An Analysis of Relative Clause in George Bernard Shaw'S Play "Arms and The Man"

AN ANALYSIS OF RELATIVE CLAUSE IN GEORGE BERNARD
SHAW’S PLAY “ARMS AND THE MAN”
A THESIS
BY :
Alfian Fajri
Reg. No. 030705010
FACULTY OF LETTERS
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATRA
MEDAN
2007
Alfian Fajri. An analysis of relative clause in george bernard shaw’s play “arms and the man”. 2007
USU e-Repository©2009
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Every student who attends the final year at the Faculty of Letters of the
North Sumatra University, Medan, has to write and summit a thesis as the partial
fulfillment of the requirements to get the degree of “Sarjana Sastra”.
I realize that writing a thesis is not a simple job to do. It needs a lot of
energy and time to finish it. In writing this thesis, I face many problems owing to
my limited knowledge. Although I myself have a little knowledge about the
subject discussed, but with the help and encouragement from so many people that
I know, at least I have been able to overcome the problems and complete my
thesis on time.
First of all, I would like to thank to Allah SWT who has given me all of
the blessing, mercy, talent and time, so that I can finish my thesis entitled An
Analysis of Relative Clauses in George Bernard Shaw’s play “ARMS AND THE
MAN”.
I would like to thank to the dean of Faculty of Letters, Drs. Syaifuddin,
M.A. Ph.D, also to Dra. Swesana Mardia Lubis, M.Hum and Drs. Yulianus
Harefa, MEd TESOL as the head and secretary of English Department for their
guidance and encouragements during the year of my study.
I would like to express my best and sincere thanks to my supervisor Dra.
Hartisari, M.A and co-supervisor Drs. Yulianus Harefa, MEd TESOL for having
shared their valuable ideas, times, guidance and patience.
My lovely thanks are due to my beloved parents, M. Jafar Yahya and
Nilawati, my grand parents, Idris Arifin and Salamah, my brother, Arief Setiadi,
my sister Rizky Fajar Lina, my aunts, Bunda and Ce’ Na, my uncles, Ce’ Wan
and Ce’ Din, my cousins, Putri, Winda, Shiddiq and my big family. Thank you for
the great love and pray in my life. I do love you all.
Last but not least, for all of my friends and people who know me. I am
truly sorry because I cannot write your names but I hope you always know that
you are always in my heart. Thank you very much.
Medan, Desember 2007
Alfian Fajri
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRAK
1. INTRODUCTION
Background of the Analysis
Problem of the Analysis
Purpose of the Analysis
Scope of the Analysis
Method of the Research
Review of Related Literature
2. RELATIVE CLAUSE
2.1 Definition of Relative Clause
2.1.1 Relative Pronoun and Relative Adverb
2.1.2 Position of Relative Clause
2.1.3 Verb Agreement of Relative Clause
2.1.4 Punctuation of Relative Clause
2.2 Types and Functions of Relative Clause
2.2.1 Relative Pronoun as Subject
2.2.2 Relative Pronoun as Object
2.2.3 Possessive Relative Clause
2.2.4 Relative Pronoun as Object of Preposition
2.2.5 Relative Pronoun In Phrases of Quantity and Quality
2.2.6 Adverbial Relative Clause
3. THE ANALYSIS
3.1.5 Relative Pronoun In Phrases of Quantity and Quality
4. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

4.1 Conclusions
4.2 Suggestions
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABSTRAK
Skripsi ini berjudul “An Analysis of Relative Clause in George Bernard

Shaw’s play “Arms and The Man” dan membahas tentang ‘Relative Clause’ yang
terdapat dalam drama “Arms and The Man” berdasarkan bentuk-bentuk dan
fungsinya sehingga dapat ditentukan persentase ‘Relative Clause’ berdasarkan
bentuk-bentuk dan fungsinya yang terdapat dalam drama tersebut.
Data yang dianalisis diperoleh dari drama karya George Bernard Shaw
yang berjudul Arms and The Man. Data tersebut dianalisis dengan melihat bentuk-
bentuk Relative Clause yang terdapat dalam drama tersebut kemudian
mengelompokan bentuk-bentuk Relative Clause tersebut dengan fungsi-
fungsinya. Semua data yang telah dianalisis selanjutnya akan ditabulasi.
Teori yang dikemukakan Oshima dan Hague (1999:212) tentang Relative
Clause menjadi teori acuan untuk pendeskripsian Relative Clause yang terdapat
dalam kalimat. Teori ini menerangkan bahwa bentuk-bentuk dan fungsi Relative
Clause terbagi 6 (enam) yaitu: relative pronoun as subject, relative pronoun as
object, possessive relative clause, relative pronoun as object of preposition,
relative pronoun in phrases of quantity dan quality, dan adverbial relative clause.
Dari hasil analisis ditemukan 5 (lima) bentuk-bentuk dan funsi Relative
Clause yang terdapat dalam drama karya George Bernard Shaw yang berjudul
Arms and The Man yaitu: 59 relative pronouns sebagai subject setara 42,75%, 29
relative pronouns sebaga object setara 21,01%, 4 possessive relative clauses setara
2,90%, 5 relative pronouns as object of preposition setara 3,63%, dan 41 adverbial
relative clauses setara 29,71%..
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Analysis
Human beings are social creatures that can not live alone without interacting
with one another in this world. They are tied with many aspects in their life. One
of them is to communicate with others. In the process of communication, they
need a media to express their thoughts, which is known as language.
Language, the most distinguishing feature of human behavior, is a tool of
communication which separates human beings from animals. Bloomfield (1961:
181) pointed out that the effect of languages are remarkable, and include much of
what distinguishes man from animals. It is known that in our daily life, language
enable us to express our ideas and allow us to live and cooperate with other
people. Language is not only a form of communication, but it is also a form of
social status. It means that inability to use language well can affect someone’s
status in society, and even alter their personality.
Because of its crucial importance in human life, an increasing number of
psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, teachers, speech therapists, computer
scientists, and journalists realize that they need to study language more deeply.
Therefore, it is not surprising that linguistics, the systematic study of language,
has been one of fastest expanding branches of knowledge in recent years.
When it deals with language, people express it with their own ways. The
popular way is by uttering it and the other way is by expressing it through written
text, which is implemented in the form of sentence.
The expression of language through written text must use grammar to
standardize the process of writing. Because, the characteristic of written language
promotes the development of literature and intellectual development in general. If
we know something about grammar, we can criticize and discuss our own writing,
and learn to improve it. Through grammar our English will be clear, economical,
and effective.
Grammar makes every speaker and writer have good sentences because it
consists of the pattern of arrangement of part of words into words. In making a
good sentence, we should know what sentence is and what its element are.
Sentence is combination of words expressing a complete thought and ideas. The
largest unit of grammar is sentence. Leech (1982 : 26) states that a sentence is
composed of smaller units, clauses, phrases, and words. The most important unit
in composing a sentence is clauses.
Clauses are the principal structures of which sentences are composed. A
sentence may consist of one or more clauses. Leech (1983 : 211) describes and
classifies clauses in three important ways :
1. In terms of the clause elements (subject, verb, etc) from which they are
constructed, and the verb patterns which are formed from these elements.
2. In terms of the amount of use which a clause makes of verb phrase structure.
On this , we distinguish between finite clauses, non-finite clauses, and
verbless clauses.
3. In terms of clauses function, i.e. the function a clause performs in a sentence
; e.g. whether it is nominal clauses, an adverbial clauses, and adjectival
clauses.
A clause may be an independent clause, or dependent clause. In terms of
dependent clause, the clause could be differentiated based on their grammatical
function as nominal clause, adverbial clause, and relative clause.
Oshima and Hogue (1999 : 209) said that a relative clause is a dependent
clause that functions as an adjective ; that is, it modifies a noun or pronoun. For
this reason, relative clauses are also called adjective clause.
In this thesis, I attempt to analyze the clause of relative clauses in George
Bernard Shaw’s play “ARMS AND THE MAN”. I take play as my object analysis
because the play always use persons or things as one of the character which
usually are used in relative clause. For example Raina closes the shutters. She
turns and sees Louka, who has been watching the scene curiously. In this
sentence, the dependent clause who has been watching the scene curiously is
relative clause that modifies noun Louka. This noun is the antecedent of relative
clause and one of the character in the play.
I take George Bernard Shaw’s play “ARMS AND THE MAN” as my object
of analysis because I want to understand clearly about relative clauses practically
not only theoretically. In my opinion, to understand and identify relative clause in
a play is more difficult than in the grammar book.
1.2 The Problems of The Analysis
Based on the background, there are several problems during completion of
analysis of this thesis, they are :
1. How to identify and classify the relative clause in George Bernard
Shaw’s play “ARMS AND THE MAN” ?
2. How to construct the relative clause based on its types and functions in
George Bernard Shaw’s play “ARMS AND THE MAN” ?
3. How many percentage of the relative clause based on its types and
functions in George Bernard Shaw’s play “ARMS AND THE MAN” ?
1.3 The Purpose of Analysis
For that reason, this analysis has certain purposes to be obtained. They are :
1. To identify and classify the relative clause in George Bernard Shaw’s play
“ARMS AND THE MAN”.
2. To analyze the relative clause based on its types and functions in George
Bernard Shaw’s play “ARMS AND THE MAN”.
3. To show the percentage of the relative clause based on its types and
functions in George Bernard Shaw’s play “ARMS AND THE MAN”.
1.4 The Scope of the Analysis
In this thesis, I only analyze the Relative Clause and limit the analysis based
on its types and functions in George Bernard Shaw’s play “ARMS AND THE
MAN”.
1.5 Method of the Analysis
In doing this thesis, I used the method of library research by reading and
studying some books concerning with the topic of the problem. Then I collect the
information from the books and the data from the play “ARMS AND THE MAN”
written by George Bernard Shaw. The play consists of 3 acts and 85 pages.
In analyzing the data, I attend to use a descriptive analysis; the analysis will
use the formula to collect the random sample and as the result, the frequency table
of the data appeared. It will make us easier to see the types and functions of
relative clauses frequency. The data of this analysis use the simple statistical
analysis in percentage by using Educational Statistic:
Types and functions of relative clause = n x 100%

(analyzed in percentage) ∑n
n = number of Types and functions of relative clause
∑ n = total number of Types and functions of relative
clause
There are some steps that I follow when I try to do the analysis. Firstly, I
read several textbooks about English Grammar. Then I collect some information
about relative clauses, definitions, types, and functions. Then, I identify and
classify the data of English Relative Clause in George Bernard Shaw’s play
“ARMS AND THE MAN”. Next, I analyzed the data based on the types and
functions of relative clause. Then, I draw the tables which show the frequency of
types and functions from each act of data. Finally, I draw some conclusions after
finishing the analysis.
1.6 Review of Related Literature
In designing this thesis, I refer to some information supplied in some
books to support the idea of the analysis. Some of them can be mentioned as
follow :
Azar (1989:238) says that clause is a word containing a subject and a verb.
She divides clause into independent clause and dependent clause. According to
her independent clause is a complete sentence and it contains the main subject and
verb of a sentence. She further says that independent clause can be called as main
clause because it can stand-alone as a sentence or as a clause, while dependent
clause is not a complete sentence because it can stand-alone and it must be
connected to an independent clause.
Frank (1979:276) states that in adjective clause, subject and predicate is
changed by means of special introductory word which has the same referent as the
preceding noun or pronoun. The form and position of this introductory word
subordinates the adjective clause to a main clause.
The definition above means that an adjective clause or relative clause is
introduced by a special introductory word which fixed to preceding noun or
pronoun and it attached the adjective clause to a main clause.
Leech (1983:285) says, “ The term relative clause is used for various types
of sub clause by a back-pointing element, usually a relative pronoun.”
From this definition, we clearly understand that relative clause is
categorized as a dependent clause because it can not stand-alone or it must be
attached to the main clause by relative pronoun.
Oshima and Hogue (1999 : 209) said that a relative clause is a dependent
clause that functions as an adjective ; that is, it modifies a noun or pronoun. For
this reason, relative clauses are also called adjective clause.
I also relate this thesis with the thesis of Delima (2003) “ an analysis of the
adjective clauses in the Mayor of Casterbridge. ”. this thesis conclude that
adjective clause in Mayor of Casterbridge are expressed in three types; personal
adjective clause, impersonal adjective clause, and adjective clause using adverbial
relative.
2. A DESCRIPTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSE
2.1 Definition of Relative Clause
A relative clause is a dependent clause that functions as an adjective; that is, it
modifies a noun or pronoun. For this reason, relative clause are also called
adjective clause.
In the first sentence, the dependent clause which took place in 1621, is a
relative clause that modifies the noun phrase the first American thanksgiving
feast. This noun phrase is the antecedent of the relative clause.
2.1.1 Relative Pronoun and Relative Adverb
A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun or relative adverb.
Pronouns Who, whom, whose, that Refer to humans
Which, that, whose Refer to non humans
and Things
Adverbs When, where Refer to a time or a
place
2.1.2 Position of Relative Clause
Place relative clause after its antecedent and as close to it as possible to avoid
confusion.
Confusing: He left the gift in his friend’s car that he has just bought.
( it is not clear whether the relative clause modify car or gift. )
Corrected: He left the gift that he has just bought in his friend’s car
( the relative clause clearly modifies gift.)
Occasionally, a prepositional phrase comes between antecedent and the
relative clause.
Manuel was visited by a friend from San Juan who was touring the
country.
Try writing the sentence of your own that contains a relative clause.
2.1.3 Verb Agreement in Relative Clause
The verb in relative clause should agree in number with its antecedent.
Compare :
A person who works part-time usually receives no benefits.
( the verb works is singular to agree with singular antecedent
person. )
People who work part-time usually receive no benefits.
( the verb work is plural to agree with plural antecedent people.)
2.1.4 Punctuation of Relative Clause
Relative clause are either restrictive (necessary) or nonrestrictive
(unnecessary). A relative clause is necessary it identifies its antecedent for the
reader. Do not use commas with restrictive clauses.
- The professor who teaches my biology class won a Nobel Prize two
years ago.
( which professor won a Nobel Prize two years ago? The clause who
teaches my biology class is necessary to identify professor. )
- He won the prize for research that might lead to a cure for AIDS.
( For which research did he win the prize? We need the clause that might
lead to a cure for AIDS to tell us. )
A nonrestrictive clause is not necessary to identify its antecedent; it merely gives
the reader some extra information. Because it can be omitted without loss of
meaning, separate it from the rest of the sentence with commas.
- Professor Jones who teaches my biology class, won a Nobel Prize two
years ago.
( The person who won a Nobel Prize is identified by his name, so the
clause who teaches my biology class is extra, unnecessary information
about Professor Jones. If it were omitted , we would still know which
person won a Nobel Prize. )
- He won the prize for his research into the structure of T-cells, which
might lead to a cure for AIDS.
( We already know which research he won the prize for: his research into
the structure of T-cells. The information which might lead to a cure for
AIDS is not necessary to identify the research; it merely gives us extra
information about it. )
There are different types of relative clauses. In each different kind, the relative
pronoun has a different function. It may be a subject or an object in its own
clause, or it may replace a possessive word.
2.2.1 Relative Pronouns as Subjects
A relative pronoun may be the subject of its own clause. Subject pattern
relative clauses are formed as follows:
Who
Which + verb + complement
That
Football, which is the most popular American Sport, began at Harvard
University.
Study the following examples to see how sentences a and b in each set are
combined to form new sentence c, which contains a subject pattern relative clause.
The subject in sentence b, which changes to relative pronoun, is crossed through.
Notice how that is used in restrictive clauses only.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS FOR HUMANS
Restrictive 1. a. People save time and energy.

who, that b. They use microwave ovens.
c. People who use microwave ovens save time and energy.
People that use microwave ovens save time and energy.
(informal)
Nonrestrictive 2. a. Microwave cooking is not popular with most professional

Who chefs
b. Professional chefs say that fast cooking doesn’t allow
flavors to blend
c. Microwave cooking is not popular with most professional
chefs, who say that fast cooking doesn’t allow flavors
to blend
RELATIVE PRONOUNS FOR NONHUMANS/THINGS
Restrictive 3. a. Ovens are capable of cooking food quickly.

That b. They use microwave energy.
c. Ovens that use microwave energy are capable of
cooking foods quickly.
Nonrestrictive 4. a. An electron tube in the oven produces microwaves.
Which b. Microwaves cook by agitating the water molecules in
food.
c. An electron tube in the oven produces microwaves, which
cook by agitating the water molecules in food
2.2.2 Relative Pronouns as Objects
A relative pronoun may be an object in its own clause. Object pattern relative
clauses are formed as follows:
whom
which
+ subject + verb + complement
that
Ǿ
The address that he gave me was incorrect.
In the following examples, notice how sentence a and b are combined to make
sentence c, which contains an object pattern relative clause. The object in sentence
b, which changes to a relative pronoun, is crossed through. Notice how that is
used in restrictive clauses only and may be left out entirely in object pattern
clauses.
Restrictive 1. a. The professor is chair of English Department.

whom, that, b. You should see the professor.
Ǿ c. The professor whom you should see is chair of English
Department.
The professor that you should see is chair of English
Department. (informal)
The professor you should see is chair of English
Department.
Nonrestrictive 2. a. Dr. White is an ecologist.
Whom b. You met Dr. White in my office.
c. Dr. White, Whom you met in my office, is an ecologist.
Restrictive 3. a. The book was written in German.

That, Ǿ b. The professor translated the book.
c. The book that the professor translated was written in
German.
The book the professor translated was written in
German.
Nonrestrictive 4. a. Evironmental science is one of the most popular courses
Which in the college
b. Dr. White teaches environmental science..
c. Environmental science, which Dr. White teaches, is one
of the most popular courses in the college
2.2.3 Possessive Relative Clauses
In this clauses, which show possession, the relative pronoun whose replaces a
possessive word such as Mary’s, his, our, their, the company’s, or its. Possessive
relative clauses can follow the subject or the object pattern, and they may be
restrictive or nonrestrictive.
Subject pattern possessive clauses are formed as follows:
Whose + noun + verb + complement
Princess Diana, whose life ended suddenly in a
Paris car crash, was the most photographed
woman in the world.
In the following examples, notice how sentences a and b are combined to
make sentence c, which changes to whose, is crossed through.
POSSESSIVE RELATIVE PRONOUNS FOR HUMANS AND
NONHUMANS/THINGS
Restrictive 1. a. Opportunities for college graduates are on the upswing.
Whose b. College graduates’ degrees are in computer engineering.
c. Opportunities for college graduates whose degrees are in
computer engineering are on the upswing
Nonrestrictive 2. a. Santa Claus is the symbol of Christmas gift-giving
Whose b. His portly figure appears everywhere during the
Christmas season.
c. Santa Claus, whose portly figure appears everywhere
during the Christmas eason, is the symbol of Christmas
gift-giving.
Object pattern possessive clauses are formed as follows:
Whose + noun + subject + verb + complement
Maya Angelou, whose poetry we have been reading in our English class, is one
of America’s famous female poets.
In the following examples, notice how sentences a and b are combined to
make sentence c, which contains a possessive relative clause in the object pattern.
The possessive word in sentence b, which changes to whose, is crossed through.
POSSESSIVE RELATIVE PRONOUNS FOR HUMANS AND
NONHUMANS/THINGS
Restrictive 1. a. The citizens could do nothing.
Whose b. The government had confiscated their property..
c. The citizens whose property the government had
confiscated could do nothing.
Nonrestrictive 2. a. Consumer Reports magazine publishes comparative
Whose evaluations of all kind of product.
b. Shoppers trust the magazine’s research.
c. Consumer Reports, whose research shoppers trust,
publishes comparative evaluations of all kinds of
products.
2.2.4 Relative Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions
A relative pronoun may be the object of preposition in its own clause. This
relative clauses are formed into two ways, the formal way and the informal way.
The clauses may be either restrictive or nonrestrictive.
whom
Preposition + + subject + verb + complement
Formal
which
The person to whom I mailed the letter never received it.
Whom
Which
+ subject + verb + complement + preposition
Informal That
Ǿ
The person whom I mailed the letter to never received it.
In the formal pattern, the preposition comes before the relative pronoun. In the
informal pattern, the preposition comes at the end of the clause.
a new sentence c containing a relative clause. The object of preposition in
sentence b, which changes to a relative pronoun, is crossed through. Sentence c is
formal, and sentences in d are informal. Notice how that is used in informal
pattern restrictive clause; it may also be omitted.
Restrictive 1. a. The candidates lost the election.

whom, that, Ǿ b. I voted for the candidates.
c. The candidate whom I voted for lost the election.
d. The candidate that I voted for lost the election.
The candidate I voted for lost the election.
Nonrestrictive 2. a. Mayor Pyle lost the election.
Whom b. I voted for Mayor Pyle.
c. Mayor Pyle, for whom I voted, lost the election.
d. Mayor Pyle, whom I voted for, lost the election.
Restrictive 3. a. No one had read the book.

Which, that, Ǿ b. He quoted from the book.
c. No one had read the book from which he quoted.
d. No one had read the book which he quoted from.
No one had read the book that he quoted from.
No one had read the book he quoted from.
Nonrestrictive 4. a. The position of office manager had been filled.

Which b. He applied for the position of office manager.
c. The position of office manager, for which he applied,
had been filled.
2.2.5 Relative Pronouns in Phrases of Quantity and Quality
A relative pronoun can also occur in phrase of quantity:
Some of which, one of whom, all of whom, each of which, etc.
and in phrase of quality:
The best of which, the most important of whom, the more economical of
which, the loveliest of which, the oldest of whom, the least expensive of
which, etc.
Relative clauses containing these phrases can follow the subject or object
pattern, and they are always nonrestrictive.
Many of which + subject + verb + complement
The oldest of whom + subject + verb + complement
While scuba diving in Caribbean, I saw tropical fish, many of which I
photographed with my new underwater camera.
He has three daughters, the oldest of whom is studying abroad.
a new sentence c containing a relative clause. The object of in sentence b (always
following the preposition of), is crossed through and replaced by a relative
pronoun (always whom or which).
Nonrestrictive 1. a. The citizens of Puerto Rico are well educated.

Whom b. Ninety percent of them are literate.
c. The citizens of Puerto Rico, ninety percent of whom
are literate, are well educated.
Nonrestrictive 2. a. There are many delicious tropical fruits in Puerto Rico.
Which b. I have never tasted most of them before.
c. There are many delicious tropical fruits in Puerto Rico,
most of which I have never tasted before.
Relative clause may be introduced by relative adverb when and where.
Adverbial relative clauses refer to a time or a place, and they replace entire
prepositional phrases like on Sunday and in the city. Adverbial relative clauses
may be restrictive or nonrestrictive. They are composed of
When
+ subject + verb + complement
Where
The lives of thousands of Germans changed during the night of August 13,
1961, when East German soldiers began building the Berlin wall.
RELATIVE ADVERBS FOR TIME AND PLACE
When Refers to a Restrictive The lives of thousands of Germans

time
suddenly changed on the night when
East German soldiers began
building the Berlin wall.
Nonrestrictive On November 9,1989, when the wall
was torn down, their lives changed
again
Where Refers to a Restrictive The city where citizens had lived,
place
worked, and shopped relatively freely
was suddenly divided.
Nonrestrictive Berlin, where citizens had lived,
worked, and shopped relatively
freely, was suddenly divided
a new sentence c which contains an adverbial relative clause. The prepositional
phrase in sentence b which is entirely replaced by the relative adverb, is crossed
through.
TIME
Restrictive 1. a. Ramadan is the month.

and
b. Devout Muslims fast during the month.
Nonrestrictive
When c.. Ramadan is the month when devout Muslims fast.
PLACE
Restrictive 2. a. The Saudi Arabian city of Mecca is the holiest city in

and
Islam.
Nonrestrictive
Where b. Mohammed was born in Mecca.
c. The Saudi Arabian city of Mecca, where Mohammed
was born is the holiest city in Islam.
.
3. THE ANALYSIS
In analyzing relative clauses in George Bernard Shaw’s play “ARMS AND
THE MAN” I apply the theory that I already mentioned in the previous chapter. I
analyze the relative clause based on its types and functions in the sentences. I
analyze the sentences by looking the relative clauses in the sentences and then I
describe its types and functions.
Having read and analyzed the play “ARMS AND THE MAN” by George
Bernard Shaw, I found only 5 types and functions of relative clause from 6 types
and functions of relative clause as mentioned in the previous chapter. The types
and functions which I found are:
 Relative pronoun as subject
 Relative pronoun as object
 Possessive relative clause
 Relative pronoun as object of preposition
 Adverbial relative clause
Here are several examples of relative pronouns as subject that I found :
(i) The Serbs have Austrian Officers who are just as clever as Russians.
(ii) A couple of shots are fired under the window; and a bullet shutters
the glass opposite Raina, who winks and gasps but stands her ground.
(iii) I know things about Raina that would break off her match with
Sergius if___
(iv) Above the heads of the bed, which stands against a little wall cutting
off the left hand corner of the room, is a painted wooden shrine, blue
and gold, with an ivory image of Christ, and a light hanging before it
in a pierced metal ball suspended by three chains.
(v) Then she goes to the chest of drawers and adores the portrait there
with feelings that are beyond all expression.
(vi) The fugitive throws up his head with the gesture of man who sees
that it is all over with him, and drop the manner he has been
assuming to intimidate Raina.
(vii) No: you are one of the Austrians who set the Serbs on to rob us our
national liberty, and who officer their army for them.
The underlined clauses in those seven sentences above are relative clauses
which are introduced by relative pronoun who, which, and that. The relative
pronoun who, which, and that in those clause functions characteristically as
subject of relative clause. The underlined clauses describe and modify the noun
phrase as their antecedent in the main clause that precedes them.
The analysis of clause (i):
The construction of the sentences above as follows:
Sentence = an independent clause + relative clause
Relative clause = who, which, that + verb + complement
Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (i) in the chart below:
The Serbs have Austrian Officers who are just as clever as Russians.
The Serbs have Austrian Officers = an independent clause
who are just as clever as Russians = a relative clause
Who is the subject of relative clause
Clause (i) use the relative pronoun who. The relative pronoun who in clause (i)
refers to human, because it describes personal antecedent Austrians Officer. The
relative clause is restrictive that do not use commas because it simply gives
additional information and is not necessary to identify the noun it modifies.
The analysis of clause (ii):
Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (ii) in the chart below:
A couple of shots are fired under the window; and a bullet shutters the glass
opposite Raina, who winks and gasps but stands her ground.
A couple of shots are fired under the = an independent clause
window; and a bullet shutters the glass
opposite Raina,
who winks and gasps but stands her = a relative clause
ground.
Clause (ii) use the relative pronoun who. The relative pronoun who in clause
(ii) refers to human, because it describes personal antecedent Raina. The relative
clause is nonrestrictive that uses commas because it is necessary to identify the
noun it modifies.
The analysis of clause (iii):
Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (iii) in the chart below:
I know things about Raina that would break off her match with Sergius if___
I know things about Raina = an independent clause
that would break off her match with = a relative clause
Sergius if___
that is the subject of relative clause
Clause (iii) use the relative pronoun that. The relative pronoun that in clause
(iii) refers to human, because it describes personal antecedent Raina. The relative
clause is restrictive that do not use commas because it simply gives additional
information and is not necessary to identify the noun it modifies.
The analysis of clause (iv):
Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (iv) in the chart below:
Above the heads of the bed, which stands against a little wall cutting off the left
hand corner of the room, is a painted wooden shrine, blue and gold, with an ivory
image of Christ, and a light hanging before it in a pierced metal ball suspended by
three chains.
Above the heads of the bed, is a painted
wooden shrine, blue and gold, with an
ivory image of Christ, and a light = an independent clause
hanging before it in a pierced metal ball
suspended by three chains.
which stands against a little wall cutting = a relative clause
off the left hand corner of the room
which is the subject of relative clause
Clause (iv) use the relative pronoun which. The relative pronoun which in
clause (iv) refers to nonhuman, because it describes impersonal antecedent the
bed. The relative clause is nonrestrictive that use commas because it is necessary
to identify the noun it modifies.
The analysis of clause (v):
Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (v) in the chart below:
Then she goes to the chest of drawers and adores the portrait there with feelings
that are beyond all expression.
Then she goes to the chest of drawers
and adores the portrait there with = an independent clause
feelings
that are beyond all expression. = a relative clause
that is the subject of relative clause
Clause (v) use the relative pronoun that. The relative pronoun that in clause
(v) refers to nonhuman, because it describes impersonal antecedent feelings. The
The analysis of clause (vi):
Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (vi) in the chart below:
The fugitive throws up his head with the gesture of man who sees that it is all over
with him, and drop the manner he has been assuming to intimidate Raina.
The fugitive throws up his head with the

= an independent clause
gesture of man
who sees that it is all over with him, and
drop the manner he has been assuming to = a relative clause
intimidate Raina.
Clause (vi) use the relative pronoun who. The relative pronoun who in clause
(vi) refers to human, because it describes personal antecedent man. The relative
clause is restrictive that do not use commas because it simply gives additional
information and is not necessary to identify the noun it modifies.
The analysis of clause (vii):
Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (vii) in the chart below:
No: you are one of the Austrians who set the Serbs on to rob us our national
liberty, and who officer their army for them.
No: you are one of the Austrians = an independent clause
who set the Serbs on to rob us our
national liberty, and who officer their = a relative clause
army for them.
Clause (vii) use the relative pronoun who. The relative pronoun who in clause
(i) refers to human, because it describes personal antecedent Austrians. The
Each relative pronouns as subject that I have found will be classified into one
part of the following chart. The chart will make me easy to understand relative
pronouns both for human or non human, and restrictive or nonrestrictive.
Here are several examples of relative pronouns as object that I found :
(i) Your neighbors have their heads so full of runaway Serbs that they
see them everywhere.
(ii) Military bow, which Raina returns coldly.
(iii) The fear of plucky patriotism which the Serbian attack roused in all
Bulgarians has pulled him through the war.
(iv) He darts into the passage, and returns dragging in Louka, whom he
flings violently against the table exclaiming.
(v) I know things about him that she wouldn’t let him hear the last of for
six months if I babbled them to her.
(vi) He goes into the house and returns presently with a third chair, which
he places at the table.
The underlined clauses in those six sentences above are relative clauses which
are introduced by relative pronoun whom, which, and that. The relative pronoun
whom, which, and that in those clause functions characteristically as object of
relative clause. The underlined clauses describe and modify the noun phrase as
their antecedent in the main clause that precedes them.
Relative clause = whom, which, that + subject + verb + complement
Your neighbors have their heads so full of runaway Serbs that they see them
everywhere.
Your neighbors have their heads so full = an independent clause
of runaway Serbs
that they see them everywhere. = a relative clause
that is the object of verb of relative clause
Clause (i) use the relative pronoun that. The relative pronoun that in clause (i)
refers to human, because it describes personal antecedent Serbs and functions as
the object of verb see. The relative clause is restrictive that do not use commas
because it simply gives additional information and is not necessary to identify the
noun it modifies
Sentence = a noun phrase + relative clause
Military bow, which Raina returns coldly.
Military bow, = a noun phrase
which Raina returns coldly. = a relative clause
which is the object of verb of relative clause
Clause (ii) use the relative pronoun which. The relative pronoun which in
clause (ii) refers to nonhuman, because it describes impersonal antecedent
Military bow and functions as the object of verb returns. The relative clause is
nonrestrictive that use commas because it is necessary to identify the noun it
modifies
The fear of plucky patriotism which the Serbian attack roused in all Bulgarians
has pulled him through the war.
The Serbs have Austrian Officers has

pulled him through the war.
which the Serbian attack roused in all = a relative clause
Bulgarians
which is the object of verb of relative clause
Clause (iii) use the relative pronoun which. The relative pronoun which in
clause (iii) refers to nonhuman, because it describes personal antecedent thefear of
plucky patriotism and functions as the object of verb attack. The relative clause is
restrictive that do not use commas because it simply gives additional information
and is not necessary to identify the noun it modifies
He darts into the passage, and returns dragging in Louka, whom he flings
violently against the table exclaiming.
He darts into the passage, and returns

dragging in Louka,
whom he flings violently against the

= a relative clause
table exclaiming.
Whom is the object of verb of relative clause
Clause (iv) use the relative pronoun whom. The relative pronoun whom in
clause (iv) refers to human, because it describes personal antecedent Raina and
functions as the object of verb flings. The relative clause is nonrestrictive that use
commas because it is necessary to identify the noun it modifies
The analysis of clause (v):
Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (v) in the chart below:
I know things about him that she wouldn’t let him hear the last of for six months
if I babbled them to her.
I know things about him = an independent clause
that she wouldn’t let him hear the last of

= a relative clause
for six months if I babbled them to her.
that is the object of verb of relative clause
Clause (v) use the relative pronoun that. The relative pronoun that in clause
(v) refers to human, because it describes personal antecedent him as pronoun and
functions as the object of verb let. The relative clause is restrictive that do not use
commas because it simply gives additional information and is not necessary to
identify the noun it modifies
The analysis of clause (vi):
Let me notice the construction above in the sentence (vi) in the chart below:
He goes into the house and returns presently with a third chair, which he places at
the table.
He goes into the house and returns = an independent clause
presently with a third chair,
which he places at the table. = a relative clause
Which is the object of verb of relative clause
Clause (vi) use the relative pronoun Which. The relative pronoun Which in
clause (vi) refers to nonhuman, because it describes impersonal antecedent chair
and functions as the object of verb places. The relative clause is nonrestrictive that
use commas because it is necessary to identify the noun it modifies
Here are several examples of possessive relative clauses that I found :
(i) This chest of drawers is also covered by a variegated native cloth;
and on it there is a pile of paper backed novels, a box of chocolate
creams, and a miniature easel with a large photograph of an
extremely handsome officer, whose lefty bearing and magnetic
glance can be felt even from the portrait.
(ii) Did you find in the charge that the men whose fathers are poor like
mine were any less brave than the man who are rich like you?
(iii) Do you think I believe that she-she!, whose worst thoughts are higher
than your best ones, is capable of trifling with another man behind
my back?
(iv) I doubt sir, whether you quite realize either my daughter’s position
or that of Major Saranoff, whose place you propose to take.
The underlined clauses in those four sentences above are possessive relative
clauses which are introduced by relative pronoun whose. The relative pronoun
whose is used to show possession of the noun. Possessive relative clause can
follow the subject or the object pattern, and they may be restrictive or
nonrestrictive.
Subject pattern possessive relative clause = whose + noun +verb +
complement
Object pattern possessive relative clause = whose + noun +subject + verb +
complement
This chest of drawers is also covered by a variegated native cloth; and on it there
is a pile of paper backed novels, a box of chocolate creams, and a miniature easel
with a large photograph of an extremely handsome officer, whose lefty bearing
and magnetic glance can be felt even from the portrait.
This chest of drawers is also covered by
a variegated native cloth; and on it there
is a pile of paper backed novels, a box of

chocolate creams, and a miniature easel
with a large photograph of an extremely
handsome officer,
whose lefty bearing and magnetic glance = a relative clause
can be felt even from the portrait.
Whose functions to show possession of the noun
Clause (i) use the relative pronoun whose. The relative pronoun whose in
clause (i) replaces a possessive word his (handsome officer’s), and modifies the
noun handsome officer. The relative clause is nonrestrictive that use commas
because it is necessary to identify the noun it modifies.
complement
complement
Did you find in the charge that the men whose fathers are poor like mine were any
less brave than the man who are rich like you?
Did you find in the charge that the men
were any less brave than the man who = an independent clause
are rich like you?
whose fathers are poor like mine = a relative clause
Clause (ii) use the relative pronoun whose. The relative pronoun whose in
clause (ii) replaces a possessive word their (men’s), and modifies the noun men.
The relative clause is restrictive that do not use commas because it simply gives
complement
complement
Do you think I believe that she-she!, whose worst thoughts are higher than your
best ones, is capable of trifling with another man behind my back?
Do you think I believe that she-she!, is
capable of trifling with another man = an independent clause
behind my back?
whose worst thoughts are higher than

= a relative clause
your best ones,
Clause (iii) use the relative pronoun whose. The relative pronoun whose in
clause (iii) replaces a possessive word her (she), and modifies the noun she. The
relative clause is nonrestrictive that use commas because it is necessary to identify
the noun it modifies.
complement
complement
I doubt sir, whether you quite realize either my daughter’s position or that of
Major Saranoff, whose place you propose to take.
I doubt sir, whether you quite realize
either my daughter’s position or that of = an independent clause
Major Saranoff,
whose place you propose to take. = a relative clause
Clause (iv) use the relative pronoun whose. The relative pronoun whose in
clause (iv) replaces a possessive word his (Major Saranoff’s), and modifies the
noun Major Saranoff. The relative clause is nonrestrictive that use commas
because it is necessary to identify the noun it modifies.
Here are several examples of relative pronouns as object of Preposition that I
found :
(i) Reckoning up what he can guess about Raina: her age, her social
position, her character, and the extent to which she is frightened, he
continues, more politely but still most determinedly.
(ii) That is a photograph of the gentleman-the patriot and hero-to whom I
am betrothed.
(iii) the suggestion of a strange and terrible history that has left nothing
but undying remorse, by which Childe Harold fascinated the
grandmothers of his English contemporaries.
The underlined clauses in those three sentences above are relative clauses
which are introduced by prepositions with relative pronoun. The relative pronoun
in those clause functions characteristically as object of preposition. In the formal
pattern, the preposition comes at the beginning of the relative clauses, as in clause
(i), (ii), (iii) above. However, in the formal pattern, the prepositions come after
subject and verb of the relative clauses.
Relative clause = preposition + whom, which + subject + verb + complement
Reckoning up what he can guess about Raina: her age, her social position, her
character, and the extent to which she is frightened, he continues, more politely
but still most determinedly.
Reckoning up what he can guess about
Raina: her age, her social position, her = an independent clause
character, and the extent
to which she is frightened = a relative clause
which is the object of preposition
Clause (i) use the relative pronoun which. The relative pronoun which in
clause (i) functions as the object of preposition to. Note that preposition to comes
at the beginning of the relative clauses. The relative clause is restrictive that do
not use commas because it simply gives additional information and is not
necessary to identify the noun it modifies.
That is a photograph of the gentleman-the patriot and hero-to whom I am
betrothed.
That is a photograph of the gentleman- = an independent clause
the patriot and hero-
to whom I am betrothed. = a relative clause
whom is the object of preposition
Clause (ii) use the relative pronoun whom. The relative pronoun whom in
clause (ii) functions as the object of preposition to. Note that preposition to comes
at the beginning of the relative clauses. The relative clause is restrictive that do
not use commas because it simply gives additional information and is not
necessary to identify the noun it modifies.
the suggestion of a strange and terrible history that has left nothing but undying
remorse, by which Childe Harold fascinated the grandmothers of his English
contemporaries.
the suggestion of a strange and terrible

history that has left nothing but undying
remorse,
by which Childe Harold fascinated the
grandmothers of his English = a relative clause
contemporaries.
which is the object of preposition
Clause (iii) use the relative pronoun which. The relative pronoun which in
clause (iii) functions as the object of preposition by. Note that preposition by
comes at the beginning of the relative clauses. The relative clause is nonrestrictive
that use commas because it is necessary to identify the noun it modifies.
3.1.5 Relative Pronoun in Phrases of Quantity and Quality
There is no several examples of Relative Pronoun in Phrases of Quantity and
Quality in Arms and The Man found.
Here are several examples of possessive relative clauses that I found :
(i) I wondered whether all his heroic qualities and his soldiership might
not prove mere imagination when he went into a real battle.
(ii) She throws the shutters wide open and stands with her back to the
curtain where the man is hidden, pointing to the moonlit balcony.
(iii) He takes her into the stableyard gateway, where they are hidden from
the house.
(iv) He bows, and is going to the steps with the bag, when Petkoff
addresses him angrily.
The underlined clauses in those four sentences above are adverbial relative
clauses which are introduced by relative adverb when, and where. The relative
adverb when, and where functions to describe the time and place.
Relative clause = when, where + subject + verb + complement
I wondered whether all his heroic qualities and his soldiership might not prove
mere imagination when he went into a real battle.
I wondered whether all his heroic
qualities and his soldiership might not = an independent clause
prove mere imagination
when he went into a real battle. = a relative clause
When is the relative adverb
Clause (i) use the relative adverb When. The relative adverb When in clause (i)
functions to describe imagination. The relative clause is restrictive that do not use
commas because it simply gives additional information and is not necessary to
identify the noun it modifies.
She throws the shutters wide open and stands with her back to the curtain where
the man is hidden, pointing to the moonlit balcony.
She throws the shutters wide open and

stands with her back to the curtain
where the man is hidden, pointing to the

= a relative clause
moonlit balcony.
Where is the relative adverb
Clause (ii) use the relative adverb Where. The relative adverb Where in clause
(ii) functions to describe the curtain. The relative clause is restrictive that do not
use commas because it simply gives additional information and is not necessary to
identify the noun it modifies.
He takes her into the stableyard gateway, where they are hidden from the house.
He takes her into the stableyard gateway, = an independent clause
where they are hidden from the house. = a relative clause
Where is the relative adverb
Clause (iii) use the relative adverb Where. The relative adverb Where in clause
(iii) functions to describe the stableyard gateway. The relative clause is
modifies.
He bows, and is going to the steps with the bag, when Petkoff addresses him
angrily.
He bows, and is going to the steps with = an independent clause
the bag,
when Petkoff addresses him angrily. = a relative clause
When is the relative adverb
Clause (iv) use the relative adverb When. The relative adverb When in clause
(iv) functions to describe going to the steps with the bag. The relative clause is
modifies.
The percentage of the relative clause based on its types and functions in
George Bernard Shaw’s play “ARMS AND THE MAN”.
Types and functions of

ACT 1 ACT 2 ACT 3 TOTAL
relative clause
Relative Pronoun as Subject 14 17 28 59
Relative Pronoun as Object 8 12 9 29
Possessive Relative Clause 1 - 3 4
Relative Pronoun as Object of

2 2 1 5
Preposition
Relative Pronoun In Phrases - - - -
of Quantity and Quality
Adverbial Relative Clause 7 16 18 41
138
Relative Pronoun as Subject = 59 x 100% = 42,75%

138
Relative Pronoun as Object = 29 x 100% = 21,01%

138
Possessive Relative Clause = 4 x 100% = 2,90%

138
Relative Pronoun as Object of Preposition = 5_ x 100% = 3,63%

138
Relative Pronoun In Phrases of Quantity and Quality = 0 x 100% = 0%
138
Adverbial Relative Clause = 41 x 100% = 29,71%

138
V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
Based on all the descriptions of the topic and the analysis of the data, I
want to conclude the essential points as the result of this scientific paper. The
points are:
1. English has variety of clauses which give many possibilities to analyze and to
classify; they are in term of dependent and independent clause. The kinds of
dependent clauses viewed from its grammatical functions are adverbial clause,
nominal clause and relative clause.
2. There are 6 classifications of relative clause based on types and functions; they
are relative pronoun as subject, relative pronoun as object, possessive relative
clause, relative pronoun as object of preposition, relative pronoun in phrases of
quantity and quality and adverbial relative clause.
3. There are 5 classifications of relative clause based on the types and functions in
George Bernard Shaw’s play Arms and The Man. They consist of:
a. 59 relative pronouns as subject.
b. 29 relative pronouns as object.
c. 4 possessive relative clauses.
d. 5 relative pronouns as object of preposition, and
e. 41 adverbial relative clauses.
4. From the data, the percentages of relative clause based on the types and
functions in George Bernard Shaw’s play Arms and The Man are 42,75% for
relative pronouns as subject, 21,01% for relative pronouns as object, 2,90% for
possessive relative clauses, 3,63% for relative pronouns as object of prepotition,
0% for relative pronoun in phrase of quantity and quality, and 29,71% for
adverbial relative clauses.
5. From the analysis, I conclude that the dominant types and functions of relative
clause in George Bernard Shaw’s play Arms and The Man is relative pronoun as
subject.
5.2 Suggestions
Studying the relative clause in the play is an interesting subject because we
can get many advantages from studying it. Besides we know how to use the
relative clause, we also know how to make the varieties of sentences. In this case,
we know much about the classifications of relative clause based on the types and
functions
The relative clause relates to grammar. That is why I suggest to people
who are interested in this subject, especially the English Department student,
should analyze the grammar deeply and carefully. If we lack one part of grammar,
it will be difficult for us to analyze the relative clause.
The study of the relative clause is not easy. I also suggest that linguists
should write more specific books of English grammar and their parts. It will
become a great contribution to other people who wants to study relative clause.
I realize that the analysis about the relative clause in play is probably far
from the perfect analysis. Therefore, it still needs further study for completing the
analysis. In this opportunity, I welcome some suggestions and constructive critics
from the readers.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Azar, B.S. 1989. Understanding and Using English Grammar, Second Edition.
New Jersey : Prentice Hall Regents.
Azar, B.S. 1981. Modern English A Practical Reference Guide. New Jersey :
Prentice Hall Regents.
Azar, B.S. 1979. Fundamentals of English Grammar. Jakarta : Binapura Aksara.
Bolinger, D. 1975. Aspects of Language. Harvard : Harcourt Brace Javanovich.
Bloomfield, L. 1973. Language. Chicago : Holt, Richart and Winston
Bright, W. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. New York : Oxford

University Press.
Crystal, D. 1999. The Penguin Dictionary of Language. London : Penguin.
Frank, M. 1972. Modern English. Exercise for Non Native Speaker. New Jersey :
Prentice Hall Inc.
Hartman, R.K.K. and Stork. 1972. Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.

London : Applied Science Publisher Ltd.
Hastley, F.A. 1982. Linguistics for Language Learners. Hongkong : The
Macmillan Press Ltd.
Hudson, R. 1998. English Grammar. London and New York : Routledge.
Lambert, J.J. 1972. A Short Introduction to English Usage. New York : MacGraw
Hill Inc.
Langacker, R.W. 1972. Fundamentals of Linguistics Analysis. New York :

Harcourt brace Javanovich.
Leech, E. 1983. A Communicative Grammar of English. Singapore : Kyodo Shing

Long Industric Ltd.
Leech, Reuchar, and Hougenraad. 1982. English Grammar For Today. London :
Macmillan Publisher Ltd.
Oshima, A and Hogue, A. 1999. Writing Academic English, Third Edition. New
York : Addison Wesley Longman.
Quirk, R. and Greenbaum, S. 1973. A University Grammar of English. Oxford :

Longman Group Limited.
Robert, P. 1958. Understanding English. New York : Harper and Brothers

Publisher.
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An Analysis of Relative Clause in George Bernard Shaw'S Play "Arms and The Man"

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AN ANALYSIS OF RELATIVE CLAUSE IN GEORGE BERNARD

SHAW’S PLAY “ARMS AND THE MAN”

fulfillment of the requirements to get the degree of “Sarjana Sastra”.

my limited knowledge. Although I myself have a little knowledge about the

I would like to thank to the dean of Faculty of Letters, Drs. Syaifuddin,

guidance and encouragements during the year of my study.

I would like to express my best and sincere thanks to my supervisor Dra.

shared their valuable ideas, times, guidance and patience.

My lovely thanks are due to my beloved parents, M. Jafar Yahya and

the great love and pray in my life. I do love you all.

you are always in my heart. Thank you very much.

Medan, Desember 2007

4. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

Skripsi ini berjudul “An Analysis of Relative Clause in George Bernard

1.1 Background of the Analysis

of them is to communicate with others. In the process of communication, they

need a media to express their thoughts, which is known as language.

Language, the most distinguishing feature of human behavior, is a tool of

communication which separates human beings from animals. Bloomfield (1961:

people. Language is not only a form of communication, but it is also a form of

status in society, and even alter their personality.

Because of its crucial importance in human life, an increasing number of

psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, teachers, speech therapists, computer

Therefore, it is not surprising that linguistics, the systematic study of language,

has been one of fastest expanding branches of knowledge in recent years.

text, which is implemented in the form of sentence.

standardize the process of writing. Because, the characteristic of written language

promotes the development of literature and intellectual development in general. If

consists of the pattern of arrangement of part of words into words. In making a

Sentence is combination of words expressing a complete thought and ideas. The

in composing a sentence is clauses.

Clauses are the principal structures of which sentences are composed. A

classifies clauses in three important ways :

On this , we distinguish between finite clauses, non-finite clauses, and

3. In terms of clauses function, i.e. the function a clause performs in a sentence

; e.g. whether it is nominal clauses, an adverbial clauses, and adjectival

dependent clause, the clause could be differentiated based on their grammatical

function as nominal clause, adverbial clause, and relative clause.

this reason, relative clauses are also called adjective clause.

In this thesis, I attempt to analyze the clause of relative clauses in George

clause and one of the character in the play.

of analysis because I want to understand clearly about relative clauses practically

not only theoretically. In my opinion, to understand and identify relative clause in

a play is more difficult than in the grammar book.

1.2 The Problems of The Analysis

Based on the background, there are several problems during completion of

analysis of this thesis, they are :

1. How to identify and classify the relative clause in George Bernard

Shaw’s play “ARMS AND THE MAN” ?

George Bernard Shaw’s play “ARMS AND THE MAN” ?

functions in George Bernard Shaw’s play “ARMS AND THE MAN” ?

1.3 The Purpose of Analysis

“ARMS AND THE MAN”.

Bernard Shaw’s play “ARMS AND THE MAN”.

functions in George Bernard Shaw’s play “ARMS AND THE MAN”.

1.4 The Scope of the Analysis

1.5 Method of the Analysis

analysis in percentage by using Educational Statistic:

Types and functions of relative clause = n x 100%

n = number of Types and functions of relative clause

∑ n = total number of Types and functions of relative

finishing the analysis.

In designing this thesis, I refer to some information supplied in some