Intertidal Zones= are areas which are constantly exposed to the changing tides.

It is the home for many

marine animals and birds.

ESTUARIES= areas where seawater meets the freshwater from the rivers, these areas are said to have
brackish waters which means they have mixture of saltwater and fresswater.

Estuaries have been called the "nurseries of the sea" because the protected environment and abundant
food provide an ideal location for fish and shellfish to reproduce. Most commercially important fish
species spend some part of their life cycle in estuaries. It is very unique characteristic, some organisms
choose to reproduce in these areas.

Estuarine fish habitats occur where fresh water from rivers and streams mixes with the salty ocean
water. This brackish water environment supports a variety of fish habitats, These environments provide
important feeding, spawning and nursery sites for many aquatic animals.

Why are estuaries so productive?

-Estuaries are important because they filter sediments and pollutants before the freshwater from the
river enters the seas or oceans. They also filter the salt from the seas and oceans before water enters
the mouth of the river.

Both intertidal zones and estuaries provide habitats for many organisms. These habitats have a lot of
abiotic factors that affect the organisms thriving them.

These factors are the following:

-Waves refer to the movement of the surface of water. Ex. Kelp-a kind of algae

-Salinity refers to the amount of salt in water. Ex. Mangroves and blue carbs

-Temperature refers to the level of hotness or coldness

- Amount of sunlight= estuaries and intertidal zones are shallow compared to the seas. They are
conducive for photosynthesis. Examples: algae, sea weeds, sea grasses and other marine plants.

-Type of soil= differ in the estuaries depending on the strength waves and kinds of rocks present in the
area.

Motion is a change in position measured by distance and time. Motion depends on the distance
travelled and the length of time.

* When an object changes position over time when compared with a reference point we say that the
object is in motion.

* All movement are compared with a background that is assumed stationary. This background is called a
point or frame of reference.

SPEED- describes the rate of motion of an object. It is measured with a speedometer.

Acceleration= an increase in speed or velocity

Deceleration= a decrease in speed or velocity

Velocity= is the rate of motion or speed in a certain direction.

Time= distance / speed

Speed= distance/time

A meter or kilometer is used to measure the distance.

Meter is used for measuring short distances while kilometer is used for measuring long distances.

Time is measured in seconds or hours.

*Standards of measurement help people process their data accurately.

* A uniform system of measurement known as International System of Unit (SI unit) is accepted all over
the world.

* Meter is the standard unit of length in SI units.

* Using appropriate measuring tools give accurate and exact measurement

Electricity

Insulators= they are very resistant. Their atoms hold their electrons very tightly so they cannot move

very well. Examples: rubber, plastic, cloth, glass, dry air.

Conductors= materials have loosely held electrons which move through them very easily.

Examples: most metals like copper, aluminium and steel.

Electric Circuit has four parts: source, light bulb, wires and switch

1. Source=- a source of electric energy maybe a dry cell battery, generator, or a solar cell.
2. LOAD – a load is an output device. It maybe a lamp, light bulb, a motor or a loud speaker.
3. Wires – connect the light bulb abd the battery
4. Switch =the switch controls the flow of electricity. The fuse is safety device that also controls the
flow of large amount of electricity.

Open circuit= electricity does not flow in this kind of circuit

Closed Circuit= both wires are attach to the bulb and electricity continues to flow.

Series Circuit= electric current flows through a single path, so when one bulb is loosened or busted, all
the other bulbs in this circuit will not light anymore.

Parallel Circuit= has light bulbs with different loops. When one bulb is loosened, taken or burned out
,the other bulbs still light up.

Color Conductors= some color are good conductors of heat!

-Wearing white or light colored clothing outside helps stay cool on hot days.

Objects that are black or other dark colors are more absorbent and white and light objects are more
reflective.

black object -it absorbs all the wavelengths in white light and reflects none.

The observable color of an object has to do with the light wavelengths that are reflected from that
object. An apple is red because when white light, which is made up of all visible wavelengths mixed
together, hits it, its atomic innards reflect all the red wavelengths more than the other colors and
bounce them at our eyes
Heat is a form of energy that causes substances to rise in temperature or to go through associated
phases as melting, evaporation, or expansion.

1.Absorb – means to take in or to transform radiant energy into a different form usually with resulting
rise in temperature.

2.Reflect – means to bounce waves of light, sound, or heat off a surface.

3.The sun emits energy in the form of electromagnetic waves. We see part of the electromagnetic wave
as light and we feel part of it as warmth.

Magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. Magnets have different shapes and size.
The most common are bars and thick disks, squares, or rectangle. A magnet that is bent into a U shaped
is called horseshoe magnet

> Magnet usually has two poles, called north pole and south pole.

>If you cut a magnet into pieces, every piece will still have at least two poles.

When two unlike electrical charges are placed near each other they will be attracted to each other while
if the two same electrical charges are placed near each other they will repel each

Magnetic field is a region in space around a magnet in which magnetic force acts

Refraction= refers to the bending of light as it passes through different materials.

Reflection= refers to the bouncing back of light when it hits an object.

Some objects with flat surfaces like mirrors reflect light in a straight, predictable way. Some objects with
uneven surfaces like rocks , reflect light in a scattered way.

Absorption= refers to a material’ taking in of light and not reflecting it back.

Transmission= refers to the passing of light through some materials.

Different materials have different ways of transmitting light.

-Transparent materials allow light to pass through them.EX. Clear plastic and glass windows

-Transluscent materials= allow some light to pass through them. Ex. Stained glasses and frosted
windows

-Opaque materials = do not allow light to pass through them. Ex. Concrete walls wooden doors, mirrors

-Sound – is produced through vibrations

-Pitch- refers to the highness and lowness of notes. When vibrations are fast, high notes are heard.
When vibrations are slow, low notes are heard.

-Quality- refers to the shape of the sound waves an object produces.

-Loudness- refers to the volume or sound pressure produced by the vibrations of an object.

Importance of Sound

1. It is the only form of communication among animals. In humans, we communicate through

speech aside from other body language.
2. Music involves sound. Sound is produced when we sing or play a musical instrument.
3. We used sound as warning signals like ringing of school bell, sirens of an ambulance or firetruck
and blowing of horns of vehicles on the street.