CEMI 222 Tutorial 5 Memorandum

Adriaan de Lange

𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 + 𝑃𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑠
𝑚∗𝑔
𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 +
𝐴
10000 ∗ 9.81
𝑃1 = 5 × 105 + = 24.62 × 105 𝑃𝑎
0.05
Likewise:
15000 ∗ 9.81
𝑃2 = 5 × 105 + = 34.43 × 105 𝑃𝑎
0.05

Since the system is well insulated, the energy balance can be written as:

Δ𝑢 = 𝑊
Since work is done to the system, the 𝑊 term is positive, therefore 𝑇2 > 𝑇1 , since for an ideal gas,
Δ𝑈 = 𝑓(𝑇 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦).
Molecularly this can be seen as the molecules having more kinetic energy.

Since 𝑐𝑣 is constant,

Δ𝑢 = 𝑛. 𝑐𝑣 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
And since 𝑃 is constant after the second block is added,

𝑊 = −𝑃2 (𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
But since we are working with an ideal gas:
𝑛𝑅𝑇2 𝑛𝑅𝑇1 𝑃2
𝑊 = −𝑃2 ( − ) = 𝑛𝑅(−𝑇2 + 𝑇1 )
𝑃2 𝑃1 𝑃1
Substituting both terms into the energy balance:
𝑃2
𝑐𝑣 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) = 𝑅𝑇1 − 𝑅𝑇2
𝑃1
Simplifying and solving for 𝑇2
5 𝑃2
(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) = 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
2 𝑃1
2 𝑃2 5
𝑇2 = ( + ) 𝑇1
7 𝑃1 2
𝑇2 = 556.9 𝐾

For an ideal gas undergoing reversible compression:

𝑇2 𝑣2
Δ𝑠𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 𝑐𝑣 ln ( ) + 𝑅 ln ( )
𝑇1 𝑣1
Again, ideal gas law:
𝑣2 𝑅𝑇2 𝑃1 𝑃1 𝑇2
= =
𝑣1 𝑃2 𝑅𝑇1 𝑃2 𝑇1
𝑇2 𝑃1 𝑇2
Δ𝑠𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 𝑐𝑣 ln ( ) + 𝑅 ln ( )
𝑇1 𝑃2 𝑇1
5 556.9 (24.62)(556.9)
Δ𝑠𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 𝑅 ln ( ) + 𝑅 ln ( )
2 500 (34.43)(500)
Δ𝑠𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 0.348 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾

Since the system is well insulated, Δ𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 = 0

Therefore, Δ𝑠𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 > 0, thus obeying the second law and answering (e):

See (d)
Step 1: the gas is adiabatically expanded to 𝑇2 , for this we need to find the intermediate pressure 𝑃𝐼 ,
where 𝑇2 will be reached under hypothetical circumstances.
𝑘−1 𝑘−1
𝑇1 𝑃1 𝑘 = 𝑇2 𝑃𝐼 𝑘
,
𝑐𝑝 𝑐𝑣 + 𝑅 𝑅 7
where: 𝑘 = = =1+ =
𝑐𝑣 𝑐𝑣 5 5
2𝑅
𝑘 7
𝑇1 𝑘−1 550 2
𝑃𝐼 = ( ) 𝑃1 = ( ) (24.62) = 35.9 𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑇2 556.9
However, since this process is adiabatic, Δ𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝1 = 0

Step 2: the gas is now isothermally expanded from 𝑃𝐼 to 𝑃2

∴ Δ𝑢 = 0; 𝑞 = −𝑊
𝑑𝑞 𝑣𝑑𝑃 𝑅 𝑃2
Δ𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝2 = ∫ = −∫ = − ∫ 𝑑𝑃 = −𝑅 ln = 0.348 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾
𝑇 𝑇 𝑃 𝑃𝐼
𝑅𝑇
{Since 𝑣 = }
𝑃

Thus:

Δ𝑠𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 0.348 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾

Step 1: the process is taken from 𝑃1 , 𝑇2 to 𝑃1 , 𝑇2

For isobaric heating: 𝑑𝑞 = 𝑑ℎ = 𝑐𝑃 𝑑𝑇

𝑐𝑃 𝑇2
Δ𝑠1 = ∫ 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑐𝑃 ln ( )
𝑇 𝑇1
Step 2: the process goes from 𝑃1 , 𝑇2 to 𝑃2 , 𝑇2 :

𝑑𝑞 = −𝑑𝑤 = 𝑃𝑑𝑣
𝑣2 𝑣2
𝑃 𝑅 𝑣2 𝑅𝑇2 𝑃1 𝑃1
Δ𝑠2 = ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑅 ln = 𝑅 ln ( ∗ ) = 𝑅 ln ( )
𝑣1 𝑇 𝑣1 𝑣 𝑣1 𝑃2 𝑅𝑇2 𝑃2

Thus:
𝑇2 𝑃1
Δ𝑠𝑠𝑦𝑠 = Δ𝑠1 + Δ𝑠2 = 𝑐𝑃 ln ( ) + 𝑅 ln ( ) = 0.354 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾
𝑇1 𝑃2

Step 1: Go from 𝑃1 , 𝑇1 to 𝑃𝐼𝐼 , 𝑇2 :

To find 𝑃𝐼𝐼 :
𝑃𝐼𝐼 𝑃1 𝑃1 𝑇2
= ⟹ 𝑃𝐼𝐼 =
𝑇2 𝑇1 𝑇1

𝑃2 𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑃2
Δ𝑠1 = −𝑅 ln ( ) = 𝑅 ln ( ) − 𝑅 ln ( )
𝑃1 𝑇2 𝑇1 𝑃1
Step 2:
𝑐𝑣 𝑇2
Δ𝑠2 = ∫ 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑐𝑣 ln
𝑇 𝑇1
Thus:
𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑇2 𝑃2
Δ𝑠 = (𝑐𝑣 + 𝑅) ln ( ) − 𝑅 ln ( ) = 𝑐𝑃 ln ( ) − 𝑅 ln ( ) = 0.354 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾
𝑇1 𝑃1 𝑇1 𝑃1
 a) Process is adiabatic and reversible, therefore Δ𝑠 = 0
b) For an ideal gas:
𝑇2
𝑐𝑃 𝑃2
Δ𝑠 = ∫ 𝑑𝑇 − 𝑅 ln ( ) = 0
𝑇1 𝑇 𝑃1
𝑇2
𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 − 𝐷𝑇 −2 𝑃2
∴ 0 = 𝑅∫ 𝑑𝑇 − 𝑅 ln
𝑇1 𝑇 𝑃1

𝑇2 𝐷 𝑃2
∴ 0 = 𝐴 ln + 𝐵(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) − 2 − ln
𝑇1 𝑇2 − 𝑇12 𝑃1

With 𝐴 = 3.639; 𝐵 = 0.506 × 10−3 ; 𝐷 = −0.227 × 105 ; 𝑇1 = 250 𝐾; 𝑃1 = 1 𝑏𝑎𝑟; 𝑃2 = 12.06 𝑏𝑎𝑟

Using SOLVER: 𝑇2 = 461.6 𝐾

c) For an ideal gas under adiabatic conditions:

𝑤 = Δ𝑢 = ∫ 𝑐𝑣 𝑑𝑇 = ∫ 𝑐𝑃 − 𝑅 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑅 ∫ 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑇 − 𝐷𝑇 −2 − 1 𝑑𝑇 = 6169.44 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

d) Reversible processes represent the minimum amount of work done,

Therefore, for an irreversible process, 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑟 > 𝑤𝑟𝑒𝑣 ∴ ∆𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑟 > ∆𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑣
Since ∆𝑢 = 𝑓(𝑇 − 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦), the T would be higher for an irreversible process.
 a)

Adiabatic
Δ𝑆𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣 = Δ𝑆𝑠𝑦𝑠 + Δ𝑆𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 = 𝑛𝑁2 Δ𝑠𝑁2 + 𝑛𝑂2 Δ𝑠𝑂2

For 𝑁2 𝑃2 = 𝑝𝑁2 = 0.79 𝑏𝑎𝑟

𝑐𝑃 𝑇1 = 𝑇2 𝑝𝑁2 0.79
Δ𝑠𝑁2 = ∫ 𝑑𝑇 − 𝑅 ln = −𝑅 ln = 1.96 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾
𝑇 𝑃1 1
Likewise:
0.21
Δ𝑠𝑂2 = −𝑅 ln = 12.98 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾
1
Therefore:

Δ𝑠𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣 = 4.27 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾

b)

Energy balance: Δ𝑢 = 0

∴ (𝑛𝑁2 + 𝑛𝑂2 )𝑐𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑥 (𝑇2 − 298) − 𝑛𝑁2 𝑐𝑣𝑁2 (𝑇2 − 298) − 𝑛𝑂2 𝑐𝑣𝑂2 (𝑇2 − 298) = 0

Assuming heat capacities being equal, 𝑇2 = 298.

Since the vessel is rigid, 𝑉𝑁2 + 𝑉𝑂2 = 𝑉2

𝑛𝑁2 𝑅(298 𝐾) 𝑛𝑂2 𝑅(298 𝐾) (𝑛𝑁2 + 𝑛𝑂2 )𝑅(298𝐾)

∴ + =
2 𝑏𝑎𝑟 1𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑃2
1
𝑃2 = = 1.65 𝑏𝑎𝑟
0.79
( 2 + 0.21)

Therefore: 𝑝𝑁2 = 0.79 ∗ 1.65 = 1.3 𝑏𝑎𝑟 and 𝑝𝑂2 = 0.35 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Following the procedure from a):

Δ𝑠𝑁2 = 3.58 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾 and Δ𝑠𝑂2 = 8.73 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾

Δ𝑆𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣 = 4.66 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾

Assuming steady state, with no heat transfer or shaft

work done, the energy balance is:

0 = 𝑚̇1 ℎ̂1 − 𝑚̇2 ℎ̂2

Since 𝑚̇1 = 𝑚̇2 ;

ℎ̂1 = ℎ̂2 = 3398.3 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔

𝑠̂2 = 6.7239 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
Therefore, from interpolation:

𝑠̂2 = 8.7089 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

Δ𝑠𝑠𝑦𝑠 = 1.9859 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

Since Δ𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 = 0, Δ𝑠𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣 = 1.9859 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾

 𝑇1 = 623.15 𝐾; 𝑃1 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚; 𝑅 = 82.06 𝑐𝑚3 . 𝑎𝑡𝑚/𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾; 𝑣1 = 600 𝑐𝑚3 /𝑚𝑜𝑙;
Change in entropy for an ideal gas with lowest T at Δ𝑠 = 0:
𝑐𝑃 𝑃2
Δ𝑠 = 0 = ∫ 𝑑𝑇 − 𝑅 ln
𝑇 𝑃1
𝑅𝑇1
But, 𝑃1 = 𝑣1

𝑇2
𝑃2 𝑣1
0 = ∫ 1.213𝑇 −1 + 28.785 × 10−3 − 8.824 × 10−6 𝑇 𝑑𝑇 − ln
𝑇1 𝑅𝑇1

𝑇2 8.824 × 10−6 2 𝑃2 𝑣1
0 = 1.213 ln + 28.785 × 10−3 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) − (𝑇2 − 𝑇12 ) − ln
𝑇1 2 𝑅𝑇1
Using SOLVER:

𝑇2 = 454.14 𝐾
Work:

Energy balance:

0 = 𝑛1 ℎ1 − 𝑛2 ℎ2 + 𝑊̇𝑠
Since 𝑛1 = 𝑛2

𝑊̇𝑠 454.14
= Δℎ = ∫ 𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑅 ∫ 1.213 + 28.785 × 10−3 𝑇 − 8.824 × 10−6 𝑇 2 𝑑𝑇
𝑛 623.15

28.785 × 10−3 2 8.824 × 10−6 3

𝑤 = 𝑅 (1.213 ∗ (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) + (𝑇2 − 𝑇12 ) − (𝑇2 − 𝑇13 ))
2 3

𝑤 = −19863.7639 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
 a) Following the same reasoning as 3.38,
𝑐𝑃 𝑃2
Δ𝑠 = 0 = ∫ 𝑑𝑇 − 𝑅 ln
𝑇 𝑃1
𝑇2 𝑃2
0 = 𝑅 (3.6 ln + 0.5 × 10−3 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )) − 𝑅 ln
𝑇1 𝑃1

Using Solver:

𝑇2 = 231.9 𝐾
Again from 3.38:

𝑊̇𝑠 231.9
= Δℎ = 𝑅 ∫ 3.6 + 0.5 × 10−3 𝑑𝑇
𝑛 773.15

𝑊̇𝑠
= −18460.26 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑛
𝑊̇𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −184.6126 𝑘𝐽/𝑠

b) 𝑊̇𝑠 = 𝜂𝑊̇𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −147.7 𝑘𝐽/𝑠

Energy balance:

𝑃1 𝑉1 200
𝑊̇𝑠 = 𝑛̇ Δℎ = ∫ 3.355 + 0.5 × 10−3 𝑇 − 0.016 × 105 𝑇 −2 𝑑𝑇
𝑇1 20

𝑊̇𝑠 = 220.8 𝑘𝐽/𝑠

This is the “real” power required, to calculate the minimum power required:

𝜂 = 𝑊̇𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 /𝑊̇𝑠

∴ 𝑊̇𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.8 ∗ 220.8 = 176.6 𝑘𝑊

Using the above energy balance, the most efficient T can be calculated:

𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑇2
𝑊̇𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ∫ 3.355 + 0.5 × 10−3 𝑇 − 0.016 × 105 𝑇 −2 𝑑𝑇
𝑇1 20

𝑇2 = 436.4 𝐾
Using the formula for entropy for an ideal gas:
𝑐𝑃 𝑃2
Δ𝑠 = 0 = ∫ 𝑑𝑇 − 𝑅 ln
𝑇 𝑃1
And solve for 𝑃2 = 4.16 𝑏𝑎𝑟