DIFFENT AL EQUATIDN S FINALS REUIEWER

HIGHER ORDER D.E

STEPS
(n)
d? 0 TRANFRM 10 yy"r
TRANISFORM 10 DIFFE RENTIL FORM WTH
Ne Cos RES PECT 10 THE INDEPENDENT VARARLEE

d dx
M OF THE
dyNet cosx dx LET AL ONE THE DIFFERENTI4L FOR
THE LE FT SDE O THE
DEPEN DENT VAR IABLE
: J'dk tScurd EGUATION BY SIMPLY MULT PLY ING THE
y Ne d tSinx 4C
FFERENT |4L FoRM 0F THE NDEP EN DENT
VARIABLE To THE R1GHT SIDE OF THE EQUATKAJ

J udu W-Jvdu dy.=

dx
CoS x dy' coi dy
UX du=ed NTE GRATE WTIL THE ORDER IS EGUAL TO 1
WILL RESVLT TO A y FUNChO
x&dxeJe'dk
-Sin x+C
Xe-Asinx +c
Oye- +sinx tC

dy=(ye'-sin y+C
ye'd- Je'dx + Jsinvdk +JG.de
y
-cos y + CX 4 Ce
y Ye--
y Xe-2e -Cosx + Cix
USE OF DIFFE RENT IAL OPERATOK
DIFFERENTIAL OPERATOR = D STEPS
OIF GIVEKL A DECKEASING ORDER, USE

dx dx DIFFERENTIAL OPERATOR
D dx
D' d
dy2
D-dDdD
dx dy2 dy

Dy 13Dy0 CONVERT OR TRANS FORM TO AUXI LIARY

EQUATION
BY FACTORIN G UT COMAON FACTORS
y(D +D-o( tm)=0
D(D+ 9)=o USE FACTORINGSYNTHETIC DIVISION
OR
D-0 D-3 (DSTINOT RoOTS) DEPENDING ON THE EQU ATlONS,
FACTORING IDE NTIF YIANG THE ROOTS
SUBST ITUTE THE ROOTS TO EQUATION S OF
yt
-X u', DEPENDING O WHETHEP RDOTS ARE
DISTIAICT, REPETIT IVE , OR COMPLEX,
yG+Ce

XMORE SAMDLE EQUA TONJS

Ody+1-Ay=0
dx dx
FORM)
(D 3D-4)y
0 m't Sm-4=o (AOXILIARY
8Y FACTOPING
in+8m-4)=0
(m +4)(m-) =o

ma
DK TINCT ROOT

THEN:
-4x
y=Cne+Ca
(m-2 X2m2 om
+1) 0
2M--5y-y=0
2m-m5m-2 0 m:2

USIANG SYNTHE TIC DIVISION

TO LESSEN THE DE GREE TO
X
2
y=C,e"iCg
2121-5 -2
4 2
23
cosY, Sin y ty:0
CCOs X Cgsinx
y -C,sin x C,Cos x
":
-Cico Cgsin y
y:0
-C, cos x-CAsinx + CicoS X + Casin x =o
0 0

¥UNIQUENESS AND ExISTENCE THE ORENI

yo)=yo yoF y",x0- STEPS
OLIST THE EQUATOU
CONDITION: DEPENDINIG ON THE PRofLEM,
9o)0 y(6)=1
DIFFERENTATE THE EQJATION
SU STIUTE THE VALUES FOR A
y-C,Co) x +Ca Sin y y ' : Ciny +C c0SX PARTICULAR SOLD TON: CGC 1Cn
631 1UIE THE VALUE OF
O C Cos Co) +C,Sin(o) Ci sin(6) + Cq Co(0) To THE EQUATION
0-C

- Ccos x Gsiny
O(w, +I(sin«)
i' y Siny
 YLINEAR NDE PEMDENCE
FR)0, THEJ LINE ARLY DEPENDENT STE
F
RO+0, THEN LINE ARLY TRANSFURM T0 AUGME KITED MATRI W(X
wRON SKlAN MATKIX INDEPENDEITa0.NUABER of TERMAS.(n-1), THE NUA EP
w)
OF TIMAES YoU wILL DIFFEREN TIATE.
o LINEARLY DE PENDENT
u) #0 SOLUE USING THE RULE IN MA TRlX.
LINEARLY INDE PEADENJTT
EX AMPLE A
Sin x,cos x n2 w) AD-B
n-1 C
|Sin y HI
Cos X
w)
CoSy -Sin Y uA(El-HF)-MB1-HC)+ G(0F-EC)
OR 3x3 MATRIX IS SOLVALE THRO UG+|
wn -sin' - cosx BASKET ME THOD OF BY Co-FACTOR
F W) 2 93, THEN USE CO-FACTOR
LINE ARLY NDEPE NDENT JUsT LIKE (6
DE TERAMIANE IF LINEA RLY DEPE NOE NT OR
E VAMPLE #
INDE PEAIDENT.

w e 2e

eA

a , e-e 4
q"

(1e-1e*)- e(4*-4) 1e "(s*-2e Sx)

e-5e+eX

LINE ARLY DEPENDENT

,co Sin v
COS X Sinx
-SIm COS X
wl)e
e-CoX -Sin
Sin Y
-Sin COS Y| Coy X ny
w) -cos -Sin X -cO X inx iny co

w0: esin'y +cos ) -e(sinx cosy +CO%X sin1) 4e(cos'x tsiny

w:e() -e(o) e'()

w) 2.
2e t0
. LINEARLY INDEPENDENT

Y AUXILIARY EQUATIOKJS :

DISTINCT POOT

RooT:
RE PEATED

CoUnoLEX/IMAGINARY Ro0T S
Y AUXILIRY RooTS : DSTINCT ROOT

y C+C C+.. CneX

EXAMPLE #1 $7EPS

O TRANUS FORM TO AUXIL (ARY EQUATION

F SOLVABLE THROUGH FACTORIIG,UE
D'y -40y +Dy tby o FActoeING,F Not, THEN SOLVE
THROU6H SYNTHETIC DIVISIONJ.
(0-40+0+y0 SUBST TUTE THE Ro0T T0 m,,
-4m+m t 0

POS 1BLE Ro0 TE ARE COASTANT PACTORS(q)

1 LEAOAL TEp
FECTORS CO)

n-Am2tm tu 0
4
39 -
-2 0

n9

h-9 Xn -m-2)=0
nh-9n+1m-2)*o
PoOT ARE

n: 2

AUXILIARY EQUATIdN REPEATED ROOTS

y Cn +Gxe"+Cg¥'""C1aY STEPS
OSAME AS THE PROCEC IN
DIKTINIGT RobTS, THE ONLY
THIN6 THOT DIFFERS S
THE GENERL GOLUNON
AUXILIARY EGUATIOMS: COMPLEY KOOTS

4 C cosbv t Cg Sinbx)

TEPS
OAME A DSTINCT AND REPEATED ROOTS,
HE ONLY 1HIIG THOT PIFFER IS THE
CENERAL OLUTIOK,

O-HOMOGENEGU HICHER ORDER LINEAR DIFFERENT4L EQOATIOAI

STEDS
WING THE MoLESS
SOLVE FOR yo FRST
COMPLEMEN TARY SOLUTON) RO0TS
OF DIS TI NGT OR REPEATED
pPARTICULAR (OLUT[oN)
SoLVE FOR Yp
OMETHOD OF UIDE TERMINED OEFFIUENT ONLY OR Gin x ONLY,
F GIUEN COS
tXAMPLE IT HoULD BE SOLVED
6Y ADDING THE
CD+D)y-cOs AISSI LG TERM IN THE yp.
FOR EX ANmLE
yc indtm COxTHEN IT SHOULD OE

n(+1) 0 inY t8 cos X OR VI6E VERÍA

m 0 Ye C+Cqe SOLUE FOR A,AND 8 VAeLOPLES 8Y
EQUATING y=Yp
Ye:Cosy 7d
SUBS TITUTE THE SOLVED VALDES Yp
GET THE GENEROL SOL_UTIOKI
Dyp A.coSY-Bsin x
D'yp Astn xr -8 cos x

y
Acin 6ca x + Acos x -b Sinx CA X

CosA-8 =1 8=|
Sin x:-A-8 =0 y CtCe in coax
A-81
A)-0 }
 ¥ ME THODS OF ING PECTION;
F R() Is A CONSTANT C AND An#0;
THEA Y
An
CCONSTANT TERM OF R(V) OE Ye
AnCoNSTALTTERM OF Yc
EXAMPLE:
(D +4D +4)y=8
An 4
C8
4

SOLUING FOR Y

n14Amt4o
m+2) REREATED gOOTS
m:-2 (REPEATED TWCEE
ye: C,t+ Caxex
(c+C
yyeye
Ce7+C Xe49

EX AMeLE 2
(" +20 y =~?0
C-20
A

C -20
An -20
Ye-20 y CCos X1C, ny t Cgx CX +CqXSinx
SOLVIAIG FOR Y
4+| = 0
m2m
(m2+1)(m +1)=0

n-
m: tia=0, b=i (REPEATED TWO TIMEN)
9c Cyecos Y+ Ce"sinxt Catx cosx+ C°in x

(
METHOO S GF INSPECT 1ON
F RC)1 ACONLSTANT C AND A=0
THEN 4

CCOWITANT TERI OF Re) e ye

kLOWET (KUER DEQNUATIVE /TEV
An- AME RIUL CEFF|UIT OF
THE LOWEST UROER DEUA TiVE

EVAMPLE
O(D'+ 5DJy 5
An 0
C 15
k

1!5

oLVIG FOR Y
(p +50y=0
mS4 5mO

n(m*5)=D

yc C,e4 "(Cg CorJ5 +C,nx)

9 9e+yp
CHn+1( CGCor J x +Cg on F x)*v
y C, +C col5y tCg SinFx t
METHODS OF INPE CToN
F RC) sinbx THEN
ypnDy;a#b
a-bea7b

X
Ye CoSax, a=b
F R) Cabx , THEN
COsbx
- a to
a-b2
Sin ay a=b
20
EXA MPLE
O ( +4Dy Lsin x
a4b
a4 b
o'ta)y anby
4-1

2Sin x
SoLUINIG FOR Y
(0244)y0
n244 0

h t2

Y C co 2x +Csinlr)
Yc CCon 2x +Cg Sin 2x

y Ccon2x + Ca sin2x t 2sin x

ME THODS OF INSPECTIONN
EYAMOLE #2
+4) I0 cos x
af-4 b3 afb
a-2.q

4-9

SoLVING FOR y

m2

Yc eCca?x + Gtin lx)

cos 3x
y C cogdx t Cgsin?y -2
EXAM PLE #3
(D +4)y i n 2y
tay Sinbx
a-4 b- 2
a=2b4

9 cos 2x
2(0)

Cos y

oLVING FOR ye
m244 4- C cos2y+Cecin?% - cos 2y
4
e Cco 2x tCa sin 2y
ME THUD OF INPECT1ON
IF D), Ae AND THE AuxLIARY EtATION )-0 ),=0
o RoT OF A
o, THEN la)

EXAMPLE #
(D-0-12)y Je
h-m- 0

(m-4(n 9) 0

4
mE-

a)

-1-12

-12

Ce+C*

9yye
CetCgt
-
Se
y 12
 REDUCTIDN OF ORDER HGHER ORDER L.p.E
STEPS
SOLVE FOR COMPLEME NTARY OLUTIUNl
SOLVE FOR PARTICULAR SOLU TIONI IAIG
Q'cos Y-20siny =c6Cx
4 hs 08s TITUTI OLJ VALUES.
DIFFE REN TIUTE To HlGHEST ORER COSX COsX

SIMPLIFY CsCx seCx

AU6ST MUTE TO oR Z
CSCx
CD XJ PIRST ORDER LD.E

SIMALIFY UN TIL O OR z' LEFT PCx) 2-sinx LF a d n|co»x

LONE. CO% X
Cosx

6OLVE FO THE INTE GRATING FACTOR

MULTIPLY wITH 0 OR Z TU LF
SIMMPLIFY /1DENT ITY F TG0 COs Y :
CScy
seox cos
9INTEGRÓTE
SeinG GACK TD THE UBSTITU TEO UAARAGLE
d& coy CSC
xCos x
INUTE GRATE
WLL AQeVE TD A"2" OR "o acos') =Csinx
SuBsT uTE TO 2 ORpa
SINMPLIFY Q secx In|sin

ST Je loin ) d
>EXAMPLE#| 7 tan In (sin x) - x
D+1) yCt x
yc m+1 =0
ye-tan x In lsin yl -x]cos x
yr sin x In(in x - ycos)

yc (C.cos +CqSin X) Ye= Sin yIn (sin x) ~ x Co x

9 C c o y + Ca Siny
yyye
SOLVING FOR Ye
9 Cycos Y +Cafin x t sinx In |sin vl-X COs X
J
COS x

Ye Zcs x

-7gin y tzcosx
yP 205Y -7" (iny -7'sinx t7"cUS x

.pt ypCCX
- e-siny -7 siny +7'asy +es CsOY
-7"'sny - 7'sin yt r'cosy = Csc X

(13
VARIATION OF ARAME TERS
U W
, STEPS:
0SOLVE FOR U
EXAMPLE H WRONSKAN WATRIX FOR WV
y4y'+4y(te" SOLVE FOR UING MATRIX;
REPLACE THE FIRST CoL UMN,FIRST Ru
(-40 +4 y-(«4)e"
BY ,AND THE FIRST CoLUJN
0
SE COND RoW BY Yp
SOLVE FOK Wh USING MATRLX,

COPY THE FIRST CoLUMN OF THE

ORI GINJAL (W) URON SKAN MATRIX.
REPLACE THE SECOND CO LUMN BY
THE FIRST COLULAN OF THE
PREVIOUK URO NSKAN MATRIX (W,).
USE THE FORMULAS OF U
INTE GRATE U AND U
SOLVE FOR THE PARTnCyLAR SOLUnION
BY SUBS TITUT ING THE U' TO THE

SOLVE FOR yE9 typ

4
 X SOME TRI
GONOME TRIo DENTITIES
SIn COS ACB

tan cot tan x COS X = Sin x

Sec Sin x Cof y= Cos X

SecX cotx* csC X

tan In cot- CSC

COS Se

SIn COS
CSCJe
COt
tan
Cos Cot
CSC
Jc ta
sin
PA
AB=I

CSC
Sin x
x cot x
tany
Siny CSCY =I
cOS seCX Ca Sin x tan X
tan x cot y=| CSCX CbtX

COS X

Co
SCCX
x

CLOCKWISE:A +8=1
xX Y CCW:1-2-A2

DOUBLE ANI GLE

sin'y ca 2x
cos cos 2x