FUNCTION
 Enigma looked from the outside like an
BOMBE BY ALAN TURING
HISTORY/ BACKGROUND
 The Enigma machine is an encryption
device developed and used in the early-
to mid-20th century to protect
commercial, diplomatic and military
communication.
 It was employed extensively by Nazi
Germany during World War II, in all
branches of the German military.
 Enigma has an electromechanical rotor
mechanism that scrambles the 26
letters of the alphabet.
 The rotor mechanism changes the
electrical connections between the
keys and the lights with each keypress.
 While Germany introduced a series of
improvements to Enigma, and these
hampered decryption efforts to varying
degrees, they did not ultimately
prevent Britain and its allies from
exploiting Enigma-encoded messages
as a major source of intelligence during
the war. Many commentators say the
flow of communications intelligence
from Ultra's decryption of Enigma,
Lorenz and other ciphers shortened the
war significantly and may even have
altered its outcome
ALAN TURING
 who made major contributions to
mathematics, cryptanalysis, logic,
philosophy, and mathematical biology.
 The inventor of BOMBE.
BOMBE
 was an electro-mechanical device that
replicated the action of several Enigma
machines wired together.
 The standard British bombe contained
36 Enigma equivalents, each with three
drums wired to produce the same
scrambling effect as the Enigma rotors.
 A bombe could run two or three jobs
simultaneously. Each job would have a
menu that had to be run against a
number of different wheel orders. If the
menu contained 12 or fewer letters,
three different wheel orders could be
run on one bombe; if more than 12
letters, only two
oversize typewriter. Enter the first
letter of your message on the keyboard
and a letter lights up showing what it
has replaced within the encrypted
message. At the other end, the process
is the same: type in the “ciphertext”
and the letters which light are the
decoded missive.
 The Bombe searched through different
possible positions of Enigma’s internal
wheels, looking for a pattern of
keyboard-to-lamp board connections
that would turn coded letters into plain
German. The method depended on
human instinct, though; to initiate the
process, a code breaker had to guess a
few words in the message (these
guessed words were called a crib). The
Polish Bomba, a simpler 18-drum
machine, was a forerunner of the
Bombe, but it was based on Rejewski’s
method for finding the wheel positions
at the start of the message. Unlike
Rejewski’s method, the more powerful
crib-based method invented by Turing
survived the May 1940 change. The
war on Enigma was transformed by the
high-speed Bombes, and the
production of Ultra grew as more of
them were installed in Britain and the
United States.
IMPACT TO THE SOCIETY
 By speeding up the process of breaking
the day’s Enigma settings, Turing’s
invention meant staff were able to
decode quickly and pass on intelligence
often with enough time for it to be
acted upon. Intelligence uncovered
prior to the battle of El Alamein in 1942
contributed to victory in this Egyptian
campaign,which proved to be a turning
point of the war. The use of Bombes in
intelligence gathering had a huge
impact across many land, sea and air
campaigns. The German battleship
Bismarck was located with the
assistance of Enigma decrypts and
sunk by air and surface attack in 1941.
Later, in 1944, Enigma decrypts
provided details of German defensive
preparations for, and reactions to the
D-Day invasion.
REFERENCE
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