 Three Branches of Government

 The Legislative branch is authorized to make laws, alter, and repeal them
through the power vested in the Philippine Congress. This institution is divided into the
Senate and the House of Representatives.
The Legislative Branch enacts legislation, confirms or rejects Presidential
appointments, and has the authority to declare war. This branch includes Congress (the
Senate and House of Representatives) and several agencies that provide support
services to Congress.

 The Executive branch carries out laws. It is composed of the President

and the Vice President who are elected by direct popular vote and serve a term of six
years. The Constitution grants the President authority to appoint his Cabinet. These
departments form a large portion of the country’s bureaucracy.
The executive branch carries out and enforces laws. It includes the
President, Vice President, the Cabinet, executive departments, independent agencies,
and other boards, commissions, and committees.

 The Judicial branch evaluates laws. It holds the power to settle

controversies involving rights that are legally demandable and enforceable. This branch
determines whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack
or excess of jurisdiction on the part and instrumentality of the government. It is made up
of a Supreme Court and lower courts.
 The judicial branch interprets the meaning of laws, applies laws to individual
cases, and decides if laws violate the Constitution. The judicial power shall be vested in
one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law.. Judicial
power includes the duty of the courts of justice to settle actual controversies involving
rights which are legally demandable and enforceable, and to determine whether or not
there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on
the part of any branch or instrumentality of the Government. The judicial branch interprets
the meaning of laws, applies laws to individual cases, and decides if laws violate the
Constitution.

Fiscal Management
Fiscal policy of the Philippines. Fiscal policy refers to the "measures
employed by governments to stabilize the economy, specifically by manipulating the
levels and allocations of taxes and government expenditures. ... To finance fiscal deficit
and debt, the Philippines relies on both domestic and external sources. Fiscal
administration is the act of managing incoming and outgoing monetary transactions and
budgets for governments, educational institutions, nonprofit organizations, and other
public service entities

 Selection Process

 Need for Organizational Development:

Organizational development is a dynamic technique. It uses the behavioural
science knowledge to assist the organisations in adjusting easily to the changes. Every
organisation has a need to remain viable and to survive in the world of change. OD has
grown rapidly in response to this need of the organizations. For this purpose, it uses the
systems approach.
Provides opportunities for people to function as human beings rather than mere resources
in the production process.
2. Give each member of the organisation opportunity to develop to his full potential.
3. Seeks to make the organisation more effective in meeting all its goals.
4. Tries to create an environment in which exciting and challenging work can be found.
5. Gives people in the organisation the chance to influence how they relate to work, the
organisation and the work environment.
6. Treats each human being as a person with a complex set of needs, all of which are
important in his work and life.

 Mean, Median, Mode, Range, Frequency,

Mean, median, and mode are three kinds of "averages". There are many "averages" in
statistics, but these are, I think, the three most common, and are certainly the three you
are most likely to encounter in your pre-statistics courses, if the topic comes up at all.

The "mean" is the "average" you're used to, where you add up all the
numbers and then divide by the number of numbers. The "median" is the "middle"
value in the list of numbers. To find the median, your numbers have to be listed in
numerical order from smallest to largest, so you may have to rewrite your list before you
can find the median. The "mode" is the value that occurs most often. If no number in
the list is repeated, then there is no mode for the list.

The "range" of a list a numbers is just the difference between the largest and smallest
values.
Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time.

1. The mean is the usual average, so I'll add and then divide:
(13 + 18 + 13 + 14 + 13 + 16 + 14 + 21 + 13) ÷ 9 = 15
2. The median is the middle value, so first I'll have to rewrite the list in numerical
order:
13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 16, 18, 21
There are nine numbers in the list, so the middle one will be the (9 + 1) ÷ 2 = 10 ÷ 2
= 5th number:
13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 16, 18, 21
So the median is 14.
 3. The mode is the number that is repeated more often than any other, so 13 is
the mode.

4. The largest value in the list is 21, and the smallest is 13, so the range is 21 –
13 = 8.

 Management Styles
1. Participative
Also known as democratic leadership, the participative leadership style focuses on culling
opinions from all employees in order to make a decision that reflects the majority’s opinion
and desires. While the leader offers guidance and support, the decisions are primarily
consensual among all involved, and the leader makes final decisions based on the
majority’s vote.
The participative leadership style is particularly useful if the leader wishes to encourage
participation and agreement among employees.

2. Authoritarian
Authoritative leaders inform employees of a common vision and goal for the company
and detail employee responsibilities designed to make reaching that goal a reality.
There is a clear division between employees and the employer, and the employees are
clear on the desired result. They are often given guidelines but allowed to fulfill their
obligations as they see fit.

The authoritarian style is particularly useful for those leaders who tend to know more
than their employees, and it works best when there is no time for group decision-
making. If employees are particularly talented and experienced in their own right, this
leadership style can be limiting and stifling for them.

3. Laissez-Faire

In French, the term laissez-faire means "let it be," which best describes this leadership
style. Such a method involves leaders delegating decision-making and tasks. They keep
abreast of what is occurring in the company and are available when advice and input are
needed, but take a hands-off approach and let the employees work on their own.

4.Transformational
The transformational leadership style focuses on the leader that actively communicates
with employees to motivate them to increase productivity and efficiency. The leader
focuses on the big picture for the company, such as corporate goals—leaving the day-to-
day details to management. Transformational leaders are inspiring, because they expect
the best from their employees and themselves, which leads to productive and positive
working environments.

 Communication

is crucial to communicate effectively in negotiations to ensure you achieve your

goals. Communication is also important within the business. Effective
communication can help to foster a good working relationship between you and your
staff, which can in turn improve morale and efficiency.

There are types of communication that we use in our daily life, which are: verbal and non-
verbal communication. The way you react to those communications is effective too. Both
of these types of communication can be very effective when you communicate with
someone or people. Effective communication also depends on who we are talking and
whether we agree with what they are saying. Effective communication can solve this
friendship breakdown. Non-verbal communication with you friend could be: eye contact,
body language (positive and negative), posture, facial expressions and head movements.
Non-verbal communication can be misinterpreted.

Public Ethics
Ethics provide accountability between the public and the administration. Adhering to a
code of ethics ensures that the public receives what it needs in a fair manner. It also
gives the administration guidelines for integrity in their operations. That integrity, in turn,
helps foster the trust of the community. Ethics are the rules that define moral conduct
according to the ideology of a specific group. Additionally, a code of ethics creates
standards of professionalism that co-workers in the public sector can expect from each
other — the public can also expect the same from their leaders. With a strong code of
ethics in public administration, leaders have the guidelines they need to carry out their
tasks and inspire their employees and committees to enforce laws in a professional and
equitable manner.
Ethics are the set of moral principles that guide a person’s behavior. These morals are
shaped by social norms, cultural practices, and religious influences. Ethics reflect beliefs
about what is right, what is wrong, what is just, what is unjust, what is good, and what is
bad in terms of human behavior. They serve as a compass to direct how people should
behave toward each other, understand and fulfill their obligations to society, and live their
lives.
Culture
Culture describes a collective way of life, or way of doing things. It is the sum of attitudes,
values, goals, and practices shared by individuals in a group, organization, or society.
Cultures vary over time periods, between countries and geographic regions, and among
groups and organizations. Culture reflects the moral and ethical beliefs and standards
that speak to how people should behave and interact with others. Cultural norms are the
shared, sanctioned, and integrated systems of beliefs and practices that are passed down
through generations and characterize a cultural group.
This is where culture intersects with ethics. Since interpretations of what is moral are
influenced by cultural norms, the possibility exists that what is ethical to one group will not
be considered so by someone living in a different culture.

Leadership
The underlying principles of ethical leadership are: integrity, honesty, fairness, justice,
responsibility, accountability, and empathy. Covey addresses a principle-
centered leadership approach to one's personal life and organization development.
Leadership is the art of motivating a group of people to act towards achieving a
common goal. In a business setting, this can mean directing workers and colleagues with
a strategy to meet the company's needs. This leadership definition captures the essentials
of being able to inspire others and being prepared to do so. Effective leadership is based
upon ideas (whether original or borrowed), but won't happen unless those ideas can be
communicated to others in a way that engages them enough to act as the leader wants
them to act.

Strategic planning
Strategic planning is an organizational management activity that is used to
set priorities, focus energy and resources, strengthen operations, ensure that employees
and other stakeholders are working toward common goals, establish agreement
around intended outcomes/results, and assess and adjust the organization’s direction in
response to a changing environment. It is a disciplined effort that produces fundamental
decisions and actions that shape and guide what an organization is, who it serves, what
it does, and why it does it, with a focus on the future. Effective strategic planning
articulates not only where an organization is going and the actions needed to make
progress, but also how it will know if it is successful.

Step 1: Write a Vision Statement

A Vision Statement is a statement (typically 2-3 sentences) that gives the reader (and
more importantly, the organization) a mental picture of what the organization hopes to
become or what the organization hopes to achieve.
Step 2: Write a Mission Statement

A Mission Statement is an explanation of why an organization exists and the path it will
take to achieve its vision. Mission statements are typically shorter than a vision statement
but not always and are organization specific. This is a statement that describes what the
organization is passionate about and why it exists.

Step 3: Perform a Gap Analysis

A gap analysis is a process an organization goes through to identify the gaps between
its current state and what it hopes to achieve – its vision. To do a gap analysis, simply
look at where the organization is and compare it to where it hopes to be.

Step 4: Write SMART Goals

Write SMART goals for 2-3 years out (some organizations choose to go shorter or longer
depending on the organization).

Step 5: Monitor Progress

Goals should be monitored at least on a quarterly basis. This can be as simple as asking
the responsible person to give a status update on their goals for the quarter. It is very
important that this is done because all organizations are so busy today that the day-to-
day responsibilities can sometimes get in the way of completing long-term goals.
 The importance of public administration as a Governmental Instrument.
Government's most important function is to rule, i.e. to maintain peace and order as well as
protect the lives and property of its citizens. It has to ensure that citizens should obey the contract
or agreement and also settle their disputes.

The administration of any country reflects the merit and potentialities of its
people and gives shape to their qualities, and desire. To run institutions, schools and
technical institutes, they need to have trained human force. To build roads, bridges,
buildings, they require technical experts. To work towards development and new
exploration, they need scientific human brain. For all these, a fully developed public
administration can only meet the above-mentioned needs.
For example, national railway, transport, communication network,
fundamental research all have to be managed by the Government through trained public
officials. Public administration is a tool for change and development because it ahs to
many things for social welfare make new laws and implement them.