Sheila T.

Bernalte
Reporter
 Defined by Good as a method or
procedure involving the control or
manipulation of conditions for the
purpose of studying the relative
effects of various treatments applied
to members of a sample, or of the
same treatment applied to
members of different samples.
 Manuel and Medel explain the
experimental method of research to
discover the influence of one or more
factors upon a condition, group or
situation, purpose of which is to
discover “what will be?”
 Consist of manipulating an
experimental variable under highly
controlled conditions to determine how
and why a particular event occurs.
 Is a highly controlled procedure in
which manipulated treatments or
actions from a factor or condition,
called the experimental or
independent variable, are applied
upon another factor or condition
called dependent variable, to
determine the effect of the former
 Variable  is anything that may change
or may be changed from one condition
to another, either qualitatively or
quantitatively. Examples are age,
height, weight, method of teaching,
language, time, etc.

 Dependent Variable is anything, a

condition, or process exposed to or
upon which treatments or actions from
 Independent Variable is
anything, condition or process
which is controlled and
manipulated by the experimenter
and applied on another thing,
condition, or process (dependent
variable) intended to have or
produce a change in or reaction
from the latter.
 Suppose Student A and Student B are in
the same grade level and have the same
level of mental ability. Student A is given
three hours to study a certain lesson and
Student B is given two hours to study
the same lesson. Then they are given the
same test on the lesson.

 When the test papers of the two

students are scored. Who do you think
 The independent variable which is
manipulated by the experiment is TIME
and the dependent variable is
ACHIEVEMENT.

 The result of the experiment infers that

the longer the time one is given to
study a material, the higher his
achievement is on the material in terms
of test scores.
1. One-to-One Relationship for every
particular cause there is a
corresponding particular effect. One
independent variable causes an effect
upon one dependent variable.
2. Two- Variable
Relationship
 this involves two
variables causing an
effect upon one
variable.
Example: Hand Water
Pump
The rising of the water,
the effect depends
upon two factors the
amount of air pressure
3. Complex Relationship this is the
case where two or more variables
cause a single effect. For instance ,
behavior, which is an effect is
caused by cultural background,
socio-economic status, residential
area, ethnic origin and many others.
1. Experimentation lends itself to
easier manipulation because of
quantitative entities.
2. Observations are done under
controlled conditions.
3. Gathering of valid facts is rigorous.
4. Experimentation can be conducted in the
laboratory, in the classroom, or in the
field.
5. Laboratory experiments are intensive
and exacting.
6. Most often experiments are limited to a
small number of cases.
7. There is more thorough analysis of
variable factors.
A. Single Factor Experimental Designs
1. Single Group with only a post test
design. This involves a thing, person,
or group subjected or exposed to a
certain experimental factor for a
certain period of time.
EXAMPLE:
A teacher uses praise in one but not in
the other of her two classes who were
not sectioned on any selective basis and
are taking the same lessons. At the end
of the grading period, she compares the
achievement of the two classes. Any
excess of the achievement of the class
with praise over the achievement of the
class without praise is considered due to
2. Single group with a pre-test and a post-test
design.
In this design, the group is exposed to a
certain experimental factor. Before the start
of the experiment, the group is given a pre-
test about the subject matter to be covered in
the experiment. Then, after the experimental
period, the group is given the same pre-test
but in different form to avoid the effect of
practice . This is the post-test. The excess of
the results of the post-test over the results of
3. Matched groups design
In this design, two groups are matched in
age, sex, grade level, mental ability, etc.
One group called the experimental group,
is exposed to the experimental or
independent variable while the other
group is called the control group, is not
exposed to the experimental variable.
4. Randomized multigroup with a post-
test design. In this design, there are
two or more experimental variables
to be tested. So groups are formed
equal to the number of experimental
variables. The members of each
group are assigned randomly to
their respective groups.
5. Randomized multigroup with a pre-test
and a post-test design.
This is the same as the design in No.4, the
only difference is that, there is a pre-test.
After the experiment, the results of the
pre-test and those of the post-test are
subjected to some statistical methods,
usually the analysis of covariance and the
relative effectiveness of the three methods
will be revealed.
B. Two Factor Experiment

Factorial design a factorial experiment

design is a two factor experiment in
which there are two experimental
factors involved.
1. Determining the experimental problem or
topic.
2. Surveying related literature and studies.
3. Formulating the hypothesis or hypotheses.
4. Identifying the experimental variables.
5. Select the appropriate experimental design
6. Selecting the Sample
7. Selecting or constructing appropriate
instruments to measure the results of the
experiment.
8. Conducting the experiment.
9. Measuring the results and applying
statistical procedures.
10. Writing the report of the experiment.