AIM : Study of various components of computer like CPU, keyboard, mouse, monitor,

printer, CVT and storage devices.

A computer is an electronic machine that processes data. Information given to the computer is
called data. Computer works very fast. It saves your time and energy. It does not make mistakes.
It can remember a lot of things. The basic parts of a computer are shown in the picture given
here.

These parts of the Computer and some other devices are connected together with the help of
wires and cables.

The basic parts of a computer system are:

1. Monitor
2. CPU (Central Processing Unit)
3. Keyboard
4. Mouse
5. Speakers
 6. Printer
Let us find out about some more devices that can be connected to a computer.

Input Devices:

Devices that help us put data into the computer are called input devices. They help in giving
instructions to the computer. Let us learn about a few input devices.

Keyboard:

The keyboard is used for entering data into the computer system. It can type words, numbers and
symbols. The keyboard and computer mouse are input devices. These are used for performing
various functions. A computer keyboard has 104 keys. The keyboard has Letter keys, Number
keys, Function keys, Arrow keys and Special keys. Let us learn about a few more keys on a
keyboard.
Symbol Keys:

These keys have special sings and symbols, which are to the right of the letter keys such as: /, :,
“,<, > etc.

The special characters are also placed over the numbers on the Number keys such as:!, @, #, $,
%, * etc.

You can use these as Symbol keys by pressing the Shift key along with the Number key.

Function keys:

There are 12 functions keys from F1 to F12 at the top the keyboard. Each Function key has a
different job to
perform.

Letter keys:

There are (A to Z) 26 letter keys in 3 rows. First row (Q, W, E, R, T, Y, U, I, O, P) 10 letters.

Second row (A, S, D, F, G, H, J, K, L) 9 letters. Third row (Z, X, C, V, B, N, M) 7 letters. These
are middle on keyboard. And used to typing the words.
Shift Key:

Shift Key is used with the other keys for different purpose.

If you press and hold the shift key along with a Letter key, it will type that letter in capital even
when the Caps Lock is turned off.

For examples:

+ a gives A (when the Caps Lock is off).

Also,

+ A gives a (when the Caps Lock is on).

There are some keys on the keyboard which have two symbols or a number and symbols or a
number and a symbol on it. To type the upper symbol on you need to press and hold the Shift
key along with the Symbol key.

For examples:

+ 1 Gives !

And
 +3 Gives #

Tab Key

You can press the tab key to move the cursor several spaces forward at once.

Escape Key:

The short form of Escape key is ESC. It is placed at the top left corner in most of the keyboards.
This key allows us to cancel an operation.

Computer Keyboard keys Glossary :

Keyboard: This is used to enter data into the computer system.

Escape key: It allows to cancel an operation.

Function key: Each of these key have a different job to perform.

Shift key: It is used with the other key for different purposes.

Symbol keys: These have special signs and symbols.

Tab key: It moves the cursor several spaces forward at once.

Mouse:

The mouse is a pointing device. You can give input to the computer with the help of the
mouse. The mouse is a pointing device. You can give input to the computer with the help of the
mouse.

 A computer mouse looks like a real mouse.

 It usually has two buttons and a wheel in mouse.
 The mouse is always kept on a mouse pad.

Along with the keyboard if you also learn how to work with a computer mouse, working on a
computer would be easy. Let us study about various of the mouse.

Clicking:
Clicking means the pressing and releasing of the mouse buttons. It takes place after pointing at
an item.

Click -> To press and release the mouse button

Single –Click:

To release the left mouse button after pressing it once is called single-click. A single-click is for
selecting an item.

Click -> Press once

Double-Click:

To release the left mouse button after pressing it twice quickly is called double-click. A double –
click opens the selected item.

Click >> Click Click

Right – Click:

To Release the right mouse button after pressing it once, a list of Properties of the selected item.
Right-click: To press the right button of the mouse.

Computer Mouse Glossary :

Mouse: It is pointing device.

Clicking: Pressing and releasing the mouse button to make the computer do some work.

Double-click: To press the left mouse button twice quickly, before releasing it.

Right-click: To Press the right mouse button once different purposes.

Single-click: To press the left mouse button once before purposes.

Joystick:

A joystick makes computer games a lot more fun. When it is moved, it passes information to the
computer.

Microphone

A microphone is the mike that can be attached to a computer. It allows you to input sounds like
speech and songs into the computer. You can record your voice with the help of a microphone.
Web Camera:

A web camera is used to take live photos videos. You can save them in the computer.

Scanner:

A Scanner Copies pictures and pages, and turns them into images that can be saved on a
computer.

Processing Device: All the inputs are stored, sorted, arranged and changed by a computer. The
device that helps a computer do so is called the processing device. The processing device in a
computer is known as Central Processing Unit (CPU).
 Output Devices:

The parts of a computer that help us to show the results of processing are called out devices. Let
us learn about a few output devices.

Monitor:

A monitor looks like a TV screen. It shows whatever you type on the keyboard or draw with the
mouse.

Printer:

A printer prints the results of your work from the computer screen on a sheet of paper. This is
called a printout.

Speakers:
The speakers are the output devices that produce different types of sounds processed by the
computer. You can listen to songs or speeches stored in the computer with the help of speakers.

Headphone:

You can listen to music or any sound from a computer with the help of headphones without
disturbing others.

Storage Devices:

The parts of a computer which are used for storing data are called. Storing data are called storage
devices. They help in storing any work done on a computer permanently. Let us learn about a
few storage devices.

Hard Disk:

Inside the CPU there is a hard disk. It is made up of one or more metallic disks. It stores a large
amount of information.
Floppy Disk:

A floppy disk stores small amounts small amounts of information. It works when it is inserted
into the floppy drive. The floppy drive is fixed in the CPU.

Compact Disc (CD):

A CD stores many times more information than a floppy disk. It works when it is inserted into
the CD drive. The CD drive is fixed in the CPU. Note: Not handling the CD properly may result
in loss of data stored.

All computer parts Glossary :

Compact disc: It stores information many times more than a floppy disk.

CPU: The processing device in a computer.

Data: It is the information given to the computer.

Electronic machine: It is the machine that runs with the help of electricity.

Floppy disk: It stores a small amount of information.

Hard disk: It stores a large amount of information.

Headphones: The device for listening to the recorded sounds without disturbing others.

Input devices: These help us put date into the computer.

Joystick: It is used for playing computer games.

Keyboard: This is used to enter data into the computer system.

Microphone: It is used for recording sound.

Monitor: It shows whatever you type on the keyboard or draw with the mouse.

Mouse: It is pointing device.

Output devices: These help us to show the results of processing.

Processing device: Helps to store, sort, arrange and change the inputs on a computer.

Scanner: It copies pictures and pages and turns into images that can be saved on a computer.

Speakers: These are used for listening to recorded sound.

Storage devices: These are form the memory of the computer.

Wed camera: It is used for taking live photos and videos.

AIM - Internal and external commands of DOS.

In MS-DOS, there are two ways commands are xecuted: internally and externally. An internal
command is embedded into the command.com file, and an external command is not and requires
a separate file to operate. For example, if your computer does not have the fdisk.exe file and you
try using the fdisk command, you will receive a "Bad command or file name" error message.
Fdisk is an external command that only works if fdisk.exe, or in some cases, fdisk.com, is
present.

However, as long as MS-DOS is running on your computer internal commands, such as

the cd command, will always be available and does not require other files to run. Each of
the commands listed on the MS-DOS help page denote what commands are external and
internal.

Why are internal and external commands needed?

Internal commands are more commonly used and
important to the operation and use of the Windows
operating system. By embedding them in the
command.com file, they can be quickly accessed
and always available in MS-DOS and to Windows
when needed.

External commands are powerful commands and

can help fix problems, improve performance, or
perform other actions. External commands usually
have higher resource requirements than internal
commands. Keeping them in separate files,
separated from internal commands, helps to reduce
the load on Windows. They can also be added to
Windows whenever needed by copying the external
command's file to the computer.