TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES – Manila

363 P. Casal St. Quaipo, Manila

CROSS-SECTION CHANGE
DE DIOS, Mary Jane T., DEL ROSARIO, John Matthew C., LETADA, Eugenio III R., LIM, Kassandra Charmaine C.,
MALIWAT, Kris Marielle H.

INTRODUCTION
The changes in cross-section available on the
experimental unit take the form of discontinuous expansion
or constriction, the coefficient of resistance values can be
taken from special diagrams (see Chapter 52, Page 77
“Tables and Diagrams”).
For a discontinuous change in cross-section, the
coefficient of resistance can be derived from Bernoulli’s
equation and the principle of linear momentum.
PROCEDURE
For expansion,
1. In this experiment, the changes of cross section
𝐴2 2
𝑑2 2
2 are investigated in the measuring section I.
𝜍=( − 1) = ( 2 − 1) 2. The pressure gauge is connected and the
𝐴1 𝑑1
measurements are carried out as described in
Chapter 2.2, Page 5 “Preparing the operation”.
3. Maximum volumetric flow has been set for the
following measured results.
4. It must be ensured that measurements have the
correct sign.
For constriction
DATA AND RESULTS
2
𝐴1 2
𝑑1 2
𝜍 = ( − 1) = ( 2 − 1) Cross-section expansion 20-32 mm continuous, d1 = 17
𝐴0 𝑑0 mm, d2 = 28.4 mm, l = 125 mm
Volumetric flow in L/min Head loss hv total in mm
28.1 -113.5

Here, Ao and do respectively represents the constricted

cross- section. As this is normally unknown, the coefficient Cross-section expansion 32-20 mm continuous, d1 =
of resistance for constriction is taken from the following 28.4 mm, d2 = 17 mm, l = 125 mm
diagram
Volumetric flow in L/min Head loss hv total in mm
28.1 277.2
CONCLUSION
We therefore conclude that for expansion there is
no pressure loss. In fact, there is an increase in pressure.
The pressure increase is caused by the loss of speed and
it outweighs the pressure drop caused by pipe friction. For
a fluid flow which is laminar head loss is directly
proportional to the fluid velocity. Thus, friction factor is
inversely proportional to its velocity.