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DB and DBM PDF
DB and DBM PDF
⎛P ⎞
a = 10 * log10 ⎜⎜ 1 ⎟⎟dB
⎝ P2 ⎠
Example: For example if P1= 20W and P2=5W, then P1 is four times larger than P2. In a decibel scale, we
have
dB = 10 * log(20 / 5)
= 10 * log(4)
= 10 * 0.602
= 6dB
Of course it is possible to convert decibels back to their liner values. We must first convert dB to Bel by
dividing the value of 10. Then we must raise the number of 10 to this power.
a / dB
P1
= 10 10
P2
Example: a = 6 dB what is P1/P2 ?
After first computing 6/10 = 0.6 we obtain: P1/P2 = 100.6 = 4
The following power ratios and their decibel values are quite helpful, and the ones marked with asterisk
should be memorized as shown in table 1.
Ratio dB
*1 0 dB
*2 3 dB
*3 5 dB
4 6 dB
*5 7 dB
6 8 dB
*7 8.5 dB
*8 9 dB
*9 9.5 dB
* 10 10 dB
100 20 dB
103 30 dB
104 40 dB
Figure 1 show how decibel scales are constructed.
Figure 1
It should be emphasized that unlike watts, volts and amperes, the dB is not a physical quantity. Rather, a
dB represents a ratio of two physical quantities, typical power. There are some rules or theorems that
are useful in the manipulation of decibel quantities.
Theorem 1: The product of two pure numbers or ratios A and B is equivalent to their sum when their
values are expressed in dB.
Example:
A =1 0 dB
B=2 3 dB
A*B = 1*2 0 dB + 3 db
= 2 = 3 dB
Theorem 2: The division of two pure numbers or ratios A and B is equivalent to their difference when
their values are expressed in dB.
Example:
A = 4 6 dB
B = 2 3 dB
A/B = 4/2 6 dB – 3 dB
= 2 = 3 dB
Figure 2 shows the layout of the fractional numbers and their corresponding decibel values. As
we go downward, each block decreases in size by a factor of 10. To show that 0.1 is ‐10dB, we
invoke Theorem 2 in the following manner.
1 Block
Figure 2
Since 0.1 = 1/10
We know that 1 = 0dB and 10 = 10dB
Apply Theorem 2:
0.1 =1/10
= 0dB – 10dB
=‐10dB
Similarly we can show that 10‐2, 10‐3 etc are ‐20dB, ‐30dB and so on. We should now be able to
find the dB equivalent of any positive fractional numbers. Remember that negative numbers
cannot be expressed in dB.
Example:
Number = 0.2
= 2/10
= 3dB – 10dB
= ‐7dB
The reference quantity most commonly used in telecommunications and radio frequency engineering is
a power of 1mW. This reference quantity is designated by appending an m (for mW) to dB to give dBm.
The general power ration P1 to P2 now becomes a ratio of P1 to 1mW, indicated in dBm.
⎡ P ⎤
dBm = 10 * log ⎢ watt ⎥
⎣ 0.001watt ⎦
Example: 50W in dBm
10*log(50/0.001) = 10*log5000 = 47dBm
Just like voltage and current, power can be amplified by a power amplifier. The amplification factor is
known as power gain, G. For instance, an input power of 1mW to an amplifier of gain 100 results in an
output power of 1mW*100 = 100mW.
Power amplification can be described in terms of dBm and dB, with the former referring to the input and
output power, and the latter to the gain of the amplifier. Hence, dBm + dB have physical meaning,
namely amplification of power by some numerical factor over its initial level. The resulting quantity is,
therefore, also a power level, namely dBm.
dBm + dB = dBm Power Amplification
Just like the division of a certain voltage by a resistor network, power can be divided (or attenuated) as
well. When expressed in terms of dBm and dB, power attenuation is dBm – dB. Because an attenuated
power is still power, we have the following important relation:
dBm ‐ dB = dBm Power Attenuation
Table 2 summarizes all possible combinations of dB and dBm.
EIRP * Gr * λ2 EIRP * Gr
Pr = = (1)
(4πd ) 2 Ls
Where
Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) = Transmitted Power (Pt)* Gain of the Transmitting
Antenna (Gt)
λ = Wave length of the carrier
Gr = receiving antenna gain
Ls = Path loss or free space loss
Gr
Pr EIRP * N
= (2)
N Ls
Equation (2) applies to any one‐way RF link. With analog receivers, the noise bandwidth seen
by the demodulator is usually greater than the signal bandwidth, and Pr/N is the main
parameter for measuring signal detectability and performance quality.
With digital receiver correlators or matched filters are usually implemented and signal
bandwidth is taken to be equal to noise bandwidth. Rather than consider input noise power, a
common formulation for digital links is to replace noise power with noise power spectral
density. We can use equation of maximum single‐ sided noise power spectral density.
N
No = = k * T o Watts/hertz (3)
W
Where
N = maximum thermal noise power
To = Temperature in Kelvin
k = Boltzmann´s constant = W/Kelvin – Hz
Where the system effective temperature, To is a function of the noise radiated into the antenna
and the thermal noise generated within the first stages of the receiver. Note that the receiving
antenna gain Gr and system temperature To are grouped together which is sometimes called
the receiver sensitivity. Lo represents all other losses.
If we assume that all the received power is in the modulating signal, we can write from basic
SNR equation.
S = average modulating signal power
T = bit time duration
R = 1/T = bit rate
N = No*W
S is the average modulating signal power, the bit energy per noise power spectral density,
and R the bit rate.
Link Margin
To facilitate calculating a margin or a safety factor M, we introduce two parameters which are
required and the actual or received . We can rewrite equation 6 as
The parameter reflects the differences from one system design to another. These
might be due to differences in modulation or coding schemes. Combining equations (4) and (7)
and solving for the link margin M yields:
Since the link budget analysis is typically calculated in decibels we can express Equation 9 as
Transmitted signal power, EIRP, is expressed in decibel‐watts (dBW), noise power spectral
density is in decibel‐watts per hertz (dBW/Hz), antenna gain is in decibels references to
isotropic gain (dBi), data rate R is in decibels referenced to 1 bits/s (dB‐bits/s) and all other
terms are in decibels (dB). The numerical values of the equation 10 parameters constitute the
link budget, a useful tool for allocating communications resources.
References
1. W.Stephen Cheung and George T. Gillies, “Mathematics of Decibel Scale”
2. Theodore S. Rappaport, “Wireless Communication Principles and Practice”, Second
Edition