Almira Putri 00000003938

Ariane Benina 00000004337

Evelyn Modesty 00000000236
Farah Aulya 00000003937
Gezta Nasfir 1305003517
Jason Calvin 00000004297
Jehosua Sumendap 00000003946
Josse Gunawan 00000003795
Nadya Larasati 00000003872
Stepvandi Ang 00000003960
William Wanane 00000004417

Experiment 1: The Effect of Position On Blood Pressure

1. Does gravity affect the blood pressure in the arteries above the heart rate?
When the subject is lying in supine position, gravity is evenly distributed therefore the
blood flow to cranial area and extremities are a lot easier compared to when the subject is
standing. For a moment after the subject is standing up, the blood pressure will decrease
due to the force of gravity that causes more blood in the lower extremity. On this
occurrence, baroreceptors will detect decreased blood volume and decreased blood
pressure will attempt to bring back the normal blood pressure by increasing heart rate and
vasoconstriction.
2. How is the pressure maintained at a relatively constant level in these vessels? Of what
importance is this?
Baroreceptors have a very crucial task to maintain normal level of blood pressure by
continuously detecting blood volume and stretch of blood vessels.
3. Discuss the concept of postural hypotension and give examples of situations under which
it may occur.
Postural hypotension is a condition when the blood pressure drops due to exertion of
gravity when a person moves from sitting or lying to stand up in the upright position.
Some people may experience dizziness and nausea when hypotension occurs. Normally,
the blood pressure will be brought back to normal level by detection of baroreceptors that
maintain normal blood pressure in the body.

HR 73* 70 74 79
Systole 100* 90 100 100
Diastole 60* 60 80 80
* normal

Analysis: there is an increase in heart rate although the blood pressure is maintained in
subject’s normal level (100/60).

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Experiment 2: The Effect of Sustained Intrathoracic Pressure (Valsalva Maneuver)

Valsalva maneuver decreases venous return because the high-pressured thoracic cavity is
blocking inferior vena cava to transport blood back to heart (right atrium). On this condition,
blood volume will decrease and causes baroreceptors to send impulse to cardiac regulatory
center in the medulla oblongata to increase blood pressure to normal level.

Experiment 3: Cold Pressor Test

HR 70 * 72 58 59 61 65 68 75
Systole 100* 100 100 90 100 105 105 110
Diastole 60* 70 70 60 70 75 75 80
* normal

Analysis: fluctuations occur when hand is placed in the cold water. Heart rate and blood pressure
reveal increase.

Experiment 4: The Effects of Psychological Stress

Experiment Normal 1st 2nd 3rd

Systole 90 100 100 100
Diastole 60 70 70 80

Experiment 5: The Effects of Exercise On Blood Pressure and Heart Rate

HR 96 254 202 198

Systole 110 170 170 150
Diastole 60 80 70 60

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 Effect of Exercise On Blood Pressure And
Heart Rate
300

250

200
Heart Rate (bpm)
Values

Systole (mmHg)
150
Diastole (mmHg)
Linear (Heart Rate (bpm))
100
Linear (Systole (mmHg))

50 Linear (Diastole (mmHg))

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time (minute)