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Faraza Javed
M.Phil Pharmacology
Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is second only to lung cancer as a
cause of cancer deaths in women.
Lymph Lymph
Nodes Vessels
Bacteria
Blood
Cell life
Vessels
90% of cases are reported with ductal carcinoma. Lobular
carcinoma is very rare. If cancer confines to duct it is
benign or in situ but if move beyond duct, termed as
malignant or invasive.
Genetic abnormality due to any mutation allows the cells to
divide more rapidly than healthy cells do and may spread
through the breast, to the lymph or to other parts of the
body (metastasize) e.g. lungs or liver.
It has also been observed that breast stromal cells can
modulate the growth of normal and neoplastic breast
epithelial cells and can secrete growth factors following
stimulation by endogenous hormones. The adipose tissues
contain aromatase enzyme, which produces oestradiol
from circulating cholesterol. Because of the higher
proportion of these fat cells in breasts of older women, the
levels of oestradiol in are much greater than their plasma
levels. This probably accounts for the rising incidence of
breast cancer with ageing and supports the role of steroid
hormones in the pathogenesis of breast cancer.
Risk Factors
Obesity
Age
Alcohol Consumption
Hormone Replacement Therapy
Ionizing Radiation
Having Children late or not at all
History of Cancer
Genetics (BRCA1, BRCA2, HER-2)
Symptoms
Lump in the breast tissue
Dimpling of skin
Skin irritation
Red Scaly Patch on Skin
Swollen Lymph Nodes
Constant Pain in breast and armpit area
Diagnostic Parameters
Mammogram:
A mammogram is a special type of X-ray taken to look for
abnormal growths or changes in breast tissue.
Breast Ultrasound:
An ultrasound can distinguish between a solid mass, which
may be cancer, and a fluid-filled cyst, which is usually not
cancer.
MRI:
MRI may be used to find out how much the disease has
grown throughout the breast the tissue.
Biopsy:
Removal of cells from a suspicious mass to see if it’s cancer
or not.
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