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ECEG-6302-Tutorial 6 PDF
ECEG-6302-Tutorial 6 PDF
Learning Outcomes
2
Bandwidth constraints on
Communication system design or
Type of the information bearing signal
Nyquist criteria
Pulse amplitudes can be detected correctly despite pulse
spreading or overlapping, if there is no ISI at the decision-
making instants the design of pulse shaping filter)
Nyquist criteria
5
1 k 0
m
x( t kT ) x( kT ) xk
k 0
X(f ) B( f ) T
0 m T
When T = 1/2w
T f W sin( πt T )
X(f) x(t) sinc( πt T)
0 otherwise πt T
Excess bandwidth
Matlab Demo
7
% Script for plotting the time domain and frequency domain representation
% of raised cosine filters for various values of alpha
clear all
fs = 10;
% defining the sinc filter
sincNum = sin(pi*[-fs:1/fs:fs]); % numerator of the sinc function
sincDen = (pi*[-fs:1/fs:fs]); % denominator of the sinc function
sincDenZero = find(abs(sincDen) < 10^-10);
sincOp = sincNum./sincDen;
sincOp(sincDenZero) = 1; % sin(pix/(pix) =1 for x =0
alpha = 0;
cosNum = cos(alpha*pi*[-fs:1/fs:fs]);
cosDen = (1-(2*alpha*[-fs:1/fs:fs]).^2);
cosDenZero = find(abs(cosDen)<10^-10);
cosOp = cosNum./cosDen;
cosOp(cosDenZero) = pi/4;
gt_alpha0 = sincOp.*cosOp;
GF_alpha0 = fft(gt_alpha0,1024);
Matlab Demo
8
alpha = 0.5;
cosNum = cos(alpha*pi*[-fs:1/fs:fs]);
cosDen = (1-(2*alpha*[-fs:1/fs:fs]).^2);
cosDenZero = find(abs(cosDen)<10^-10);
cosOp = cosNum./cosDen;
cosOp(cosDenZero) = pi/4;
gt_alpha5 = sincOp.*cosOp;
GF_alpha5 = fft(gt_alpha5,1024);
alpha = 1;
cosNum = cos(alpha*pi*[-fs:1/fs:fs]);
cosDen = (1-(2*alpha*[-fs:1/fs:fs]).^2);
cosDenZero = find(abs(cosDen)<10^-10);
cosOp = cosNum./cosDen;
cosOp(cosDenZero) = pi/4;
gt_alpha1 = sincOp.*cosOp;
GF_alpha1 = fft(gt_alpha1,1024);
Matlab Demo
9
close all
figure
plot([-fs:1/fs:fs],[gt_alpha0],'b','LineWidth',2)
hold on
plot([-fs:1/fs:fs],[gt_alpha5],'m','LineWidth',2)
plot([-fs:1/fs:fs],[gt_alpha1],'c','LineWidth',2)
legend('alpha=0','alpha=0.5','alpha=1');
grid on
xlabel('time, t')
ylabel('amplitude, g(t)')
title('Time domain representation of raised cosine pulse shaping filters')
figure
plot([-512:511]/1024*fs, abs(fftshift(GF_alpha0)),'b','LineWidth',2);
hold on
plot([-512:511]/1024*fs, abs(fftshift(GF_alpha5)),'m','LineWidth',2);
plot([-512:511]/1024*fs, abs(fftshift(GF_alpha1)),'c','LineWidth',2);
legend('alpha=0','alpha=0.5','alpha=1');
axis([-2 2 0 14])
grid on
xlabel('frequency, f')
ylabel('amplitude,|G(f)|')
title('Frequency domain waveform of raised cosine pulse shaping filters')
Result
10
Result
11
Examples
12
Find:
The power spectral density of 𝑠(𝑡);
Cont..
13
𝐺 𝑓 2 𝑗2𝜋𝑛𝑓𝑇
𝑆𝑠 𝑓 = 𝑅
𝑛 𝑛 𝑒
𝑇
= 𝐴2 𝑇 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 2 (𝑇𝑓)
Controlled ISI: Assume we want to have a null in the spectrum
at 𝑓 = 1/2𝑇 . This is done by a precoding of the form
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 + 𝛼𝑎𝑛−1 . Find the α that provides the desired null.
EX…. Proakis!!!
Controlled ISI Trade-off
14
Pe Q ( SNR )
Optimum Receivers with
16
ISI & AWGN
With Controlled ISI, the matched filter output sampled
at 𝑡 = 𝐾𝑇 =/2𝑊
y k ak ak 1 z ' k ;
The probability of error for ML optimum detection
d2
Pe Q ( )
v 2
Optimum Receivers with
17
Zero ISI & AWGN
Example 2: Considering Example above Determine The
error probability of the optimal detector for an
additive white Gaussian noise channel with noise
power spectral density equal to N0/2.
Optimum Receivers with
18
Controlled ISI & AWGN
Example :3 In a binary PAM system, the input to the detector is
𝑦𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚 + 𝑛𝑚 + 𝑖𝑚