Digital communication systems worksheet

1. In additive white Gaussian noise channel with noise power-spectral density of N 0 /2, two
equiprobable messages are transmitted by

{
At
,0 ≤ t ≤ T
s1 ( t )= T
0 , Otherwise

{ ( )
t
A 1− ,0≤t≤T
s2 ( t ) = T
0 , Otherwise
a) Determine the structure of the optimum receiver.
b) Determine the probability of error expression.
2. Consider a communication system operating over an AWGN channel with zero mean and
power spectral density N 0 /2. An on-off keying version of binary ASK system is used to
transmit symbols, with symbol 1∧0 are represented as follows

{√
2E
cos ( 2 π f c t ) , 0 ≤ t ≤T b
1 ⟶ s1 ( t )= Tb
0 ,Otherwise
and
0 ⟶ s 2 ( t )=0
E+ 0
where, Eb = is the average signal energy per bit and T b is the bit duration. Assume that
2
symbols 1 and 0 occur with equal probability.
a) Determine the possible basis functions, draw the signal-space representation of the
messages, and determine the Euclidean distance between them.
b) Derive and plot the optimal decision regions using a maximum likelihood (ML) criterion:
assume that symbols 1 and 0 occur with equal probability.
c) Determine an exact expression for the probability of symbol error (in terms of the Q -
function, and the variables Eb and N 0 ).
3. Digital information is to be transmitted by carrier modulation through an additive Gaussian
noise channel with a bandwidth of 100 kHz and N 0=10−10 W / Hz . Determine the maximum
rate that can be transmitted through the channel for four-phase PSK, binary FSK, and four-
frequency orthogonal FSK which is detected noncoherently.

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 Digital communication systems worksheet

4. Two passband data transmission systems are to be compared. One system uses 16-PSK, and
the other uses 16-QAM. Both systems are required to produce an average probability of
symbol error equal to 10−3 . Compare the signal-to-noise ratio requirements of these two
systems.
5. An FSK system transmits binary data at the rate of 2.5 ×106 bits per second. During the
course of transmission, white Gaussian noise of zero mean and power spectral density
−20
10 W / Hz is added to the signal. In the absence of noise, the amplitude of the received
sinusoidal wave for digit 1 or 0 is 1 μV . Determine the average probability of symbol error
for the following system configurations:
a) Coherent binary FSK.
b) Noncoherent binary FSK.
6. In a coherent FSK system, the signals s1 ( t ) and s2 ( t ) representing symbols 1 and 0,
respectively are defined by

[ (
s1 ( t ) , s 2 ( t )= A c cos 2 π f c ±
∆f
2 )]
t , 0 ≤t ≤ T b

Assuming that f c ≥ ∆ f ,
a) Show that the correlation coefficient of the signals s1 ( t ) and s2 ( t ) is approximated given
by
Tb

∫ s1 ( t ) s 2 (t ) dt
ρ= 0 Tb
≅ sinc ( 2 ∆ f T b )
∫ s ( t ) dt
2
1
0

b) What is the minimum value of frequency shift ∆ f for which the signals s1 ( t ) and s2 ( t ) are
orthogonal?
c) What is the value of ∆ f that minimizes the average probability of symbol error?
d) For the value of ∆ f obtained in part (c), determine the increase in Eb /T b required so that
this coherent FSK system has the same noise performance as a coherent binary PSK
system.
7. Suppose that binary PSK is used for transmitting information over an AWGN with power-
spectral density of N 0 / 2=10−10 W / Hz . The transmitted signal energy is Eb =A 2 T / 2, where T

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 Digital communication systems worksheet

is the bit interval and A is the signal amplitude. Determine the signal amplitude required to
achieve an error probability of 10−6 , if the data rate is (a)10 kbps (b)100 kbps (c) 1 Mbps
8. Consider the four-phase and eight-phase signal constellation shown in the following figure.
Determine the radii r 1 and r 2 of the circles, such that the distance between two adjacent
points in the two constellations is d . From this result, determine the additional transmitted
energy required in the 8-PSK signal to achieve the same error probability as four-phase
signal at high SNR, where the probability of error is determined by errors in selecting
adjacent points.

9. The 16-QAM signal constellation shown in figure below is an international standard for
telephone-line modems (called V.29). Determine the optimum decision boundaries for the
detector, assuming that the SNR is sufficiently high so that errors only occur between
adjacent points.

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 Digital communication systems worksheet

10. Consider a digital communication system that transmits information via QAM over a voice-
band telephone channel at a rate 2400 symbols / second . The additive noise is assumed to be
white and Gaussian.
a) Determine the Eb /N 0 required to achieve an error probability of 10−5 at 4800 bps .
b) Repeat (a) for a bit rate of 9600 bps .
c) Repeat (a) for a bit rate of 19,200 bps.
d) What conclusions do you reach from these results?
11. Assume the specifications for a given telephone line are f min =300 Hz , f max =3600 Hz , and a
SNR of at least 28 dB . Design a set of operational parameters for a modem transmitting on
this line (baud rate, carrier frequency, constellation size). How many bits per second can you
transmit?
12. A binary data stream of 4 digits d k =[ 1011 ] is spread using an 8-chip code sequence
C (t)=[01101001]. The spread data phase modulates a carrier using binary phase shift
keying. The transmitted spread-spectrum signal is exposed to interference from a tone at the
carrier frequency but with 30 degrees phase shift. The receiver generates an in-phase copy of
the code sequence and a coherent carrier from a local oscillator.
a) Determine the baseband transmitted signal.
b) Express the signal received. Ignore the background noise.
c) Assuming negligible noise, determine the detected signal at the output of the receiver.
13. In a DS/BPSK system, the feedback shift register used to generate the PN sequence has
length m=19 . The system is required to have an average probability of symbol error due to
externally generated interfering signals that does not exceed 10−5 . Calculate the following
system parameters in decibels:
a) Processing gain (PG).
b) Anti-jam margin.
14. A modulation technique, of which a modification is used in the Japanese PDC system, is π /4
-QPSK. In π /4 -QPSK, the transmitter adds a phase offset to every transmitted symbol. The
phase offset is increased by π /4 between every transmitted symbol. In contrast, ordinary
QPSK does not add a phase offset to the transmitted symbols. Given knowledge of the phase
offset, the receiver can demodulate the transmitted symbols.

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 Digital communication systems worksheet

a) Assuming an AWGN channel and Gray coding of the transmitted bits, derive exact
expressions for the bit and symbol error probabilities as functions of Eb and N 0!
b) What are some of the advantages of π / 4 -QPSK compared to conventional QPSK? Hint:
look at the phase of the transmitted signal.

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