining lettuce, 43
Length of welded piece, solution, 271, 339 Remaining pie, 43
40, 496 Ratio of dextrose, 271 Scoops of sugar needed, 50
Length of welded pipe, 9, Saline solution mixture, 339 Seating of guests at
hvaC 40, 62 Total ounces of medication tables, 339
Airflow in cubic feet per Measure of angles in a trian- for day, 49 Selling cups and bowls of
second, 53 gular metal sheet, 496 Weight loss of a newborn, 49 chili, 339
Converting lb to oz, 53 Number of high quality Weight of baby, 49 Short loin available for
Cooling requirement, 40 welds, 84 soup, 50
Cost of duct per inch, 72 Percent of welds Table top requirements, 257
Cost of ductwork replace- completed, 84 Total amount of cooking
ment, 9
Culinary arts
Ratio of 4 ft steel angle to Amount of each ingredient oil, 64
Cost of metal duct, 277 2 ft angle weld, 271 Total end cut servings
to make 18 servings of
Dimensions of building, 339 Ratio of welding rods, 271 possible, 11
cheese soufflé , 279
Duct excess, 40 Rods used in welds, 188 Total gallons in soup
Amount of each ingredi-
Duct length, 48, 464 Size of piece left after recipe, 54
ent to serve 12 lb of beef
Finding angles for placing cut, 62 Total number of ounces in
tenderloin, 279
air handlers, 496 Steel angle divided into drink of the day, 64
Amount of each ingredi-
Flow of two air ducts, 339 equal parts, 72 Total of butter used, 43
ent to serve 25 people la
Furnace space, 188 Steel angle welds, 185 tsp needed for recipe, 54
crème au chocolat, 279
Gas used over 4 month Total length of steel angle Volume of punch from
Cooking oil available, 50
period, 186 weld, 54 recipe, 64
Cups of each ingredient to
Length of ducts in kite Total length of weld, 48 Weight in pounds for
make 35 servings, 279
shaped room, 496 Volume of storage bin, 188 ingredients of completed
Diluting chicken soup, 257
Pieces of duct, 48 Volume of welded con- recipe, 64
Dividing tips at end of
Ratio of the BTU of two air tainer, 18 day, 11
conditioners, 271 Weight of scrap metal, 185 Find edible portion of
Sections of duct for
furnace, 188 watermelon, 50 aviation
How many steaks can be Altitude of plane, 17, 53
Supply airflow of unit, 186
Total cost of duct, 62 allied health cut from a loin, 50 Area formed by flight, 188
Alcohol percentage, 49 Individual items in delivery Area of runway, 17
Ventilation requirement
Amount of medicine in one to kitchen, 11 Certificate flight time, 9
CFM, 188
dose, 73 Ingredients to serve 10 Cost of gallon of fuel, 72
Volume of circulated air, 18
Amount of orange juice, 10 people, 279 Dimensions of wing of a
Volume of duct, 18
Diluting alcohol for a Kitchen ratio for popover small Cessna, 370
Volume of furnace filter, 18
solution, 278 butter, 279 Draining fuel out of
Find number of grams of Kitchen ratio for sherry tank, 185
pure ingredient to pre- vinegar marinade, 279 Flight distance, 9
welding pare a solution, 278 Least number of servers Flight mileage, 62
Area of piece of sheet Fluid Input & Output, 9 needed, 11 Flying time, 62
metal, 54 Medicine dosage, 10, 49, Maximum seating, 11 Fuel used, 40, 188, 277
Argon gas used, 9 73, 74 Mixing different types of Ground length of flight, 464
Cost of welding rods, 277 mL needed to give a de- ground beef, 339 Hours each of two planes
Cutting pieces of pipe, 48 sired dose, 277, 278 Number of bone-in prime flown for a month, 339
Difference in diameter of Number of doses of medicine rib cuts from same num- Hours of flying lessons, 188
welding rods, 40 doses from bottle, 49 ber of beef loins, 278 Length of taxiway, 496
xii List of Applications
Nautical miles flown, 73 Difference in height of two water in shopping center Hours worked for each
Operational zone, 9 waterfalls, 339 paved lot, 188 girl, 251
Plane speed, 48 Distance for hiker, 43 Weight of firewood, 85 House payment on home
Ratio of flight time for Distance of kite from a Weight of fish, 186 loan, 95
single engine rating to person, 498 Weight of trash for week, 186 Interest on savings
commercial rating, 271 Fertilizer cost, 63 Width of jaw opening of account, 95
Runway length, 54 Foods scrap compost, 188 snake, 498 Investing money, 95
Search time, 48 Homeowner lawn, 43 Investment in two types of
Speed of plane 72 Increase in population, 63 bonds, 339
Straight-line distance back Length of cutboards, 339 Investment necessary to
to base, 496 Mixing two types of Business & personal cover CC dues, 252
Weight of baggage in com- grain, 339 finance Money owed on loan com-
partments, 185 Municipal solid waste Amount borrowed from pounded annually, 95
(MSW) decrease, 85 bank, 251 Money owed on loan com-
Petroleum reserves, 63 Amount invested to earn pounded daily, 95
Population of deer, 85 interest, 251 Money owed on loan
natural Resources Product weight on Amount needed to gener- compounded
Allowance for kerf, 50 carton, 40 ate a 5% return, 252 monthly, 95
Amount of N-P-K applied, Salt contained in sea Annual rate of interest for Money owed, 95
278 water, 278 value of discount, 96 Payment on a new truck, 95
Amount of water to get an Seating guests, 11 Cost using two types of Percent of reduction, 278
actual one inch of water Settling tank at wastewater ground beef, 252 Percent of the increase in
over one acre, 278 plant, 19 Decision on how to finance pay, 278
Capacity of silo, 83 Survival rate of flock of auto, 95 Price of purchased goods, 83
CO2 level in atmosphere in ducks (sord), 85 Decrease in salary, 84 Purchasing auto, 96
2010, 188 Tilapia feed, 11 Decrease in value of Rate of interest on loan, 83
Collecting sea salt, 252 Tons of waste water, 83 house, 84 Salary increase, 83
Converting area of lawn to Tree harvested for fire- Distributing money, 251 Sale of two carpets, 339
acres, 54 wood, 50 Effective rate of interest for Sale price of discounted
Cords of fire wood Truckloads of fish, 54 value of discount, 96 items, 84
burned, 43 Turns to retrieve line of fish- Effective rate of interest on Savings amount after
Crossing plants, 50 ing reel, 278 early payment, 96 5 years, 95
Cruising timber, 11 Use of a Biltmore stick in Effective rate of interest on Savings amount after
Cubic miles of water in measuring height of purchase, 96 8 years, 95
Cayuga Lake, 188 tree, 54 Effective rate of return on Type of apartment rented,
Deer and elk population Volume of cord of wood, 19 cash discount, 96 339
control, 252 Volume of rick of Effective rate of return, 96 Types of snorkel sold,
Density of deer, 85 firewood, 83 Family loan, 95 339
P R E fA C E
elementary technical mathematics, Eleventh Edition, is intended for tech-

nical, trade, allied health, or Tech Prep programs. This book was written for students
who plan to learn a technical skill, but who have minimal background in mathematics
or need considerable review. To become proficient in most technical programs, students
must learn basic mathematical skills. To that end, Chapters 1 through 4 cover basic
arithmetic operations, fractions, decimals, percent, the metric system, and numbers
as measurements. Chapters 5 through 11 present essential algebra needed in technical
and trade programs. The essentials of geometry—relationships and formulas for the
most common two- and three-dimensional figures—are given in detail in Chapter 12.
Chapters 13 and 14 present a short but intensive study of trigonometry that includes
right-triangle trigonometry as well as oblique triangles and graphing. The concepts of
statistics that are most important to technical fields are discussed in Chapter 15. An
introduction to binary and hexadecimal numbers is found in Chapter 16 for those who
requested this material.
We have written this text to match the reading level of most technical students. Visual
images engage these readers and stimulate the problem-solving process. We emphasize that
these skills are essential for success in technical courses.
The following important text features have been retained from previous editions:
■ We use a large number of applications from a wide variety of technical areas, includ-
ing auto/diesel service, industrial and construction trades, electronics, agriculture and
horticulture, allied health, CAD/drafting, HVAC, manufacturing, welding, aviation,
natural resources, culinary arts, and business and personal finance.
■ Chapter 1 reviews basic concepts in such a way that individuals, groups of students, or
the entire class can easily study only those sections they need to review.
■ A comprehensive introduction to basic algebra is presented for those students who
need it as a prerequisite to more advanced algebra courses. However, the book has
been written to allow the omission of selected sections or chapters without loss of
continuity, to meet the needs of specific students.
■ More than 6,490 exercises assist student learning of skills and concepts.
■ More than 750 detailed, well-illustrated examples, many with step-by-step comments,
support student understanding of skills and concepts.
xiii
Weight. A measure of the earth’s gravitational force (pull)
Kilogram (kg). The basic SI unit of mass. (p. 142)
Litre (L). A common SI unit of volume. (p. 144)
acting on an object. (p. 142)
3.1 Introduction to the Metric System expression and in the numerator of the conversion fac-
xiv Preface 1. SI base units: Review the seven SI base units in tor. That is, set up the conversion factor so that the old
units cancel each other. (p. 140)
Table 3.1 on p. 137.
2. Prefixes for SI units: Review the prefixes for SI units 3.6 Temperature
■ A chapter
in Table 3.3summary
on p. 137. with a glossary of basic1. terms, a for
Formulas chapter
changingreview, and aCelsius
between degrees chapter
test appear
3.2 Length at the end of each chapter as aids for
andstudents
degrees in preparing
Fahrenheit: for quizzes and
5
exams. Each chapter test is designed to be completed9 by an average student in no more
1.
158 Choosing
Chapter 3 |
conversion factors:
The Metric The correct
System choice C 5 (F 2 32)
for a given conversion factor is the one in which the
than oldapproximately
Choose units
the are reasonable
most
50 ofminutes.
in the numerator the original expres-
quantity: 9
39. An automobile’s average fuel consumption is
sion and in the denominator of the conversion factor F 5 C 1 32 (p. 151)
a. 320 km/L,
5 b. 15 km/L, c. 35 km/L, or d. 0.75 km/L.
35. or
Jorge
the and
old Maria drive
units are a. 1600
in the cm, b. 470
denominator c. 12 km,
m, original
of the
or d. 2400 mm to college each day. 40. On Illinois winter mornings, the temperature sometimes
dips to a. 2508C, b. 2308C, c. 308C, or d. 2808C.
36. Chuck’s mass is a. 80 kg, b. 175 kg, c. 14 mg, or
41. Abdul drives a. 85 km/h, b. 50 km/h, c. 150 km/h,
d. 160 Mg.
chapt e r 3 Review or d. 25 km/h on the interstate highway.
37. An automobile’s fuel tank holds a. 18 L, b. 15 kL,
42. Complete the following table of metric system prefixes
Givec.the240
metric or d. for
mL,prefix 60 each
L of gasoline.
value: Fill in each blank:
using the given sample metric unit:
38. Jamilla, being of average height, is a. 5.5 m, 14. 650 m 5 ______ km 15. 750 mL 5 ______ L
1. 0.001 2. 1000
b. 325 mm, c. 55 cm, or d. 165 cm tall.
16. 6.1 kg 5 ______ g 17. 4.2 A 5 ______ mA
Give the SI abbreviation for each prefix:
18. 18 MW 5 ______ W 19. 25 ms 5 ______ ns
3. mega 4. micro
20. 250 cm2 5 ______ mm2
WritePrefix
the SI abbreviation
Symbolfor each quantity:
Power of 10 m2 5many?
Sample unit21. 25,000 How ______ ha How many?
5. 42 millilitres 6. 8.3 nanoseconds 22. 0.6 m3 5 ______ cm3 23. 250 cm3 5 ______ mL
tera T 1012 m 1012 m 5 1 Tm 1 m 5 10212 Tm
24. 728F 5 9______ 8C 25. 2258C 5 ______ 8F
Writegiga
the SI unit for each
G abbreviation:109 W 10 W 5 1 GW 1 W 5 1029 GW
26. Water freezes at ______ 8C.
mega
7. 18 km M
8. 350 mA 106 9. 50 ms Hz
kilo k 103 g 27. Water boils at ______ 8C.
Which is larger? 28. 180 lb 5 ______ kg 29. 126 ft 5 ______ m
hecto h 102 V
10. 1deka
L or 1 mL da 11. 1 kW 1 1 MW
10or L 30. 360 cm 5 ______ in. 31. 275 in2 5 ______ cm2
km2 or 1 ha
12. 1deci d 13. 1 m310or211 L g 32. 18 yd210521______ ft2
g 5 1 dg
3
33. 15 gm5 10______
5 dg ft3
centi c 1022 m 34. 15.0 acres 5 ______ ha
milli m 1023 A 1023 A 5 1 mA 1 A 5 103 A
micro m 1026 W
nano n 1029 s
pico p 10212 s
chap t e r 3 Test
1. Give the metric prefix for 1000. 21. What is the basic SI unit of time?
2. Give the metric prefix for 0.01. 22. Write the abbreviation for 25 kilowatts.
3. Which is larger, 200 mg or 1 g? Fill in each blank:
4. Write the SI unit for the abbreviation 240 μL.
23. 280 W 5 _____ kW 24. 13.9 mA 5 _____ A
5. Write the abbreviation for 30 hectograms.
25. 720 ps 5 _____ ns
6. Which is longer, 1 km or 25 cm?
26. What is the basic SI unit for temperature?
Fill in each blank: 27. What is the freezing temperature of water on the
7. 4.25 km 5 _____ m 8. 7.28 mm 5 _____ μm Celsius scale?
9. 72 m 5 _____ mm 10. 256 hm 5 _____ cm Fill in each blank, rounding each result to three significant
11. 12 dg 5 _____ mg 12. 16.2 g 5 _____ mg digits when necessary:
13. 7.236 metric tons 5 _____ kg 28. 258C 5 _____ 8F 29. 288F 5 _____ 8C
14. 310 g 5 _____ cg 15. 72 hg 5 _____ mg 30. 98.68F 5 _____ 8C 31. 100 km 5 _____ mi
16. 1.52 dL 5 _____ L 17. 175 L 5 _____ m3 32. 200 cm 5 _____ in. 33. 1.8 ft3 5 _____ in3
18. 2.7 m3 5 _____ cm3 19. 400 ha 5 _____ km2 34. 37.8 ha 5 _____ acres 35. 80.2 kg 5 _____ lb
20. 0.2 L 5 _____ mL
■ The text design and second color help to make the text more easily understood,
highlight important concepts, and enhance the art presentation.
■ A reference of useful, frequently referenced information—such as metric system
prefixes, U.S. weights and measures, metric and U.S. conversion, and formulas from
geometry—is printed on the inside covers.
1 4
531 553 Change to an improper fraction.
3 3
20
5
3
2
5 6 cups Change to a mixed number Preface xv
3
■ The use of a scientific calculator

Then, subtract has
this amount been
from integrated
1212 cups. (The LCD is in 6.) an easy-to-use format with
1 3 9 Change the proper fractions to the LCD, 6. Then borrow
calculator flowcharts12 2and
5 12displays
6
5 11
6
throughout the text to reflect its nearly universal
1 from 12 and add 66 to 36 and subtract.
use in technical classes 2 and on the job. The instructor should inform the students
6 5 6 5 6
4 4
3 6 6
when not to use a calculator. 5
5 cups remain ■
6
Using a Calculator to Multiply and Divide Fractions

5 1
Example 16 Multiply: 2 3 4 .
6 2
2 A bc 5 A bc 6 3 4 A bc 1 A bc 2 5
12 3 ⁄ 4
5 1 3
Thus, 2 3 4 5 12 . ■
6 2 4
5 1
Example 17 Divide: 5 4 8 .
7 3
5 A bc 5 A bc 7 4 8 A bc 1 A bc 3 5
24/35
5 1 24
Thus, 5 4 8 5 . ■
7 3 35
E xErcisEs 1.8
Perform the indicated operations and simplify: 16 7 7 45
7. 3 8. 3
1.
■2 Cumulative reviews
3 18
are1 provided at the end
2. 8 3
21 of8 every even-numbered
12 56 chapter to help
3 2 2 | 9 2 6
students review for comprehensive exams. 9. 3 35 Chapter 610.
Cumulative
3 3Review
1 265
3 1 2 7 16 3 15
3. 3 12 4. 3 3
4 2 5 5 7 2 9 5 4
11. 3 3 12. 3 3
3
5. 1 3 Cumulative Review
5
6.
1
3 3
1 1 ChApTeRS 1–6 8 10 7 16 9 25
4 16 3 3 3 1 5 6 5 3 2 2
1. Find the prime factorization of 696. 13. 2 11.
3 Use 14. of measurements
3 the rules for addition 3 3 3 to find the
3 8 7 28 5 3 9
2. Change 0.081 to a percent. sum of 25,000 W; 17,900 W; 13,962 W; 8752 W; and
428,000 W.
3. Write 3.015 3 1024 in decimal form.
4. Write 28,500 in scientific notation. Simplify:
5. 5 ha 5 _____ m2 6. 1018F 5 _____ 8C 12. (2x 2 5y) 1 (3y 2 4x) 2 2(3x 2 5y)
7. 6250 in2 5 _____ ft2 13. (4y3 1 3y 2 5) 2 (2y3 2 4y2 2 2y 1 6)
8. Give the number of significant digits (accuracy) of each 14. (3y3)3
measurement: 15. 22x(x2 2 3x 1 4)
a. 110 cm b. 6000 mi c. 24.005 s 16. (6y3 2 5y2 2 y 1 2)(2y 2 1)
9. Read the measurement shown on the vernier caliper in 215 x2y3
Illustration 1 a. in metric units and b. in U.S. units. 17. (4x 2 3y)(5x 1 2y) 18.
45x3y5
2 3 4 5
19. (16x y )(25x y )
0 2 4 6 8 10
x3 1 2x2 2 11x 2 20
20.
x15
5 6 7 8 9 10
21. 3x2 2 4xy 1 5y2 2 (23x2) 1 (27xy) 1 10y2
2 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Solve:
x
0 5 10 15 20 25 22. 4x 2 2 5 12 23. 2559
4
5x 3
24. 4x 2 3 5 7x 1 15 25. 5
ILLUSTRATION 1 8 2
26. 5 2 (x 2 3) 5 (2 1 x) 2 5
10. Read the measurement shown on the U.S. micrometer in
1
Illustration 2. 27. C 5 (a 1 b 1 c) for a
2
28. A 5 lw; find w if l 5 8.20 m and A 5 91.3 m2.
5
0 1 2 3 4 29. Translate into algebraic symbols: The product of a num-
ber and 7 is 250.
30. The perimeter of a rectangle is 30 ft. The width is one-
0 half of the length. What are the dimensions of the
rectangle?
ILLUSTRATION 2
xvi Preface
■
12
Studies show that current students will experience several career changes during their
Geometry
working lives. The chapter-opening pages illustrate various career paths for students to
consider as their careers, technology, and the workplace evolve. The basic information
provided in the chapter openers about a technical career is explored in further detail
on the Cengage book companion website at www.cengage.com/mathematics/ewen.
Mathematics at Work
M
odern manufacturing companies require a wide va-
riety of technology specialists for their operations.
Manufacturing technology specialists set up, oper-
ate, and maintain industrial and manufacturing equipment as
well as computer-numeric-controlled (CNC) and other automat-
ed equipment that make a large variety of products according to
controlled specifications. Some focus on systematic equipment
Lisa S./Shutterstock.com
maintenance and repair. Others specialize in materials transpor-
tation and distribution; that is, they are responsible for moving
and distributing the products to the sales locations and/or con-
sumers after they are manufactured. Other key team members
include designers, engineers, draftspersons, and quality control
specialists. Training and education for these careers are available
Manufacturing Technology Specialist
at many community colleges and trade schools. Some require
Technician working with numerically controlled
a bachelor’s degree. For more information, go to the website
milling machine
www.cengage.com/mathematics/ewen.
■ Special application exercises in the areas of auto/diesel service, industrial and con-
struction trades, electronics, agriculture and horticulture, allied health, CAD/drafting,
HVAC, manufacturing, welding, aviation, natural resources, culinary arts, and busi-
ness and personal finance have been submitted by faculty in these technical areas and
are marked with related icons.
9.4 | Applications Involving Pairs of Linear Equations 323
Sample Ratio and Proportion Sample Applications of Systems of Linear

Applications Equations
49. A plane flies for 3 h and uses 25 gal of 100LL avia- 14. In a parallel circuit, the total current is 1.25 A through
tion fuel. How much will be used if the plane flies for the two branches. One branch has a resistance of 50 V,
only 1.2 h? and the other has a resistance of 200 V. What current is
50. Metal duct that is 6 in. in diameter costs $7.50 for 5 ft. flowing through each branch? Note: In a parallel circuit,
If 16.5 ft are needed for an order, what is the cost? the products of the current in amperes and the resistance
381
in ohms are equal in all branches.
51. Suppose 20 gal of water and 3 lb of pesticide are ap-
plied per acre. How much pesticide should you put in a 18. In testing a hybrid engine, various solutions of gasoline
350-gal spray tank? Assume that the pesticide dissolves and methanol are being tried. How much of a 95% gasoline
in the water and has no volume. solution and how much of an 80% gasoline solution would
be needed to make 240 gal of a 90% gasoline solution?
52. A farmer uses 150 lb of a chemical on a 40-acre
field. How many pounds will he need for a 220-acre 22. A lawn seed mix containing 8% bluegrass is mixed
field? Assume the same rate of application. with one that contains 15% bluegrass. How many
pounds of each are needed to make 55 lb of a mixture
53. Suppose a yield of 100 bu of corn per acre removes
that is 12% bluegrass?
90 lb of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash (or potas-
sium) (N, P, and K). How many pounds of N, P, and K 25. A nurse gives 1000 mL of an intravenous (IV) solution
would be removed by a yield of 120 bu per acre? over a period of 8 h. It is given first at a rate of
54. A farmer has a total yield of 42,000 bu of corn from 140 mL/h, then at a reduced rate of 100 mL/h. How long
a 350-acre farm. What total yield should he expect from should it be given at each rate?
a similar 560-acre farm? 32. One concrete mix contains four times as much gravel
as cement. The total volume is 15 yd3. How much of
each ingredient is used?
43. If the length of a building is 212 times the width and
each dimension is increased by 5 ft, then the perimeter is
230 ft. Find the dimensions of the original building.
820 yd by 440 yd?
of German brats?
41. How many hectares are in the field in Exercise 39?
52. Chef Dino has 212 gal of soup and plans to put the soup
42. How many hectares are in the field in Exercise 40? in 1-litre containers to sell. How many 1-litre containers
43. A house lot measures 145 ft by 186 ft. What part of an are needed to hold all the soup?
acre is the lot? 53. Change 25.6 kg/cm2 to lb/in2. Preface xvii
44. How many acres are in 14 mi2? 54. Change 1.5 g/cm2 to mg/mm2.
45. How many acres are in 18 section?
■ Group activity projects are included at the55.
end of each
Change 65 mi/hchapter.
to m/s.
46. How many acres are in 520 square rods? 56. Change 415 lb/ft3 to g/cm3.
chap t e r 3 Group Activities

1. Mathematics is used in a variety of places. One 2. Do the following:
location where mathematics is used frequently is in the a. Write how old you are to the day. Convert this to
medical profession. In small groups, brainstorm about days. Convert this to hours and then to minutes.
the places in a hospital where you think math is used. b. Write how tall you are. Convert this to feet, to
Think of the different departments and the different yards, to inches, to metres, and to centimetres.
c. Write how much you weigh. Convert this to
professions in the hospital such as radiology, general
kilograms and to grams.
surgery, etc. After you have thought about this, divide
and go to a hospital to check your theory of where and Do a little research and see what gravity is on earth and
how math is used. Get permission from the proper how your weight is determined by gravity. Further
authorities to ask the employees how they use math. research what gravity is on the moon and how your weight
One example is pediatricians who use math in pre- would differ on the moon compared to on earth. (W 5 mg)
scribing medication to children. They must be careful 3. Each student in a group brings a favorite recipe to
to get the weight of a child and use this information to class. First, each student converts all the standard
prescribe the proper dosage. The prescription notifies measurements in his or her own recipe to metric. Then,
the pharmacist of the amount of medication to give the each student converts all the standard measurements in
patient. Make a report on your findings of how math is another student’s recipe to metric. Discuss any variations
used in the medical field and make special note of the and how they might affect the outcome of the recipe. If
conversions that doctors and nurses must use. Plan a there is sufficient interest, prepare the metric recipe and
similar activity for another workplace/profession. discuss differences in preparation and taste, if any.
Unless otherwise noted, all content on this page is © Cengage Learning.
■ An instructor’s edition that includes all the answers to exercises is available.
Significant changes in the eleventh edition include the following:

■ new categories of culinary arts and business and personal finance
■ new and revised applications with the help and expertise of professionals in the areas
of agriculture with horticulture added, auto/diesel service, and allied health
■ new Appendix C Simple Inequalities
■ more than 150 additional new exercises.
Useful ancillaries available to qualified adopters of this text include the following:
■ Instructor’s Edition The Instructor’s Edition features an appendix containing the
answers to all problems in the book. (978-1-285-19921-4)
■ Instructor Companion Website Everything you need for your course in one place!
This collection of book-specific lecture and class tools is available online via www
.cengage.com/login. Formerly delivered on PowerLecture Discs, access and download
PowerPoint presentations, images, Solution Builder, and much more.
■ Solution Builder Easily build solution sets for homework or exams using Solution
Builder’s online solutions manual. www.cengage.com/solutionbuilder
■ Enhanced WebAssign Homework with LOE Access
(Printed Access Card ISBN 9781285858029, Online Access Code ISBN: 9781285858036)
Exclusively from Cengage Learning, Enhanced WebAssign combines the exceptional
Mathematics content that you know and love with the immediate feedback, rich tuto-
rial content, and interactive, fully customizable eBooks (You-Book), helping students
to develop a deeper conceptual understanding of their subject matter. Online assign-
ments canbe built by selecting from thousands of text-specific problems or can be
supplemented with problems from any Cengage Learning textbook.
xviii Preface
Student Resources:
■ Student Solutions Manual
Author: James Lapp
(ISBN: 978-1-28519927-6)
The Student Solutions Manual provides worked-out solutions to all of the odd-
numbered exercises in the text.
■ Enhanced WebAssign Homework LOE Printed Access Card for One Term
Math and Science
(Printed Access Card ISBN 9781285858029, Online Access Code ISBN: 9781285858036)
Enhanced WebAssign (assigned by the instructor) provides you with instant feedback on
homework assignments. This online homework system is easy to use and includes helpful
links to textbook sections, video examples, and problem-specific tutorials.
We are grateful for the courtesy of the L. S. Starrett Company in allowing us to use pho-
tographs of their instruments in Chapter 4. A special effort was made to review and update
the applications with the expertise of professionals in the following technical areas: Agricul-
ture with Horticulture applications reviewed and added by Nina H. Mitchell, Hopkinsville
Community College; Auto/Diesel Service by William J. deKryger, Central Michigan Uni-
versity; and Allied Health by Catherine W. Johnson, Alamance Community College. Nelson
Collins of Joliet Junior College supplied the new Culinary Arts applications. We greatly
appreciate their special assistance.
The authors also thank the many faculty members who used earlier editions and who
offered suggestions. In particular, we thank Dahwei Chang, Arizona Western College;
Stasos Clark, Des Moines Area Community College; Nelson Collins, Joliet Junior College;
Kayana Hoagland, South Puget Sound Community College; Linda Padilla, Joliet Junior Col-
lege; and Susan Sharkey, Waukesha County Technical College.
Anyone wishing to correspond regarding suggestions or questions should write Dale
Ewen through the publisher.
For all their help, we thank our Product Team Manager Richard Stratton, Media Devel-
opers Guanglei Zhang and Bryon Spencer, and Product Assistant Stephanie Kreuz. We are
especially grateful to senior content project manager, Cheryll Linthicum and project man-
ager, Lynn Lustberg of MPS Limited for their professional commitment to quality and for
jointly addressing and solving the problems associated with migrating to a new software and
to Scott Barnett for his outstanding work and attention to the details of accuracy checking
and proofreading.
Dale Ewen
C. Robert Nelson
1
4
Basic
Polynomials
Concepts
An Introduction to Algebra
Mathematics at Work that also prepares the student to take the licensing examination.
S
A
For more information, go to the website www.cengage.com/
utomotiveestablish
surveyors service technicians
official land,inspect,
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and verticalTechnicians Education distance-
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tion (NATEF),
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In the past, many people with little formal training in sur-
veying started as members of survey crews and worked their
way up to become licensed surveyors. However, advancing
technology and more stringent licensing standards are increas-
Automotive Service Technician
ing formal education requirements. Specific requirements vary
Automotive service technician working on an
by state; many states have a continuing education requirement.
automobile
Generally, the quickest path to licensure is a combination of four
years of college, up to four years of experieince under the su-
pervision of an experienced surveyor, and passing the licensing
examinations.
Surveying technicians often complete surveying technolo-
gy programs in a community or technical college with emphasis
placed on knowledge and hands-on skills needed for comput-
er-aided drafting, construction lyout, engineering survys, and
land survying. Often, these associate degree programs may be
transferred to universities that offer a four-year degree program
2 Chapter 1 | Basic Concepts
OBjECTIVES Add, subtract, multiply, and divide whole numbers.

Add, subtract, multiply, and divide whole numbers with a scientific
calculator.
Apply the rules for order of operations.
Find the area and volume of geometric figures.
Evaluate formulas.
Find the prime factorization of whole numbers.
Add, subtract, multiply, and divide fractions.
Add, subtract, multiply, and divide fractions with a scientific calculator.
Use conversion factors to change from one unit to another within the
U.S. system of weights and measures.
Add, subtract, multiply, and divide decimal fractions.
Add, subtract, multiply, and divide decimal fractions with a scientific calculator.
Round numbers to a particular place value.
Apply the percent concept; change a percent to a decimal, a decimal to a
percent, a fraction to a percent, and a percent to a fraction.
Solve application problems involving the addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division of whole numbers, fractions, and decimal
fractions and percents.
Find powers and roots of numbers using a scientific calculator.
Solve personal finance problems involving percent.
UNIT 1A Review of Operations with Whole Numbers
1.1 Review of Basic Operations

The positive integers are the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and so on. They can also be written as
11, 12, 13, and so on, but usually the positive (1) sign is omitted. The whole numbers are
the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and so on. That is, the whole numbers consist of the positive
integers and zero.
The value of any digit in a number is determined by its place in the particular number.
Each place represents a certain power of 10. By powers of 10, we mean the following:
100 5 1
101 5 10
102 5 10 3 10 5 100 (the second power of 10)
103 5 10 3 10 3 10 5 1000 (the third power of 10)
104 5 10 3 10 3 10 3 10 5 10,000 (the fourth power of 10) and so on.
NOTe: A small superscript number (such as the 2 in 102) is called an exponent.
The number 2354 means 2 thousands plus 3 hundreds plus 5 tens plus 4 ones.
1.1 | Review of Basic Operations 3
In the number 236,895,174, each digit has been multiplied by some power of 10, as
shown below.
(ten (hundred
millions) thousands) (thousands) (tens)
107 105 10 3
101
0 0 0 0
2 3 6, 8 9 5, 1 7 4
0 0 0 0 0
108 106 104 10 2
100
(hundred (millions) (ten (hundreds) (units)
millions) thousands)
The “1” (plus) symbol is the sign for addition, as in the expression 5 1 7. The result of
adding the numbers (in this case, 12) is called the sum. Integers are added in columns with
the digits representing like powers of 10 in the same vertical line. (Vertical means up and
down.)
Example 1 Add: 238 1 15 1 9 1 3564.
238
15
9
3564
3826 ■
Subtraction is the inverse operation of addition. Therefore, subtraction can be thought

of in terms of addition. The “2” (minus) sign is the symbol for subtraction. The quantity
5 2 3 can be thought of as “what number added to 3 gives 5?” The result of subtraction is
called the difference.
To check a subtraction, add the difference to the second number. If the sum is equal to
the first number, the subtraction has been done correctly.
Example 2 Subtract: 2843 2 1928.
Subtract: 2843 first number

21928 second number
915 difference
Check: 1928 second number
1915 difference
2843 This sum equals the first number, so
915 is the correct difference. ■
Next, let’s study some applications. To communicate about problems in electricity,

technicians have developed a “language” of their own. It is a picture language that uses
symbols and diagrams. The symbols used most often are listed in Table 2 of Appendix A.
The circuit diagram is the most common and useful way to show a circuit. Note how each
4 Chapter 1 | Basic Concepts
component (part) of the picture (Figure 1.1a) is represented by its symbol in the circuit di
agram (Figure 1.1b) in the same relative position.
Source
I (1) (2)
Load
Switch
(a) Picture diagram (b) Circuit diagram
figure 1.1
Components in a circuit
The light bulb may be represented as a resistance. Then the circuit diagram in Figure 1.1b
would appear as in Figure 1.2, where
represents the resistor

represents the switch
figure 1.2 represents the source. The short line represents the negative terminal
of a battery, and the long line represents the positive terminal. The
current flows from positive to negative.
NOTe: In this book we assume that the charge carriers are positive, and we draw our current
arrows in the direction that a positive charge would follow. This is a common practice used
by most technicians and engineers. However, you may find the negativecharge–current
flow convention is also used in many books. Regardless of the convention used, the formulas
and results are the same.
There are two basic types of electrical circuits: series and parallel. An electrical cir
cuit with only one path for the current, I, to flow is called a series circuit (Figure 1.3a). An
electrical circuit with more than one path for the current to flow is called a parallel circuit
(Figure 1.3b). A circuit breaker or fuse in a house is wired in series with its outlets. The
outlets themselves are wired in parallel.
R1 I1
R2 I2
R1 R2 R3 R3 I3
R1 R2 R3 or
I
I I1 I2 I3 I
(a) Series circuit (b) Parallel circuits
figure 1.3
Two basic types of electrical circuits
1.1 | Review of Basic Operations 5
Example 3 In a series circuit, the total resistance equals the sum of all the resistances in the circuit. Find
the total resistance in the series circuit in Figure 1.4. Resistance is measured in ohms, V.
The total resistance is

R1 5 5 V R2 5 20 V R3 5 15 V
5V
R4 5 12 V 20 V
15 V
12 V
R7 5 3 V R6 5 24 V R5 5 16 V 16 V
24 V
figure 1.4 3
95 V
Example 4 Studs are upright wooden or metal pieces in the walls of a building, to which siding, insu
lation panels, drywall, or decorative paneling is attached. (A wall portion with seven studs
is shown in Figure 1.5.) Studs are normally placed 16 in. on center and are placed double
at all internal and external corners of a building. The number of studs needed in a wall can
be estimated by finding the number of linear feet (ft) of the wall. How many studs are needed
for the exterior walls of the building in Figure 1.6?
32 ft
8 ft 9 ft
6 ft 15 ft
6 ft
5 ft 15 ft
10 ft
48 ft
figure 1.5 figure 1.6
The outside perimeter of the building is the sum of the lengths of the sides of the
building:
48 ft
15 ft
15 ft
9 ft
32 ft
8 ft
6 ft
6 ft
5 ft
10 ft
154 ft
Therefore, approximately 154 studs are needed in the outside wall. ■
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of China under the
Empress Dowager
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.
Title: China under the Empress Dowager

Being the history of the life and times of Tzŭ Hsi
Author: Sir E. Backhouse

J. O. P. Bland
Release date: November 4, 2023 [eBook #72032]
Language: English
Original publication: Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co, 1910
Credits: Tim Lindell and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at

https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
generously made available by The Internet
Archive/American Libraries.)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHINA

UNDER THE EMPRESS DOWAGER ***
CHINA UNDER THE EMPRESS
DOWAGER
The “Holy Mother,” Her Majesty Tzŭ Hsi.

(From a Photograph taken in 1903.)
CHINA UNDER THE

EMPRESS DOWAGER
BEING THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE AND

TIMES OF TZŬ HSI
COMPILED FROM STATE PAPERS AND THE

PRIVATE DIARY OF THE COMPTROLLER OF
HER HOUSEHOLD
BY
J. O. P. BLAND and E. BACKHOUSE
ILLUSTRATED
PHILADELPHIA
J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY
London: WILLIAM HEINEMANN
MCMX
Printed in England
NOTE
The thanks of the Authors are hereby gratefully expressed to Miss
Katharine A. Carl, for permission to reproduce the photograph of her
portrait of the Empress Dowager; to Mr. K. Ogawa, art publisher of
Tokyo, for the use of his unique pictures of the Palace at Peking; to
Mr. Geo. Bronson Rea, of the Far Eastern Review, for permission to
reproduce illustrations originally published in that journal; to Messrs.
Betines, of Peking, for the right to publish their views of the capital;
and to the Editor of The Times, for his courtesy in permitting the
inclusion in this volume of certain articles written for that paper.
London, September 10th, 1910.
CONTENTS
PAGE
I
THE PARENTAGE AND YOUTH OF YEHONALA 1
II
THE FLIGHT TO JEHOL 14
III
THE TSAI YÜAN CONSPIRACY 30
IV
THE FIRST REGENCY 51
V
TSENG KUO-FAN AND THE TAIPING REBELLION (1864) 64
VI
TZŬ HSI AND THE EUNUCHS 81
VII
A QUESTION OF ETIQUETTE 110
VIII
MAJORITY AND DEATH OF THE EMPEROR T’UNG-CHIH 117
IX
THE PROTEST AND SUICIDE OF WU K’O-TU 132
X
TZŬ HSI BECOMES SOLE REGENT 148
XI
TZŬ HSI “EN RETRAITE” 161
XII
THE REFORM MOVEMENT OF 1898 178
XIII
THE HUNDRED DAYS OF REFORM 190
XIV
THE COUP D’ÉTAT OF 1898 201
XV
TZŬ HSI RESUMES THE REGENCY (1898) 211
XVI
THE GENESIS OF THE BOXER MOVEMENT 246
XVII
THE DIARY OF HIS EXCELLENCY CHING SHAN 251
XVIII
IN MEMORY OF TWO BRAVE MEN 307
XIX
SIDELIGHTS ON TZŬ HSI’S STATECRAFT 327
XX
THE FLIGHT FROM PEKIN AND THE COURT IN EXILE 340
XXI
HOW THE BOXER LEADERS DIED 363
XXII
THE OLD BUDDHA PENITENT 375
XXIII
THE RETURN OF THE COURT TO PEKING 387
XXIV
HER MAJESTY’S NEW POLICY 417
XXV
THE VALEDICTORY MEMORIAL OF JUNG LU 436
XXVI
HER MAJESTY’S LAST DAYS 443
XXVII
TZŬ HSI’S DEATH AND BURIAL 464
XXVIII
CONCLUSION 476
APPENDIX 499
INDEX 517
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FACING PAGE
THE “HOLY MOTHER,” HER MAJESTY TZŬ HSI Frontispiece
MAP OF PEKING xii, xiii
THE REGENT PRINCE CH’UN, WITH HIS TWO
SONS, THE PRESENT EMPEROR (STANDING)
AND PRINCE P’U CHIEH 4
THE IMPERIAL DAÏS IN THE CHIAO-TAL HALL 18
H.I.H. P’U JU, COUSIN OF THE PRESENT
EMPEROR, SON OF THE BOXER PRINCE
TSAI-YING, AND GRANDSON OF PRINCE
KUNG 20
HER MAJESTY TZŬ HSI IN THE YEAR 1903 36
EXTERIOR OF THE CH’IEN CH’ING PALACE 54
H.M. TZŬ HSI, WITH THE CONSORT (LUNG YÜ)
AND PRINCIPAL CONCUBINE (JEN FEI) OF
H.M. KUANG-HSÜ, ACCOMPANIED BY COURT
LADIES AND EUNUCHS 90
FACSIMILE OF LETTER WRITTEN BY CHIEF
EUNUCH LI LIEN-YING 98
INTERIOR OF THE YANG HSIN TIEN. (PALACE OF
“MIND NURTURE.”) 122
INTERIOR OF THE I KUN KUNG 148
INTERIOR OF THE TAI HO TIEN 166
CIRCULAR THRONE HALL IN THE GROUNDS OF
THE LAKE PALACE LOOTED BY ALLIED
TROOPS IN 1900 208
PAVILION ON LAKE TO THE WEST OF
FORBIDDEN CITY 208
THE “BEILEH” TSAI YING, SON OF PRINCE KUNG 252
(CASHIERED BY TZŬ HSI FOR PRO-BOXER
PROCLIVITIES), AND HIS SON
H.M. THE EMPRESS DOWAGER AND LADIES OF
HER COURT (1903) 256
THE TA-A-KO, SON OF PRINCE TUAN, THE
BOXER LEADER 280
REPRODUCTION OF PICTURE PAINTED ON SILK
BY HER MAJESTY TZŬ HSI 284
FACSIMILE OF A FRAGMENT OF THE DIARY 299
DAUGHTERS OF A HIGH MANCHU OFFICIAL OF
THE COURT 302
MARBLE BRIDGE IN THE GROUNDS OF THE LAKE
PALACE 350
IN THE GROUNDS OF THE PALACE IN THE
WESTERN PARK 350
HIS HIGHNESS PRINCE TSAI HSÜN 386
VIEW, FROM THE K’UN MING LAKE, OF THE
SUMMER PALACE 452
THE EMPRESS DOWAGER, WITH THE CHIEF
EUNUCH, LI LIEN-YING 454
THE SON OF HEAVEN 458
MARBLE BRIDGE OVER THE LAKE IN THE
WESTERN PARK WHICH SURROUNDS THE
LAKE PALACE 474
“TI WANG MIAO” OR TEMPLE TO THE MEMORY
OF VIRTUOUS EMPERORS OF PREVIOUS
DYNASTIES 474
PORTRAIT OF THE EMPRESS DOWAGER 482
THE IMPERIAL DAÏS IN THE CH’IEN CH’ING HALL 498
CEILING AND PILLARS OF THE TAI HO TIEN 510
INDEX TO NUMBERED MAP OF
PEKING
MAP OF PEKING.
(1) Tung Hua Men, the East Gate Glorious. This is the usual
entrance to the Forbidden City for officials attending audience when
the Court is there resident. (It was here that was suspended in a
basket the head of the foreigner captured by the Boxers on 20th
June.)
(2) Huang Chi Tien, or Throne Hall of Imperial Supremacy. In this
Hall the Empress Dowager, after the return of the Court from exile,
was accustomed to receive her officials in audience on the rare
occasions when she lived in the Forbidden City. It was here that her
remains lay for nearly a year awaiting the day of burial.
(3) Ning Shou Kung, or Palace of Peaceful Longevity. Here the
Old Buddha resided during the siege; here she buried her treasure.
She returned hither after the days of exile and lived in it pending the
restoration of the Lake Palace, desecrated by the foreign occupation.
(4) Chien Ching Kung, or Palace of Heavenly Purity. The Hall in
which China’s Emperors were accustomed to give audience to the
Grand Council. After the Boxer rising, in accordance with the new
ceremonial laid down by the Peace Protocol, the Diplomatic Body
were received here. In this Hall the Emperor Kuang Hsü discussed
and decided with K’ang Yu-wei the reform programme of 1898, and it
was here that his body lay awaiting sepulture between November
1898 and February 1909.
(5) Shen Wu Men, or Gate of Divine Military Genius. Through this,
the Northern gate of the City, the Old Buddha fled in the dawn of the
15th August, 1900.
(6) The Rock-garden in which Her Majesty used to walk during the
days of the siege of the Legations and from which she witnessed the
burning of the Hanlin Academy.
(7) Yang Hsin Tien, or Throne Hall of Mental Growth. In this
Palace the Emperor T’ung-Chih resided during the whole of his
reign.
(8) Hsi Hua Men, or West Gate Glorious. One of the main
entrances to the Forbidden City.
(9) Tai Ho Tien, Throne Hall of Exalted Peace. Used only on
occasions of High ceremony, such as the accession of a new
Emperor, an Imperial birthday celebration, or the New Year
ceremonies.
(10) Shou Huang Tien, or Throne Hall of Imperial Longevity. In this
building the reigning sovereign unrolls on the day of the New Year
the portraits of deceased Emperors, and pays sacrifice to them.
(11) Hsi Yüan Men, Western Park Gate. It is through this that the
Grand Council and other high officials pass to audience when the
sovereign is in residence at the Lake Palace.
(12) At this gate the Emperor was wont to await, humbly kneeling,
the arrival of the Old Buddha on her way to or from the Summer
Palace.
(13) The Altar of Silkworms, at which the Empress Consort must
sacrifice once a year, and where the Old Buddha sacrificed on
occasion.
(14) A Lama Temple where the Old Buddha frequently
worshipped.
(15) Ta Hsi Tien. The Temple of the Great Western Heaven. A
famous Buddhist shrine built in the reign of the Emperor Kang Hsi.
(16) The Old Catholic Church built within the Palace precincts by
permission of the Emperor Kang-Hsi. It was converted by the
Empress Dowager into a Museum in which was kept the collection of
stuffed birds made by the missionary Père David. Eye-witnesses of
the siege of the French Cathedral in 1900 have stated that the
Empress and several of the ladies of the Court ascended to the roof
of this building to watch the attack on the Christians; but it is not
likely that they exposed themselves for any great length of time in
what must have been a dangerous position.
(17) Tzu Kuang Ko: Throne Hall of Purple Effulgence. The building
in which the Emperor is wont to receive, and entertain at a banquet,
the Dalai and Panshen Lamas and certain feudatory chiefs. Before
1900, Foreign Envoys were also received here.
(18) Ching Cheng Tien, or Throne Hall of Diligent Government.
Used for the audiences of the Grand Council when the Court was in
residence at the Lake Palace.
(19) Li Yüan Tien: Throne Hall of Ceremonial Phœnixes. Part of
the Empress Dowager’s new Palace, built for her in the early years
of Kuang Hsü’s reign. Here she received birthday congratulations
when resident at the Lake Palace, and here she gave her valedictory
audience, just before her death.
(20) Ying Tai, or Ocean Terrace, where the Emperor Kuang Hsü
was kept under close surveillance after the coup d’état in 1898, and
which he never left (except on one occasion when he attempted to
escape) between September 1898 and March 1900. By means of a
drawbridge, this Ocean Terrace was made a secure place of
confinement. After the return of the Court in 1902, His Majesty lived
here again, but under less restraint, and it was here that he met his
death.
(21) At this point stood the high mound which Her Majesty is
reported to have ascended on the night of 13th June, 1900, to watch
the conflagrations in various parts of the city.
(22) The White Pagoda, built in the time of the Yüan dynasty (circa
1290 a.d.), when the artificial lake was also made.
(23) Wan Shou ssŭ, the Temple of Imperial Longevity. Here the
Empress was accustomed to sacrifice on her journeys to and from
the Summer Palace.
(24) The residence of Ching Shan, where the Diary was written.
(25) The residence of Wen Lien, Comptroller of the Household and
friend of Ching Shan.
(26) Residence of Jung Lu.
(27) Place of the Princess Imperial, the daughter of Prince Kung,
whom the Empress Dowager adopted.
(28) Birthplace of the present infant Emperor, Hsüan T’ung, son of
Prince Ch’un and grandson of Jung Lu. In accordance with
prescribed custom, it will be converted into a shrine.
(29) Birthplace of H.M. Kuang Hsü. Half of this building has been
converted into a shrine in honour of His Majesty, and the other half
into a memorial temple to the first Prince Ch’un, grandfather of the
present infant Emperor.
(30) Pewter Lane, where Yehonala was born.
(31) Palace of Duke Chao, younger brother of Tzŭ Hsi.
(32) Palace of Duke Kuei Hsiang, elder brother of Tzŭ Hsi and
father of the present Empress Dowager.
(33) At this point was erected the scaffolding from which guns
were trained on the Legations. The soldiers on duty here were
quartered in the house of Ching Shan.
(34) The execution ground where were put to death the Reformers
of 1898 and the Ministers who, in 1900, protested against the attack
on the Legations.
(35) The residence, in 1861 of Tsai Yüan, hereditary Prince Yi,
who was put to death by Tzŭ Hsi for usurping the Regency.
(36) Residence of Tuan Hua, the Co-Regent with Tsai Yüan, also
allowed to commit suicide in 1861.
(37) The Imperial Clan Court, in which is the “Empty Chamber,”
where the usurping Princes met their death.
(38) Residence of the “Beileh” Tsai Ying, son of Prince Kung,
cashiered for complicity in the Boxer rising.
(39) The site of the Chan-Ta-ssu, a famous Lama Temple,
destroyed by the French in 1900 for having been a Boxer drilling
ground.
(40) Residence of the Chief Eunuch, Li Lien-ying.
(41) Now the Belgian Legation premises, but formerly the
residence of the Boxer protagonist, Hsü T’ung, that fierce old
Imperial Tutor whose ambition it was to have his cart covered with
the skins of foreign devils.
(42) The Imperial Canal, by way of which the Old Buddha used to
proceed in her State barge to the Summer Palace.
(43) The graves of the Empress Dowager’s parents. They are
adorned with two marble pillars, bearing laudatory inscriptions.
(44) Here was erected the temporary railway station at which the
Empress alighted on her return from exile.
(45) In the north-west corner of the enceinte of the Chien Men, a
shrine at which the Empress Dowager and the Emperor sacrificed to
the tutelary god of the dynasty (Kuan Yü), the patron saint of the
Boxers.
(46) At this point many Christians were massacred on the night of
13th June, 1900.
(47) Palace of Prince Chuang, the Boxer leader, mentioned by
Ching Shan as the place where the Christians were tried.
(48) Residence of Yüan Ch’ang, where he was arrested for
denouncing the Boxers.
(49) Residence of the Grand Secretary, Wang Wen-shao.
(50) Residence of Yang Li-shan, the President of the Board of
Revenue, executed by order of Prince Tuan.
(51) Residence of Duke Lan, the Boxer leader. At present
occupied by Prince Pu Chün, the deposed Heir to the Throne and a
most notorious reprobate.
(52) Tzŭ Ning Kung, or Palace of Maternal Tranquillity, where the
Empress Dowager Tzŭ An resided during most of the years of the
Co-Regency.
(53) Chang Ch’un Kung, or Palace of Perpetual Spring, where Tzŭ
Hsi resided during the reign of T’ung-Chih.
(54) Residence of the actors engaged for Palace performances.
(55) The Nei Wu Fu, or Imperial Household Department Offices.
(56) The Taoist Temple (Ta Kao Tien), where the Emperor prays
for rain or snow.
(57), (58) In these two Palaces resided the chief Imperial
concubines. After Tzŭ Hsi’s resumption of the Regency in 1898,
Kuang Hsü and His Consort occupied small apartments at the back
of her Palace, on the brief visits of the Court to the Forbidden City.
(59) Chung Ho Tien, or Throne Hall of Permanent Harmony. Here
H.M. Kuang Hsü was arrested in September 1898 and taken away to
confinement in the “Ocean Terrace.”
I
THE PARENTAGE AND YOUTH OF YEHONALA
The family of Yehonala, one of the oldest of the Manchu clans,

traces its descent in direct line to Prince Yangkunu, whose daughter
married (in 1588) Nurhachu, the real founder of Manchu rule in
China and the first direct ancestor of the Ta Ching Emperors.
Yangkunu was killed at Mukden in 1583, in one of his raids upon the
territories which still owed allegiance to the degenerate Chinese
sovereign Wan Li. His clan lived and flourished in that region, near
the Corean border, which is dominated by the Long White Mountain,
the true cradle of the Manchu stock. He and his people seem to have
acquired the arts of war, and much lust of conquest, by constantly
harassing the rich lands on their ever-shifting borders, those rich
lands which to-day seem to be about to pass under the yoke of new
invaders. Yangkunu’s daughter assumed the title of Empress by right
of her husband’s conquests, and her son it was who eventually
wrested the whole of Manchuria from the Ming Dynasty and reigned
under the name of Tien-Ts’ung.
Into this clan, in November 1835, was born Yehonala, whose life
was destined to influence countless millions of human beings,
Yehonala, who was to be thrice Regent of China and its autocratic
ruler for over half a century. Her father, whose name was Hui Cheng,
held hereditary rank as Captain in one of the Eight Banner Corps.
Considering the advantages of his birth, he was generally accounted
unsuccessful by his contemporaries; at the time of his death he had
held no higher post than that of an Intendant of Circuit, or Taotai.
Holding this rank in the province of Anhui, he died when his daughter
was but three years of age. His widow and family were well cared for
by a kinsman named Muyanga, father of her who subsequently
became Empress Consort of Hsien-Feng and Co-Regent with

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Elementary Technical Mathematics,

11th Edition (eBook PDF)

ChAPTER 8 Graphing linear equations 291

ChAPTER 9 systems of linear equations 321

ChAPTER 10 factoring algebraic expressions 343

ChAPTER 11 Quadratic equations 361

ChAPTER 12 Geometry 381

ChAPTER 13 Right triangle trigonometry 449

ChAPTER 14 trigonometry with any angle 473

ChAPTER 15 Basic statistics 503

ChAPTER 16 Binary and hexadecimal numbers 549

APPEndICES APPEndIx A: tables 569

elementary technical mathematics, Eleventh Edition, is intended for tech-

■ The use of a scientific calculator

Using a Calculator to Multiply and Divide Fractions

Sample Ratio and Proportion Sample Applications of Systems of Linear

chap t e r 3 Group Activities

■ An instructor’s edition that includes all the answers to exercises is available.

Significant changes in the eleventh edition include the following:

Tyler Olsen/Shutterstock Images LLC

OBjECTIVES Add, subtract, multiply, and divide whole numbers.

UNIT 1A Review of Operations with Whole Numbers

1.1 Review of Basic Operations

Example 1 Add: 238 1 15 1 9 1 3564.

Subtraction is the inverse operation of addition. Therefore, subtraction can be thought

Example 2 Subtract: 2843 2 1928.

Subtract: 2843 first number

Next, let’s study some applications. To communicate about problems in electricity,

(a) Picture diagram (b) Circuit diagram

represents the resistor

(a) Series circuit (b) Parallel circuits

Unless otherwise noted, all content on this page is © Cengage Learning.

The total resistance is

figure 1.5 figure 1.6

Unless otherwise noted, all content on this page is © Cengage Learning.

Title: China under the Empress Dowager

Author: Sir E. Backhouse

Release date: November 4, 2023 [eBook #72032]

Original publication: Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co, 1910

Credits: Tim Lindell and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHINA

The “Holy Mother,” Her Majesty Tzŭ Hsi.

CHINA UNDER THE

BEING THE HISTORY OF THE LIFE AND

COMPILED FROM STATE PAPERS AND THE

The family of Yehonala, one of the oldest of the Manchu clans,

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