Chapter 2 Antenna Parameters V2

Chapter 2: Antenna Parameters
Department of Information and Communication Engineering

(ICE)
Bangladesh Army University of Engineering & Technology (BAUET)
Lecture Note
on
Course Title: EM field and Antenna Engineering

Course Code: ICE-2241
Prepared by
Dr. Md. Rubel Basar
Asst. Prof., Dept. of ICE
ICE-3141: Antenna Engineering

Dr. Md. Rubel Basar, AP, ICE
Fundamental Parameters of Antennas
Introduction
To describe the performance of an antenna, definitions of various parameters are necessary.
Some of the parameters are inter-related and not all of them need be specified for complete
description of the antenna performance. Parameter definitions will be given in this chapter.
JDK Figure 2-10: Schematic diagram of basic parameters
Q1. Define Radiation Pattern and Radiation Property.

Ans: An antenna pattern or a radiation pattern is a three dimensional plot of its
radiation at far field.
When the amplitude of a specific field component (E field) is plotted it is called the field
pattern of voltage pattern.
When the square of the amplitude of field (E field) is plotted it is called the power pattern.
E-Plane pattern of vertical pattern or Elevation plane pattern: The radiation pattern of
normalized |Es| versus θ (0 to 3600) for constant φ.
H-Plane pattern of Horizontal pattern or Azimuth plane pattern: The radiation pattern
of normalized |Es| versus φ (0 to 3600) for constant θ=π/2.

JDK Figure 2–3: Three-dimensional field pattern of a directional antenna with maximum radiation in z-
direction
Often the field and power patterns are normalized with respect to their maximum value,
yielding normalized field and power patterns. Also, the power pattern is usually plotted on
a logarithmic scale or more commonly in decibels (dB).

This scale is usually desirable because a logarithmic scale can highlight in more details
those parts of the pattern that have very low values, which later we will refer to as minor
lobes. For an antenna, the
Normalized Field Pattern: Dividing a field component by its maximum value, we obtain a
normalized or relative field pattern which is a dimensionless number with maximum value
of unity. Thus, the normalized field pattern for the electric field is given by
The normalized power pattern is given by
Q2. Sketch the field pattern in linear scale, power pattern in linear scale and
power pattern in decibel scale. Explain how the HPBW varies in different
plot.
(a) Field pattern (in linear scale) (b) Power pattern (in linear scale) (c) Power pattern (in dB)
To find the points where the pattern achieves its half-power beam width (HPBW), relative
to the normalized maximum value of the pattern, you set the value of the

a. Half power lever in field pattern: P=E2 => E=√(P/2) => 1/√2= 0.707 value
of its maximum, as shown in Figure 2.2(a)
b. Half power lever in power pattern=1/2= 0.5 value of its maximum, as shown in
Figure 2.2(b)
c. Half power lever in power pattern (in dB)= 10*log (0.5)= -3 dB value of its
maximum as shown in Figure 2.2(c)
Q3. Define ISOTROPIC, Directional and Omnidirectional Antenna.

Isotropic Antenna: A hypothetical lossless Antenna having equal radiation in all direction
in all direction is known as isotropic antenna. It’s ideal and physically unrealizable and
usually use for expressing the directive properties of actual antenna.
Omnidirectional antenna: The antenna which is essentially non-directional or Isotropic in

a given plane and directional in any integral plane is known as omnidirectional antenna. It is
a special type of directional antenna.
Directional Antenna: It has the property of radiating or receiving electromagnetic waves

more effectively in some direction than in other, is known as Directional Antenna.
Directional

Q4. What do you mean by radiation lobe? Classify radiation lobes with
suitable diagram.
Various parts of a radiation pattern are referred to as lobes, which may be sub-classified
into major or main, minor, side, and back lobes.
A radiation lobe is a “portion of the radiation pattern bounded by regions of relatively weak
radiation intensity.” Figure 2.3(a) demonstrates a symmetrical three-dimensional polar
pattern with a number of radiation lobes. Some are of greater radiation intensity than others,
but all are classified as lobes.

N.B.: the plus (+) and minus (-) signs in the lobes indicate the relative polarization of the amplitude.
Now, Describe these Classification:
Major Lobe: A major lobe (also called main beam) is defined as “the radiation lobe
containing the direction of maximum radiation.” In Figure 2.3 the major lobe is pointing in
the θ=0 direction. In some antennas, such as split-beam antennas, there may exist more than
one major lobe.
Minor Lobe: A minor lobe is any lobe except a major lobe. In Figures 2.3(a) and (b) all the
lobes with the exception of the major can be classified as minor lobes.
Side Lobe: A side lobe is “a radiation lobe in any direction other than the intended lobe.”
(Usually a side lobe is adjacent to the main lobe and occupies the hemisphere in the direction
of the main beam.).
Back Lobe: A back lobe is “a radiation lobe whose axis makes an angle of approximately
180◦ with respect to the main beam of an antenna.” Usually it refers to a minor lobe that
occupies the hemisphere in a direction opposite to that of the majo (main) lobe.
BEAMWIDTH
The beamwidth of a pattern is defined as the angular separation between two identical
points on opposite side of the pattern. In an antenna pattern, there are a number of beam
widths. The most widely used beam widths are the
i. Half-Power Beamwidth (HPBW)

ii. First-Null Beamwidth (FNBW)
HPBW: The definition by IEEE as: “In a plane containing the direction of the maximum of
a beam, the angle between the two directions in which the radiation intensity is one-half value
of the beam.” or
the angular separation at half power point (at 3dB point) in the main beam or major lobe is
called HPBW.
FNBW: The angular separation between the first nulls point on the main beam or major lobe
is called FNBW.
Front to Back Ratio: It is ratio of gain from major lobe to back lobe.
EXAMPLE 2–3.1 (JDK) Half-Power Beamwidth
An antenna has a field pattern given by E(θ) = cos2θ for 0◦ ≤ θ ≤ 90◦ Find the half-power
beamwidth (HPBW).
■ Solution
E(θ) at half power = 0.707. Thus 0.707 = cos2θ so cosθ = √0.707 and θ = 330
HPBW = 2θ = 66◦ Ans.

EXAMPLE 2–3.2(JDK) Half-Power Beamwidth and First Null Beamwidth
An antenna has a field pattern given by E(θ) = cosθ cos2θ for 0◦ ≤ θ ≤ 90◦. Find (a) the half-
power beamwidth (HPBW) and (b) the beamwidth between first nulls (FNBW).
■ Solution
(a) E(θ) at half power = 0.707. Thus 0.707 = cos θ cos 2θ = 1/√2.
1  1  1  1 
cos 2  or 2  cos 1   or   cos 1  
2 cos  2 cos  2  2 cos  
'
Iterating with θ’ = 0 as a first guess, θ = 22.5◦. Setting θ’ = 22.5◦, θ = 20.03◦, etc.,
until after next iteration θ = θ’ = 20.47◦ ∼ = 20.5◦ and
HPBW = 2θ = 41◦ Ans. (a)
(b) 0 = cos θ cos 2θ, so θ = 45◦ and
FNBW = 2θ = 90◦ Ans. (b)
Additional Example: Determine the half power beam width (HPBW) for a Hertz dipole
antenna which radiation pattern is represented by E(θ)=Sin (θ) for -90◦ ≤ θ ≤ 90◦.
Q.5 Explain Angle, Solid Angle and Beam Solid Angle
Angle (Radian): Angle is the arc length per unit radius in a circle (in 2D).
𝐴𝑟𝑐 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐿
The angle Ɵ= = (𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛) [it is measured in 2D case]
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑟

For complete circle, arc length= 2πr
2𝜋𝑟
So, Ɵ= = 2𝜋 (𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛)
𝑟
Solid Angle (Sterdian): The solid angle is the area per unit square of radius.
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
The solid angle Ω = (𝑠𝑟)
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 2
The complete share surface area is 4πr2, So,

4𝜋𝑟 2
Ω= (𝑠𝑟) = 4𝜋 (sr)
𝑟2
Solid angel measured in 3D.
Define Beam Area or Beam Solid Angle, Symmetrical and Nonsymmetrical pattern,
How can you calculate the beam area or beam solid angle: The beam solid angle ΩA is
defined as the solid angle through which all the power of the antenna would flow if its
radiation intensity is constant for all angles within ΩA. Figure below show the example of
beam solid angle.

(a) Nonsymmetrical pattern (b) Symmetrical pattern

CAB: Figure 2.14 Beam solid angles for nonsymmetrical and symmetrical radiation patterns.
For a rotationally symmetric pattern, the half-power beam widths in any two
perpendicular planes are the same (θ1r = θ2r), as illustrated in Figure 2.14(b).
The beam area or beam solid angle or 𝛀𝑨 of an antenna (Fig. 2–5b) is given by the integral
of the normalized power pattern over a sphere (4π sr)
Example: Determine the beam area of an antenna, if the antenna has a radiated field pattern
given by E(Ɵ)= Cos2(Ɵ) for 0≤ Ɵ ≤90.
Solution:
We know the beam area can be calculated as below:
[d  =sin  d  d  ]


Q5. What is antenna beam efficiency? Write the mathematical expression
on how we can calculate it.
Beam Efficiency
Another parameter that is frequently used to judge the quality of transmitting and receiving antennas
is the beam efficiency. The beam efficiency (BE) can be defined as the ratio of solid angle for major
lobe to the solid angle for minor lobes.
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑒𝑠 Ω𝑀
BE= =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 (𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑)𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑔𝑙𝑒 Ω𝐴
Where, Ω𝐴 = Ω𝑀 + Ω𝑚
Ω𝑀 = power per unit solid angle of major lobes
Ω𝑚 = power per unit solid angle of minor lobes
The beam efficiency will indicate the amount of power in the major lobe compared to the total power.
A very high beam efficiency is necessary for antennas used in radiometry, astronomy, radar, and
other applications where received signals through the minor lobes must be minimized.
Q6. Define Antenna Bandwidth. Explain with example what are the
different way to represent antenna bandwidth for narrowband and
wideband antenna?
The bandwidth of an antenna is defined as “the range of frequencies within which the
performance of the antenna, with respect to some characteristic, conforms to a specified
standard.” The bandwidth can be considered to be the range of frequencies, on either
side of a center frequency (usually the resonance frequency for a dipole), where the
antenna characteristics (such as input impedance, pattern, beamwidth, polarization,
side lobe level, gain, beam direction, radiation efficiency) are within an acceptable value
of those at the center frequency.

For broadband antennas, the bandwidth is usually expressed as the ratio of the upper-to-lower frequencies of
acceptable operation. For example, a 10:1 bandwidth indicates that the upper frequency is 10 times greater
than the lower. For narrowband antennas, the bandwidth is expressed as a percentage of the frequency
difference (upper minus lower) over the center frequency of the bandwidth. For example, a 5% bandwidth
indicates that the frequency difference of acceptable operation is 5% of the center frequency of the
bandwidth.
Antennas with very large bandwidths (like 40:1 or greater) have been designed in recent years. These are
known as frequency independent antennas.
Define Radiation Power Density and show the expression how to

calculate radiation power density
When electromagnetic waves travels in space, the power density radiated by the antenna is
related to the electric and magnetic field is given by
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐸⃗ 𝑥𝐻
𝑊 ⃗ (𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡/𝑚2 )
Instantaneous power radiated by the antenna is express as
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑠
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑠 = ∮ 𝑊
Average power density

1
𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑅𝑒[𝐸⃗ 𝑥𝐻
⃗]
2
So, radiated (avg) power by antenna
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑑𝑠
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = ∮ 𝑊
Define Radiation Intensity and its mathematical expression:

Radiation intensity in a given direction is defined as “the power radiated from an antenna per
unit solid angle.” The radiation intensity is a far-field parameter, and it can be obtained by

simply multiplying the radiation density by the square of the distance. In mathematical form
it is expressed as
Where, U=radiation intensity (W/unit solid angle)
Wrad = radiation density (W/m2)
𝐸2
W (power density)=
2𝜂
𝑟 2𝐸2
So, radiation intensity =
2𝜂
The total power is obtained by integrating the radiation intensity, thus
Where, dΩ = element of solid angle =sinƟ dƟ dØ
Define Directivity and derive the mathematical expression of antenna

directivity and maximum directivity: The directivity of an antenna or array is a
measure of the antenna‘s ability to focus the energy in one or more specific directions. You
can determine an antenna‘s directivity by looking at its radiation pattern. In an array
propagating a given amount of energy, more radiation takes place in certain directions than
in others.
The directivity of an antenna is defined as the ratio of radiation intensity in a given
direction from the antenna to the radiation intensity average over all direction.
𝑈𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐷=
𝑈𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
Average radiation intensity

𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑈𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
4𝜋
Thus, the directivity
4𝜋𝑈
𝐷=
𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑
If the direction is not specified, it implies the direction of maximum radiation intensity
(maximum directivity).
The maximum directivity is defined as the ratio of radiation intensity in maximum direction
to the radiation intensity of isotropic source.
𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 4𝜋𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐷0 = =
𝑈0 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑
D=directivity (dimensionless)
Dmax= D0= Maximum directivity (dimensionless)
U= radiation intensity (W/unit solid angle)

Umax= maximum radiation intensity (W/unit solid angle)
U0 = radiation intensity of isotropic source (W/unit solid angle)
Prad = total radiated power (W)

Lecture-11
Example: Determine the directivity of a unidirectional antenna, the radiation intensity
of which is given by U=UmCos Ɵ. Where, 0 ≤Ɵ≤π/2 and 0≤Ø≤2π.
Solution:
4U m
We know the directivity, D and
Prad
The radiated power,

Prad   Ud
2  / 2
 
 
0
 (U
0
m Cos  ) * Sin d d
2  /2
 Um


0
d


0
Cos  Sin d
2  /2
U
 m
2 

0
d


0
2Cos  Sin d
 /2
 m  0  Sin2 d
U 2
2  0
 /2
U ( 2 )  Cos 2 
 m 
2 2  0
U m
  Cos   Cos 0
2
U m
 1  1  U m
2
4U m 4U m
Now the directivity, D   4
Prad U m
Define Antenna Efficiency what are the different way to represent it? Show
that total efficiency e0=ecd(1-| Γ|2):
The efficiency (or radiation efficiency) of an antenna is a ratio of the power delivered to the
antenna relative to the power radiated from the antenna.
 A high efficiency antenna has most of the power present at the antenna's input
radiated away.
 A low efficiency antenna has most of the power absorbed as losses within the
antenna, or reflected away due to impedance mismatch.

The antenna efficiency (or radiation efficiency) can be written as the ratio of the radiated
power to the input power of the antenna:
𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝜀𝑅 =
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
Being a ratio, antenna efficiency is a number between 0 and 1. However, antenna efficiency
is commonly quoted in terms of a percentage; for example, an efficiency of 0.5 is the same
as 50%. Antenna efficiency is also frequently quoted in decibels (dB); an efficiency of 0.1
is 10% or (-10 dB), and an efficiency of 0.5 or 50% is -3 dB.
The overall antenna efficiency take into the following losses:
 Reflections because of the mismatch between the transmission line and the
antenna
 Conduction and dielectric losses
In general, the overall efficiency can be written as:
𝑒0 = 𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑐 𝑒𝑑
Where, e0 = total efficiency (dimensionless)
er = reflection (mismatch) efficiency(dimensionless)
ec = conduction efficiency (dimensionless)
ed = dielectric efficiency.


Lecturer-12
Antenna Gain:
An antenna's power gain or simply gain is a key performance which combines the
antenna's directivity and electrical efficiency. In a transmitting antenna, the gain describes
how well the antenna converts input power into radio waves headed in a specified direction.
Gain is a parameter which measures the degree of directivity of the antenna's radiation
pattern. A high-gain antenna will preferentially radiate in a particular direction. Specifically,
the antenna gain, or power gain of an antenna is defined as the ratio of the intensity (power
per unit surface) radiated by the antenna in the direction of its maximum output, at an arbitrary
distance, divided by the intensity radiated at the same distance by a hypothetical isotropic
antenna.
Derive the Relationship between Directivity and Gain or show that the
antenna gain is product of efficiency and directivity:
Directivity function, D (Ɵ, Ø) describes the variation of the radiation intensity. The directivity
function D (Ɵ, Ø) is defined by
Pow er radiated per unit solid angle

D( ,  )  …………………..(1)
Average power radiated per unit solid angle
dPr
If Pr is the radiated power, the gives the amount of power radiated per unit solid angle. If
d
this power beam uniformly radiated in all directions then average power radiated per unit
Pr
solid angle is
4
dPr
D( ,  )  d  4
dPr
…………………..(2)
Pr d / Pr
4
4U max
D( ,  ) 
Pr
The gain of an antenna is defined in the similar manner which takes into account the total
input power rather than the total radiated power is used as the reference. The amount of power
given as input to the antenna is not fully radiated.
The gain of the antenna is defined as

𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 4𝜋𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐺(𝜃, ∅) = 4𝜋 =
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑖𝑛
4𝜋𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 4𝜋𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥
= =𝜂 𝑊𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 [𝑃𝑟 = 𝜂𝑃𝑖𝑛 ]
𝑃𝑟 𝑃𝑟
𝜂
𝐺(𝜃, ∅) = 𝜂 𝐷(𝜃, ∅)
An antenna with a gain of 100 and input power of 1 W is equally effective as an antenna
having a gain of 50 and input power 2 W.

Lecturer-13
Example 2.10 (CAB)
A lossless resonant half-wavelength dipole antenna, with input impedance of 73
ohms, is connected to a transmission line whose characteristic impedance is 50
ohms. Assuming that the pattern of the antenna is given approximately by
U = B0 sin3θ
find the maximum absolute gain of this antenna.
Solution: Let us first compute the maximum directivity of the antenna. For this
U|max = Umax = B0
Since the antenna was stated to be lossless, then the radiation efficiency e cd = 1.
Thus, the total maximum gain is equal to
G0 = ecdD0 = 1(1.697) = 1.697
G0(dB) = 10 log10(1.697) = 2.297 dB
which is identical to the directivity because the antenna is lossless.
There is another loss factor which is not taken into account in the gain. That is the
loss due to reflection or mismatch losses between the antenna (load) and the
transmission line.
This loss is accounted for by the reflection efficiency, and it is equal to
𝑍 −𝑍
Where, 𝛤 = 𝑍𝐿 +𝑍𝑜
𝐿 𝑜
Therefore the overall efficiency is

e0 = erecd = 0.965
e0(dB) = -0.155
Thus, the overall losses are equal to 0.155 dB. The absolute gain is equal to
G0abs = e0D0 = 0.965(1.697) = 1.6376
G0abs(dB) = 10 log10(1.6376) = 2.142 Ans
Define Radiation Resistance: The antenna is a radiating device, which radiates

EM wave in the space. If we supply I current to antenna, then power dissipated
by antenna is:
𝑃 = 𝐼2 𝑅
The energy supplied to antenna is dissipated in two ways:
i) Radiated power 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝐼2 𝑅𝑟
ii) Ohmic loss power 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐼2 𝑅𝐿
So total power 𝑃 = 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 + 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐼2 𝑅𝑟 + 𝐼2 𝑅𝐿 = 𝐼2 (𝑅𝑟 + 𝑅𝐿 )

The radiation resistance of an antenna is defined as the equivalent resistance that
would dissipate the same amount power as is radiated by the antenna. The
radiation resistance Rr can be calculated as:
2𝜋 𝑙 2 2
𝑙 2
𝑅𝑟 = 𝜂 𝑥 ( ) = 80𝜋 ( )
3 𝜆 𝜆
Where, l is the length of antenna and λ is wavelength of operating frequency.
INPUT IMPEDANCE:
Input impedance is defined as “the impedance presented by an antenna at its
terminals or the ratio of the voltage to current at a pair of terminals or the ratio of
the appropriate components of the electric to magnetic fields at a point.”
The ratio of the voltage to current at these terminals, with no load attached,
defines the impedance of the antenna as
Polarization: An electromagnetic wave consists of a coupled oscillating electric

field and magnetic field which are always perpendicular; by convention, the
"polarization" of electromagnetic waves refers to the direction of the electric
field (or polarization is orientation of electric field).
Types of polarization
a. Linear Polarization
i. horizontal, ii) vertical)
b. Circular Polarization
c. Elliptical Polarization
Circular and Elliptical polarization also two categories: i. Left hand circular, ii) Right hand
circular
Linear Polarization: A time-harmonic wave is linearly polarized at a given point

in space if the electric-field vector at that point is always oriented along the same
straight line (or on a fixed plane) at every instant of time.
Circular Polarization A time-harmonic wave is circularly polarized at a given
point in space if the electric field vector at that point traces a circle as a function
of time.
Elliptical Polarization A time-harmonic wave is elliptically polarized if the tip
of the field vector traces an elliptical locus in space. At various instants of time
the field vector changes continuously with time at such a manner as to describe
an elliptical locus. It is right-hand (clockwise) elliptically polarized if the field
vector rotates clockwise, and it is left-hand (counterclockwise) elliptically
polarized if the field vector of the ellipse rotates counterclockwise
Lecturer-14
The Friis Transmission Equation:

The Friis transmission equation describes how well the energy is exchanged
between transmitter and receiver. Consider a pair of horn antennas with the same
polarization and aligned each other.
The radiated power density from Horn 1 at the location of Horn 2 is :

Prad1
P1 r , ,    Dmax1
4R 2

The power received by Horn 2 is product of this power density and capture area
A2, written as :
Dmax1 A2
Prec2  P1 r , ,  A2  Prad1
4R 2
The power received at Horn 1 resulting from power emitted by Horn 2 :
Dmax 2 A1
Prec1  Prad2
4R 2
The reciprocity property – the transmission pattern is the same as receive pattern,
and the ratio of received power to radiated power will be the same, regardless
which pair is transmitting or receiving.
Prec2 Prec1

Prad1 Prad2
Therefore, Dmax 1 A2  Dmax 2 A1

Dmax1 Dmax 2
Or

A1 A2
Since the directivity and area are independent each other, the ratio must be equal
to constant:
Dmax 4π
 2
A λ
Generally, we find
Dt θ , φAr θ , φ
Prad
Prec 
4πR 2
r – receiver; t – transmitter
Replace the effective area with receiving area to get :
2
 λ 
 Dt θ , φDr θ , φ
Prec

Prad  4πR 
Finally consider,
To get:
2
 λ 
 Gt θ , φGr θ , φ
Pout

Pin  4πR 
This result is known as Friis transmission equation, which addresses on how
much power is received by an antenna.
Lecturer-15
Example:
Consider a pair of half wavelength dipole antennas, separated by 1 km and aligned
for maximum power transfer as shown. The transmission antenna is driven with
1 kW of power at 1 GHz. Assuming antennas are 100% efficient, determine the
receiving antenna’s output power.
Soln: For 100% efficiency and antennas optimally aligned,

2
Pout  λ 
 Dmax t Dmax r  
Pin  4 π R 
For the λ/2 dipole antennas we have Dmaxt = Dmaxr = 1.64 and at 1 GHz, λ = 0.3m,

2
2 
 1.64 
Pout 0.3
  1.5 10 9
Pin 
 4π 110
3
 
In terms of decibels,
Pout
Pin
 
dB   10 log 1.5 10 9  88 dB
So finally, Pout  1.5 109 1 kW   1.5W
Antenna Radiation Efficiency:
Prad Rr
Radiation efficiency = =
Pin Rr +RL
By increasing radiation resistance,

we can increase radiation efficiency.
For Example:
If 𝑅𝑟 = 10Ω, 𝑅𝐿 = 10Ω
𝑅𝑟 10
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜂𝑟𝑎𝑑 = =
𝑅𝑟 + 𝑅𝐿 10 + 10
= 0.5
Example on Antenna Radiation Efficiency:

*The antenna supplied with a power of 10 Watts. Calculate the power
radiated when the efficiency of antenna is 90%.
Solution: 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 10𝑊, 𝜂𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 90% = 0.9
𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜂𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝜂𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 0.9𝑋10 = 9𝑊
𝑃𝑖𝑛

*Radiation resistance of an antenna is 80Ω and loss resistance is 10Ω.
Calculate antenna radiation efficiency. H/W
Antenna Equivalent Areas (Aperture)

With each antenna, we can associate a number of equivalent areas. These are used to
describe the power capturing characteristics of the antenna when a wave impinges on
it. Different Equivalent areas are:
i. Physical Aperture
ii. Effective Aperture
iii. Scattering Aperture
iv. Loss Aperture
v. Capture Aperture
Physical Aperture: Rectangle horn antenna with dimension a and b is given. The
area of opening called as physical aperture Ap = a x b
If incident wave has power density W. then received power, P = WAp (Watts)
Effective Aperture:
Effective area (aperture) is the ratio of the available power at the terminals of a
receiving antenna to the power flux density of a plane wave incident on the
antenna from that direction. In equation form it is written as:

Scattering Area: The scattering area is defined as the equivalent area when
multiplied by the incident power density is equal to the scattered or reradiated
power.
Loss Area: The loss area is defined as the equivalent area, which when multiplied
by the incident power density leads to the power dissipated as heat through RL.
Under conjugate matching this is written,
Capture Area: Finally the capture area is defined as the equivalent area, which
when multiplied by the incident power density leads to the total power captured,
collected, or intercepted by the antenna. Under conjugate matching this is written,
Aperture Efficiency:
Example: A uniform plane wave is incident upon a very short lossless dipole
(l≪λ), as shown in Figure 2.29(a). Find the maximum effective area assuming
that the radiation resistance of the dipole is Rr = 80(πl/λ)2, and the incident field
is linearly polarized along the axis of the dipole.
Figure 2.29 Uniform plane wave incident upon dipole and aperture antennas.
Solution: For RL = 0, the maximum effective area of (2-96) reduces to
Since the dipole is very short, the induced current can be assumed to be constant
and of uniform phase. The induced voltage is
Where,
VT = induced voltage on the dipole
E = electric field of incident wave
l = length of dipole
For a uniform plane wave, the incident power density can be written as
Where η is the intrinsic impedance of the medium (~120π ohms for a free-space
medium). Thus

Antenna Field Regions:

There are three antenna field zone:
1. Reactive near-field region
2. Radiating near-field region
3. Far-field region
Reactive near-field region is defined as “that portion of the near-field region

immediately surrounding the antenna wherein the reactive field predominates.”
For most antennas, the outer boundary of this region is commonly taken to exist
at a distance R<0.62√𝐷3 /𝜆 from the antenna surface, where λ is the wavelength
and D is the largest dimension of the antenna. “For a very short dipole, or
equivalent radiator, the outer boundary is commonly taken to exist at a distance
R<λ/2π from the antenna surface.” Reactive near-field varies with distance as
proportional to 1/r2.
Radiating near-field region is defined as “that region of the field of an antenna
between the reactive near-field region and the far-field region wherein radiation
fields predominate and wherein the angular field distribution is dependent upon
the distance from the antenna. If the antenna has a maximum overall dimension
which is very small compared to the wavelength, this field region may not exist.”
The inner boundary is taken to be the distance R>0.62√𝐷 3 /𝜆 and the outer
boundary the distance R<2D2/λ where D is the largest dimension of the antenna.
Far-field region is defined as “that region of the field of an antenna where the
angular field distribution is essentially independent of the distance from the
antenna. If the antenna has a maximum overall dimension D, the far-field region
is commonly taken to exist at distances greater than 2D2/λ from the antenna, λ
being the wavelength. The far-field patterns of certain antennas, such as multi
beam reflector antennas, are sensitive to variations in phase over their apertures.
The far field varies with distance as proportional to 1/r.


Chapter 2 Antenna Parameters V2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 2 Antenna Parameters V2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 2: Antenna Parameters

Department of Information and Communication Engineering

Course Title: EM field and Antenna Engineering

Chapter 2: Antenna Parameters

ICE-3141: Antenna Engineering

JDK Figure 2-10: Schematic diagram of basic parameters

Q1. Define Radiation Pattern and Radiation Property.

ICE-3141: Antenna Engineering

ICE-3141: Antenna Engineering

The normalized power pattern is given by

ICE-3141: Antenna Engineering

Q3. Define ISOTROPIC, Directional and Omnidirectional Antenna.

Omnidirectional antenna: The antenna which is essentially non-directional or Isotropic in

Directional Antenna: It has the property of radiating or receiving electromagnetic waves

ICE-3141: Antenna Engineering

ICE-3141: Antenna Engineering

Now, Describe these Classification:

i. Half-Power Beamwidth (HPBW)

EXAMPLE 2–3.1 (JDK) Half-Power Beamwidth

HPBW = 2θ = 66◦ Ans.

ICE-3141: Antenna Engineering

Iterating with θ’ = 0 as a first guess, θ = 22.5◦. Setting θ’ = 22.5◦, θ = 20.03◦, etc.,

until after next iteration θ = θ’ = 20.47◦ ∼ = 20.5◦ and

HPBW = 2θ = 41◦ Ans. (a)

(b) 0 = cos θ cos 2θ, so θ = 45◦ and

FNBW = 2θ = 90◦ Ans. (b)

Q.5 Explain Angle, Solid Angle and Beam Solid Angle

ICE-3141: Antenna Engineering

The complete share surface area is 4πr2, So,

Solid angel measured in 3D.

ICE-3141: Antenna Engineering

(a) Nonsymmetrical pattern (b) Symmetrical pattern

We know the beam area can be calculated as below:

ICE-3141: Antenna Engineering

ICE-3141: Antenna Engineering

Ω𝑀 = power per unit solid angle of major lobes

Ω𝑚 = power per unit solid angle of minor lobes

performance of the antenna, with respect to some characteristic, conforms to a specified

standard.” The bandwidth can be considered to be the range of frequencies, on either

antenna characteristics (such as input impedance, pattern, beamwidth, polarization,

of those at the center frequency.

known as frequency independent antennas.

Define Radiation Power Density and show the expression how to

Instantaneous power radiated by the antenna is express as

Average power density

Define Radiation Intensity and its mathematical expression:

ICE-3141: Antenna Engineering

Where, U=radiation intensity (W/unit solid angle)

Wrad = radiation density (W/m2)

The total power is obtained by integrating the radiation intensity, thus

Where, dΩ = element of solid angle =sinƟ dƟ dØ

Define Directivity and derive the mathematical expression of antenna

Average radiation intensity

ICE-3141: Antenna Engineering

U= radiation intensity (W/unit solid angle)

Prad = total radiated power (W)

ICE-3141: Antenna Engineering

ICE-3141: Antenna Engineering

ICE-3141: Antenna Engineering

The overall antenna efficiency take into the following losses:

 Conduction and dielectric losses

In general, the overall efficiency can be written as:

Where, e0 = total efficiency (dimensionless)

er = reflection (mismatch) efficiency(dimensionless)