386 Grabowski

Table 1. List of oil and gas fields and wells with oil and/or gas shows, giving the dominant hydrocarbon type (oil or gas) and
reservoir age. Field number refers to locations shown in Figure 3.

Hydrocarbon Age of main Hydrocarbon Age of main

Field # Field Name Type reservoirs Field # Field Name Type reservoirs
1 Tawke Oil Cretaceous 42 Pulkhana Oil Cenozoic
2 Sufaiyah Oil Cretaceous 43 Judaida Oil Cenozoic
3 Mushorah Oil Cretaceous 44 Hamrin Oil Cenozoic
4 Boheira Oil Cretaceous 45 Ajil Oil Cenozoic
5 Abtakh Oil Cretaceous 46 Tikrit Oil Cretaceous
6 Ain Zalah Oil Cretaceous 47 Samarra Oil Cretaceous
7 Gullar Oil Cretaceous 48 Mileh Tharthar Oil Triassic
8 Gusair Oil Cretaceous 49 Khleisia Gas Paleozoic
9 Jabal Kand Oil Cretaceous 50 Anah Oil Triassic
10 Raffan Oil Jurassic 51 Akkas Gas Paleozoic
11 Butmah Oil Triassic 52 Chia Surkh Oil Cenozoic
12 Alan Oil Triassic 53 Qamar Oil Cenozoic
13 Sarjoon Oil Cretaceous 54 Gilabat Oil Cenozoic
14 Ain Ghazal Oil Cenozoic 55 Injana Oil Cretaceous
15 Tel Hajar Oil Cenozoic 56 Khashm Al Ahmar Gas Cenozoic
16 Ibrahim Oil Triassic 57 Jaria Pika Gas Cenozoic
17 Atshan Oil Triassic 58 Nau Doman Oil Cenozoic
18 Adaiyah Oil Triassic 59 Naft Khaneh Oil Cenozoic
19 Qalian Oil Triassic 60 Mansuriya Gas Cenozoic
20 Qasab Oil Cenozoic 61 Tel Ghazal Gas Cenozoic
21 Jawan Oil Cenozoic 62 Balad Oil Cretaceous
22 Najmah Oil Cenozoic 63 East Baghdad Oil Cretaceous
23 Qaiyarah Oil Cenozoic 64 Nahrawan Oil Cretaceous
24 Hibbarah Oil Cenozoic 65 Fallujah Oil Cretaceous
25 Makhmour Oil Cretaceous 66 Nafatah Oil Cretaceous
26 Hawler (Benenan) Oil Jurassic 67 Hit Oil Cenozoic
27 Demirdagh Oil Cretaceous 68 Awasil Oil Cretaceous
28 Quwair Oil Cenozoic 69 Abu Jir Oil Cretaceous
29 Binabawi Gas Triassic 70 Badrah Oil Cretaceous
30 Taq Taq Oil Cretaceous 71 Dhafriya Oil Cretaceous
31 Chemchemal Gas Cretaceous 72 Ahdab Oil Cretaceous
32 Kirkuk Oil Cenozoic 73 Afaq Oil Cretaceous
33 Ismail Oil Cenozoic 74 Musaiyib Oil Cretaceous
34 Bai Hassan Oil Cenozoic 75 Kifl Oil Cretaceous
35 Qara Chauq Oil Triassic 76 West Kifl Oil Cretaceous
36 Khabbaz Oil Cenozoic 77 Merjan Oil Cretaceous
37 Sadid Oil Cenozoic 78 Abu Ghirab Oil Cenozoic
38 Khanuqah Oil Cenozoic 79 Jabal Fauqi Oil Cenozoic
39 Makhul Oil Jurassic 80 Buzurgan Oil Cretaceous
40 Kor Mor Gas Cenozoic 81 Noor Oil Cretaceous
41 Jambur Oil Cenozoic 82 Huwaiza Oil Cretaceous
 Iraq 387

Hydrocarbon Age of main Hydrocarbon Age of main

Field # Field Name Type reservoirs Field # Field Name Type reservoirs
83 Halfayah Oil Cretaceous 103 Zubair Oil Cretaceous
84 Amara Oil Cretaceous 104 Jabal Sanam Oil Cretaceous
85 Rifae Oil Cretaceous 105 Tuba Oil Cretaceous
86 Muhainya Oil Cretaceous 106 West Qurna Oil Cretaceous
87 Kumait Oil Cretaceous 107 Rumaila Oil Cretaceous
88 Dujaila Oil Cretaceous 108 Ratawi Oil Cretaceous
89 Rafidain Oil Cretaceous 109 Subba Oil Cretaceous
90 Gharraf Oil Cretaceous 110 West Luhais Oil Cretaceous
91 Nasiriyah Oil Cretaceous 111 Luhais Oil Cretaceous
92 Samawa Oil Cretaceous 112 Rachi Oil Cretaceous
93 Diwan Oil Cretaceous 113 Jerishan Oil Cretaceous
94 Ghalaisan Oil Cretaceous 114 Khidr Al Maa Oil Cretaceous
95 Shawiyah Oil Cretaceous 115 Abu Kheima Oil Cretaceous
96 Safawi Oil Cretaceous 116 Shaikan Oil Jurassic
97 Ubaid Oil Cretaceous 117 Miran West Oil Cretaceous
98 Majnoon Oil Cretaceous 118 Kurdamir Gas Cenozoic
99 Nahr Umr/Bin Umar Oil Cretaceous 119 Shakal Oil Cenozoic
100 Sindbad Oil Cenozoic 120 Bijeel Oil Jurassic
101 Siba Oil Cretaceous 121 Bazian Oil Cretaceous
102 Umm Qasr Oil Cretaceous

Several conclusions can be drawn from these data
which will focus our attention in the following section
of this chapter.
1) Iraq is an oil province, with a lot of oil generated in
superb source rocks.
2) The Cretaceous and Cenozoic are the most impor-
tant reservoir intervals, and there are fewer discov-
eries in Jurassic and older rocks.
3) Some accumulations are very large, with large trap
and reservoir volumes, commonly in stacked res-
ervoir-seal pairs.
GEOLOGIC SETTING: TECTONIC AND DEPOSITION
HISTORY
During most of the Phanerozoic, Iraq was located
in the interior of the African-Arabian tectonic plate.
Open ocean with abyssal water depths was located at
least several hundred kilometers to the north and east
of Iraq during the Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic.
The stratigraphy and tectonic events that affected Iraq
are summarized in Figures 7 and 8. Multiple intervals
of deposits are separated by hiatuses or unconformities
that are related to episodic tectonic events that occurred
along the margins of the African-Arabian tectonic plate.
Plate-wide crustal warping (epeirogeny) during the Car-
boniferous and Permian probably resulted in low-angle
erosional unconformities and reactivation of basement-
involved faults and structures as seen elsewhere in Arabia
(for example, at Ghawar field in Saudi Arabia, accord-
ing to Wender, 1998). Relatively minor intra-continental
warping which occurred during the Permian and Triassic
was possibly associated with rifting on the Tethyan Mar-
gin of the African-Arabian tectonic plate. An increase in
crustal-scale warping (epeirogeny) in the Late Jurassic
through Cretaceous resulted in uplift of western Iraq and
subsidence along eastern Arabia to form the Gotnia and
proto-Mesopotamian Basins. This was followed by Late
Cretaceous obduction of Tethyan oceanic domains along
the northeastern margin of Arabia, nearly simultaneously
with widespread intra-plate extension in western and
northern Iraq.
Deposition during the Cenozoic occurred in a fore-
land-basin setting associated with final closure of the
Tethyan oceanic domain and culminated in the Arabian-
Eurasian continental collision. The primary tectonic
causes for Cenozoic depositional systems were continen-
tal convergence of the Africa-Arabia tectonic plate with
Table 2. List of oil and gas fields and wells with oil and/or gas shows. Field number refers to locations shown in Figure 3. Hydrocarbon type: oil, gas, or oil and gas. Structural province refers to
regions shown in Figure 3. Structural style of the trap: basement-involved fold, detached fold-thrust, or salt-supported dome. Trap type: anticline, faulted anticline, faulted dome, or fault trap.
Source name and age given only where proven by biomarkers. Source strata type: basinal marine (includes calcareous and marly lithologies) or basinal shale. Volumes of oil and gas in-place,
estimated ultimate recoverable (EUR), produced, and remaining ultimate recoverable (RUR) age given in millions of barrels of oil (MMBO) and billions of cubic feet of gas (BCFG). Condensate
included in oil volumes. Information mainly from Verma et al. (2004) and Jassim and Goff (2006). Additional references as shown. Comments reflect the impression of the author.

In- EUR EUR

Field Hydrocarbon Source Name Source Strata In-Place Place (Proved) (Proved) Produced Produced RUR RUR
# Field Name Type Structural Province Structural Style Trap Type and Age Type MMBO BCFG MMBO BCFG MMBO BCFG MMBO BCFG Reference Comments

5 Abtakh Oil Zagros Foldbelt   Anticline                       Show

78 Abu Ghirab Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline         1,040 572 6 3 1,034 569   A bit low
69 Abu Jir Bitumen Arabian Platform Basement-Involved Fold Faulted Anticline                       Bitumen
shows
115 Abu Kheima Oil & gas Arabian Platform Basement-Involved Fold Anticline         100 75           Small
18 Adaiyah Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline         10 0           Small
73 Afaq Oil Mesopotamian   Anticline                       Show
Foredeep
72 Ahdab Oil Mesopotamian   Anticline     1,200   500 0         CNPC in The World Low to IP
Foredeep Energy Weekly
14 Ain Ghazal Oil Khleisia High   Anticline                       Show
6 Ain Zalah Oil & gas Sinjar Trough Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline Triassic Basinal     295 90 194 54 101 36    
marine
45 Ajil Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline     3,000 5,000 500 500 3 4 497 496 APS Review Low to IP
Downstream Trends
12/2/02
51 Akkas Gas Arabian Platform* Basement-Involved Fold Faulted Anticline Akkas Marine shale   7,000 100 2,500         www.investorsiraq Low to IP
.com
12 Alan Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline Triassic Basinal     165 55           Small
marine
84 Amara Oil Mesopotamian   Anticline         250 0            
Foredeep
50 Anah Oil Arabian Platform** Basement-Involved Fold Faulted Anticline                       Show
17 Atshan Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline         70 0           Small
68 Awasil Bitumen Arabian Platform Basement-Involved Fold Faulted Anticline                       Bitumen
shows
70 Badrah Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline     109   150 0         MoO (in EIG 2008)  
34 Bai Hassan Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline Naokelekan Basinal     2,200 9,200 473 284 1,727 8,916    
marine
62 Balad Oil & gas Mesopotamian Basement-Involved Fold Faulted Anticline Naokelekan Basinal     1,380 400 8 2 1,372 398    
Foredeep marine
121 Bazian Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline         100 30         ***  
120 Bijeel Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline         100 30         ***  
29 Binabawi Gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline         0 80           Estimated
4 Boheira Oil Zagros Foldbelt   Anticline         100 0           Estimated
11 Butmah Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline Triassic Basinal     80 40 42 21 38 19    
marine
80 Buzurgan Oil & gas Mesopotamian   Anticline         1,800 1,080 125 81 1,675 999  
Foredeep
31 Chemchemal Gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline Balambo Basinal     25 2,154          
marine
52 Chia Surkh Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline         40 0         Small
 27 Demirdagh Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline Naokelekan Basinal     40 40          
marine
71 Dhafriya Oil Mesopotamian   Anticline         130 0          
Foredeep
93 Diwan Oil Arabian Platform Basement-Involved Fold Anticline         150 0          
88 Dujaila Oil Mesopotamian   Anticline         260 0          
Foredeep
63 East Baghdad Oil & gas Mesopotamian Basement-Involved Fold Faulted Anticline     8,108   16,000 2,500 13 2 15,987 2,498 MoO (in EIG 2008) MoO smaller
Foredeep
65 Fallujah Oil Mesopotamian   Anticline         180 0          
Foredeep
94 Ghalaisan Oil Arabian Platform Basement-Involved Fold Anticline                       Show
90 Gharraf Oil Mesopotamian   Anticline     863   500 0         MoO (in EIG 2008) Low to IP
Foredeep
54 Gilabat Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline Mixed Basinal 98   120 0         MoO (in EIG 2008)  
Balambo / marine
Naokelekan
7 Gullar Oil Sinjar Trough Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline         10 0         Estimated
8 Gusair Oil Sinjar Trough Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline         35 0         Small
83 Halfayah Oil & gas Mesopotamian   Anticline     4,098   700 700         MoO (in EIG 2008) Low to IP
Foredeep
44 Hamrin Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline         1,780 750          
26 Hawler (Benenan) Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline         100 100           Estimated
24 Hibbarah Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline                       Show
67 Hit Bitumen Arabian Platform Basement-Involved Fold Faulted Anticline                       Bitumen
shows
82 Huwaiza Oil Gotnia Basin Basement-Involved Fold Faulted Anticline         100 0          
16 Ibrahim Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline         30 0         Small
55 Injana Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline Balambo Basinal     140 20          
marine
33 Ismail Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline         200 0         Estimated
79 Jabal Fauqi Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline         730 450 3 2 727 448  
9 Jabal Kand Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline         30 0         Small
104 Jabal Sanam Oil Gotnia Basin Salt-supported dome Faulted Dome                       Show
41 Jambur Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline         3,100 9,200 115 174 2,985 9,026  
57 Jaria Pika Gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline         0 918          
21 Jawan Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline         100 25          
113 Jerishan Oil Gotnia Basin Basement-Involved Fold Anticline         80 0         Small
43 Judaida Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline         200 0          
36 Khabbaz Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline         2,000 3,000 20 30 1,980 2,970  
38 Khanuqah Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline         100 200          
56 Khashm Al Gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline       1,765 75 1,413         MoO (in EIG 2008)  
Ahmar
114 Khidr Al Maa Oil Arabian Platform Basement-Involved Fold Anticline                       Show
49 Khleisia Gas Khleisia High Basement-Involved Fold Anticline                       Show
75 Kifl Oil Arabian Platform Basement-Involved Fold Anticline     209   400 0         MoO (in EIG 2008) High to IP
32 Kirkuk Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline Naokelekan Basinal     25,000 8,220 14,177 5,425 10,823 2,795  
marine
40 Kor Mor Gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline       4,500 30 1,760 0 15 30 1,745 EIA Country Brief Low to IP
87 Kumait Oil Mesopotamian   Anticline         140 0          
Foredeep
118 Kurdamir Gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline           523         **  

Continued
Table 2. Continued

In- EUR EUR

Field Hydrocarbon Source Name Source Strata In-Place Place (Proved) (Proved) Produced Produced RUR RUR
# Field Name Type Structural Province Structural Style Trap Type and Age Type MMBO BCFG MMBO BCFG MMBO BCFG MMBO BCFG Reference Comments

111 Luhais Oil & gas Gotnia Basin Basement-Involved Anticline 1,060 500 49 23 1,011 477
Fold
98 Majnoon Oil & gas Gotnia Basin Basement-Involved Anticline 12,580 7,600 5,600 MoO (in EIG 2008)
Fold
25 Makhmour Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline 100 0 Estimated
39 Makhul Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline 30 0 Small
60 Mansuriya Gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline 4,100 50 3,284 EIA Country Brief
77 Merjan Oil & gas Arabian Platform Basement-Involved Anticline 156 200 100 MoO (in EIG 2008)
Fold
48 Mileh Tharthar Oil Arabian Platform Basement-Involved Anticline Show
Fold
117 Miran West Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline 1,000 100 ***
86 Muhainya Oil Mesopotamian Anticline Show
Foredeep
74 Musaiyib Oil Mesopotamian Anticline Show
Foredeep
3 Mushorah Oil Zagros Foldbelt Anticline Show
66 Nafatah Oil Mesopotamian Anticline Show
Foredeep
59 Naft Khaneh Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline 430 340 114 99 316 241
99 Nahr Umr/Bin Oil & gas Gotnia Basin Salt-supported dome Faulted Dome 6,500 9,900
Umar
64 Nahrawan Oil Mesopotamian Basement-Involved Faulted 250 0
Foredeep Fold Anticline
22 Najmah Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline 858 200 45 MoO (in EIG 2008) Low to IP
91 Nasiriyah Oil Mesopotamian Anticline 2,000 500 0 APS Review Gas Low to IP
Foredeep Market Trends
12/2/02
58 Nau Doman Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline 104 50 0 MoO (in EIG 2008) Low to IP
81 Noor Oil Mesopotamian Anticline 500 0
Foredeep
42 Pulkhana Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline 145 0
23 Qaiyarah Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline 807 450 65 26 4 424 61 MoO (in EIG 2008) Low to IP
19 Qalian Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline 15 0 Small
53 Qumar Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline 73 200 250 MoO (in EIG 2008)
35 Qara Chauq Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline 200 80
20 Qasab Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline 200 50
28 Quwair Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline Show
112 Rachi Oil Gotnia Basin Basement-Involved Anticline 870 0
Fold
10 Raffan Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline 10 0 Small
 89 Rafidain Oil Mesopotamian Anticline 500 0
Foredeep
108 Ratawi Oil & gas Gotnia Basin Basement-Involved Anticline 2,500 1,356
Fold
85 Rifae Oil Mesopotamian Anticline 70 0
Foredeep
107 Rumaila Oil & gas Gotnia Basin Basement-Involved Anticline Naokelekan Basinal 30,000 20,000 7,973 3,662 22,027 16,338
Fold marine
37 Sadid Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline 25 0 Small
96 Safawi Oil Arabian Platform Basement-Involved Fold Anticline Show
47 Samarra Oil Mesopotamian Basement-Involved Faulted Al Jawadi, 1990, Show
Foredeep Fold Anticline AAPG Bull 74 95) 597
92 Samawa Oil Arabian Platform Basement-Involved Fold Faulted 60 0 Small
Anticline
13 Sarjoon Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline 70 25 Small
116 Shaikan Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline 1,460 838 570 ***
119 Shakal Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline 240 12 ***
95 Shawiyah Oil Arabian Platform Basement-Involved Fold Anticline Show
101 Siba Oil & gas Gotnia Basin Basement-Involved Anticline 3,050 160 110 MoO (in EIG 2008) Low to IP
Fold
100 Sindbad Oil Gotnia Basin Basement-Involved Anticline Show
Fold
109 Subba Oil & gas Gotnia Basin Basement-Involved Anticline 2,200 1,100 2 1 2,198 1,099
Fold
2 Sufaiyah Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline 210 60 49 9 161 51
30 Taq Taq Oil & gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline Mixed Balambo/ Basinal 600 130 100 www.stockhouse.com Low to IP
Naokelekan marine
1 Tawke Oil Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline Naokelekan Basinal 1,300 230 0 1 229 DNO 18/12/08
marine
61 Tel Ghazal Gas Zagros Foldbelt Detached Fold-Thrust Anticline 0 900
15 Tel Hajar Oil Khleisia High Anticline Show
46 Tikrit Oil & gas Mesopotamian Basement-Involved Faulted 500 145 7 2 493 143
Foredeep Fold Anticline
105 Tuba Oil & gas Gotnia Basin Basement-Involved Anticline Naokelekan Basinal 615 430
Fold marine
97 Ubaid Oil Arabian Platform Basement-Involved Fault Fault Trap Show
102 Umm Qasr Oil Gotnia Basin Basement-Involved Anticline Show
Fold
76 West Kifl Oil Arabian Platform Basement-Involved Anticline 182 400 0 MoO (in EIG 2008) High to IP
Fold
110 West Luhais Oil & gas Gotnia Basin Basement-Involved Anticline 50 50
Fold
106 West Qurna Oil & gas Gotnia Basin Basement-Involved Anticline 26,500 9,800 9,445 300 240 9,500 9,205 APS Review West Qurna
Fold Downstream Trends Phase 2:
12/2/02
103 Zubair Oil & gas Gotnia Basin Basement-Involved Anticline 8,200 5,920 1,322 1,058 6,878 4,862 12876 MBOIP
Fold
392 Grabowski

Table 3. List of reservoir name, age, and strata type, and seal name and strata type, for fields that have produced oil and gas.
Reservoir strata type: carbonate and sandstone. Seal strata type: evaporite, argillaceous limestone (arg limestone), shale,
argillaceous limestone and anhydrite (arg limestone and anhydrite), marl, dense limestone, evaporite-shale, and evaporite-
marl. Alternative or old reservoir names provided in comments column. Field number refers to locations shown in Figure 3.

Age Field Reservoir Seal Strata

Sort # Field Name Reservoir Name Reservoir Age Strata Type Seal Name Type Comments
15 78 Abu Ghirab Jeribe/Euphrates/ Miocene-Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
Kirkuk
44 78 Abu Ghirab Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Arg limestone  
46 78 Abu Ghirab Mauddud Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ahmadi Shale  
40 6 Ain Zalah Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Shale “First Pay”
42 6 Ain Zalah Mushorah/ Late Cretaceous Carbonate Shiranish Arg limestone “Second Pay”
Qamchuqa
10 45 Ajil Fatha Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
13 45 Ajil Jeribe/Dhiban Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
20 45 Ajil Euphrates Oligocene Carbonate Dhiban Evaporite  
52 45 Ajil Chia Gara Early Cretaceous - Carbonate Ratawi Shale  
Late Jurassic
55 45 Ajil Gotnia Late Jurassic Carbonate Gotnia Evaporite  
60 45 Ajil Sargelu Middle Jurassic Carbonate Naokelekan Arg limestone  
12 34 Bai Hassan Jeribe/Kirkuk Miocene- Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
Group/Jaddala Oligocene-Eocene
40 34 Bai Hassan Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Shale  
43 34 Bai Hassan Lower Kometan Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Kometan Arg limestone  
46 34 Bai Hassan Mauddud Early Cretaceous Carbonate Dokan Arg limestone  
48 34 Bai Hassan Shuaiba Early Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Sarmord Arg limestone  
41 62 Balad Hartha/Sadi Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Hartha Arg limestone  
43 62 Balad Khasib Late Cretaceous Carbonate Tanuma Shale  
47 62 Balad Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Nahr Umr Shale  
52 62 Balad Chia Gara Early Cretaceous - Carbonate Ratawi Shale  
Late Jurassic
64 62 Balad Alan Early Jurassic Carbonate Alan Evaporite-Shale  
40 11 Butmah Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Shale “First Pay”
70 11 Butmah Kurra Chine/Geli Late Triassic Carbonate Kurra Chine Arg limestone & “Triassic Pay”
Khana anhydrite
12 80 Buzurgan Jeribe/Kirkuk Miocene-Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
Group
44 80 Buzurgan Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Arg limestone  
10 52 Chia Surkh Fatha Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
12 52 Chia Surkh Jeribe Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
10 63 East Baghdad Jeribe/Euphrates Miocene-Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
41 63 East Baghdad Hartha/Sadi Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Hartha Arg limestone  
43 63 East Baghdad Tanuma Late Cretaceous Carbonate Sadi Arg limestone  
44 63 East Baghdad Khasib Late Cretaceous Carbonate Tanuma Shale  
45 63 East Baghdad Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Arg limestone  
47 63 East Baghdad Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale  
49 63 East Baghdad Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Mbr Shale  
12 79 Jabal Fauqi Jeribe/Euphrates/ Miocene-Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
Kirkuk Grp
44 79 Jabal Fauqi Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Arg limestone  
12 41 Jambur Jeribe Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite “First Pay”
21 41 Jambur Euphrates/ Oligocene Carbonate Dhiban Evaporite “Second Pay”
Serikagni
40 41 Jambur Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Shale  
12 36 Khabbaz Jeribe/Kirkuk Grp Miocene-Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
 Iraq 393

Age Field Reservoir Seal Strata

Sort # Field Name Reservoir Name Reservoir Age Strata Type Seal Name Type Comments
46 36 Khabbaz Upper Qamchuqa Early Cretaceous Carbonate      
48 36 Khabbaz Lower Qamchuqa Early Cretaceous Carbonate      
22 32 Kirkuk Kirkuk Group Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite “Main
Limestone”
30 32 Kirkuk Pila Spi/Avanah/ Late-Middle Carbonate Fatha Evaporite “Main
Jaddala Eocene Limestone”
40 32 Kirkuk Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Shale  
43 32 Kirkuk Lower Kometan Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Kometan Arg limestone  
46 32 Kirkuk Mauddud Early Cretaceous Carbonate Dokan Arg limestone  
48 32 Kirkuk Shuaiba Early Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Sarmord Arg limestone  
47 111 Luhais Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale  
49 111 Luhais Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Mbr Shale  
12 59 Naft Khana Jeribe Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
12 23 Qaiyarah Jeribe/Euphrates Miocene-Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
41 23 Qaiyarah Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Shiranish Marl  
10 107 Rumaila Fatha Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite-marl  
North
44 107 Rumaila Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Mishrif Dense limestone  
North
47 107 Rumaila Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale  
North
48 107 Rumaila Shuaiba Early Cretaceous Carbonate Lower Nahr Umr Shale  
North
49 107 Rumaila Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Mbr Shale “Main Pay”
North
51 107 Rumaila Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale  
North
58 107 Rumaila Najmah Late-Middle Carbonate Gotnia Evaporite  
North Jurassic
64 107 Rumaila Mus Early Jurassic Carbonate Alan Evaporite  
North
10 107 Rumaila Fatha Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite-marl  
South
44 107 Rumaila Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Mishrif Dense limestone  
South
47 107 Rumaila Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale  
South
49 107 Rumaila Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Mbr Shale  
South
47 109 Subba Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale  
49 109 Subba Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Mbr Shale  
51 109 Subba Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale  
40 2 Sufaiyah Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Shale  
42 2 Sufaiyah Kometan Late Cretaceous Carbonate Shiranish Marl “Massive
Limestone”
44 2 Sufaiyah Gir Bir Late Cretaceous Carbonate Gir Bir Arg limestone  
78 2 Sufaiyah Kurra Chine Late Triassic Carbonate Kurra Chine Evaporite  
30 1 Tawke Pila Spi Late-Middle Carbonate Fatha Evaporite Press
Eocene Releases
40 1 Tawke Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Shale Press
Releases
48 1 Tawke Qamchuqa Early Cretaceous Carbonate     Press
Releases
44 46 Tikrit Khasib/Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Tanuma Shale  
46 46 Tikrit Mauddud Early Cretaceous Carbonate      

Continued
394 Grabowski

Table 3. Continued

Age Field Reservoir Seal Strata

Sort # Field Name Reservoir Name Reservoir Age Strata Type Seal Name Type Comments
47 46 Tikrit Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale  
49 46 Tikrit Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Mbr Shale  
42 106 West Qurna Sadi Late Cretaceous Carbonate Hartha Arg limestone  
43 106 West Qurna Khasib Late Cretaceous Carbonate Tanuma Shale  
44 106 West Qurna Mishrif/Rumaila Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Arg limestone  
45 106 West Qurna Mauddud Late Cretaceous Carbonate Ahmadi Shale  
49 106 West Qurna Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Mbr Shale  
50 106 West Qurna Ratawi Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale  
51 106 West Qurna Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale  
66 106 West Qurna Alan Early Jurassic Carbonate Sargelu Shale  
58 106 West Qurna Najmah Late-Middle Carbonate Gotnia Evaporite  
Jurassic
10 103 Zubair Fatha Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite-marl “First Pay”
44 103 Zubair Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Arg limestone “Second Pay”
47 103 Zubair Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale  
49 103 Zubair Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Mbr Shale “Third Pay”
49.5 103 Zubair Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Middle Zubair Shale “Fourth Pay”
51 103 Zubair Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale  

Table 4. List of reservoir name, age, and strata type, and seal name and strata type, for oil and gas fields that have not been
produced. Reservoir strata type: carbonate and sandstone. Seal strata type: evaporite, argillaceous limestone (arg limestone),
shale, marl, and evaporite-marl. Field number refers to locations shown in Figure 3.

Age Field Reservoir Seal Strata

Sort # Field Name Reservoir Name Reservoir Age Strata Type Seal Name Type Comments
41 72 Ahdab Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Shiranish Marl  
43 72 Ahdab Khasib Late Cretaceous Carbonate Tanuma Shale  
44 72 Ahdab Mishrif/Rumaila Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Arg limestone  
46 72 Ahdab Mauddud Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ahmadi Shale  
48 72 Ahdab Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale  
48 72 Ahdab Shuaiba Early Cretaceous Carbonate Nahr Umr Shale  
90 51 Akkas Khabour Ordovician Sandstone Akkas Shale  
43 84 Amara Khasib Late Cretaceous Carbonate Tanuma Shale  
44 84 Amara Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Arg limestone  
46 84 Amara Mauddud/Nahr Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ahmadi Shale  
Umr
46 70 Badrah Mauddud Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ahmadi Shale  
121 Bazian   Cretaceous ?       Press Releases
120 Bijeel   Jurassic ?       Press Releases
40 29 Binabawi Upper Qamchuqa Late Cretaceous Carbonate Tanuma Shale  
40 29 Binabawi Kurra Chine Late Triassic Carbonate Kurra Chine Evaporite  
70 4 Bohaira Kurra Chine Late Triassic Carbonate Kurra Chine Evaporite  
30 31 Chemchemal Pila Spi Late-Middle Eocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
40 31 Chemchemal Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Shiranish Marl  
43 31 Chemchemal Kometan Late Cretaceous Carbonate Lower Shiranish Marl  
30 27 Demir Dagh Pila Spi Late-Middle Eocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
 Iraq 395

Age Field Reservoir Seal Strata

Sort # Field Name Reservoir Name Reservoir Age Strata Type Seal Name Type Comments
40 27 Demir Dagh Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Shale  
41 27 Demir Dagh Bekhme Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Shiranish Marl  
49 71 Dhafriya Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Mbr Shale  
41 93 Diwan Hartha/Sadi Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Hartha Arg limestone  
47 93 Diwan Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale  
50 93 Diwan Ratawi/Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale  
58 93 Diwan Najmah/Sargelu Late-Middle Carbonate Gotnia Evaporite  
Jurassic
42 88 Dujaila Sadi Late Cretaceous Carbonate Sadi Marl  
44 88 Dujaila Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Arg limestone  
44 90 Gharraf Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Arg limestone  
49 90 Gharraf Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Mbr Shale  
51 90 Gharraf Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale  
8 54 Gilabat Injana Miocene Sandstone Injana Shale  
10 54 Gilabat Fatha Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite-marl  
12 54 Gilabat Jeribe/Euphrates Miocene-Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite-marl  
40 8 Gusair Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Shale  
46 8 Gusair Mauddud Early Cretaceous Carbonate Mushorah Evaporite  
12 83 Halfaya Jeribe/Euphrates/ Miocene-Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
Kirkuk
42 83 Halfaya Sadi/Tanuma Late Cretaceous Carbonate Hartha Arg limestone  
44 83 Halfaya Khasib Late Cretaceous Carbonate Tanuma Shale  
44 83 Halfaya Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Arg limestone  
47 83 Halfaya Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale  
51 83 Halfaya Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale  
13 44 Hamrin Jeribe/Euphrates Miocene-Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
44 44 Hamrin Mishrif/Rumaila Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Arg limestone  
26 Hawler Alan Early Jurassic Carbonate Alan Evaporite Press Releases
(Benenan)
41 82 Huwaiza Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Hartha Arg limestone  
42 82 Huwaiza Sadi Late Cretaceous Carbonate Hartha Arg limestone  
43 82 Huwaiza Khasib Late Cretaceous Carbonate Tanuma Shale  
44 82 Huwaiza Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Arg limestone  
47 82 Huwaiza Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale  
40 55 Injana Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Marl  
41 55 Injana Kometan Late Cretaceous Carbonate Shiranish Marl  
22 33 Ismail Kirkuk Group Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
12 57 Jaria Pika Jeribe/Dhiban/ Miocene-Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
Euphrates/
Serikagni
12 21 Jawan Jeribe/Euphrates Miocene-Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
41 21 Jawan Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Shiranish Marl  
12 43 Judaida Jeribe Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
14 43 Judaida Dhiban Miocene Carbonate Dhiban Evaporite  
20 43 Judaida Euphrates Oligocene Carbonate Dhiban Evaporite  
22 43 Judaida Kirkuk Group Oligocene Carbonate Basal Serikagni Evaporite  

Continued
396 Grabowski

Table 4. Continued

Age Field Reservoir Seal Strata

Sort # Field Name Reservoir Name Reservoir Age Strata Type Seal Name Type Comments
43 43 Judaida Kometan Late Cretaceous Carbonate Kometan Shale  
12 38 Khanuqah Jeribe/Euphrates/ Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
Kirkuk
10 56 Khashm Al Fatha Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
Ahmar
12 56 Khashm Al Jeribe/Dhiban/ Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
Ahmar Euphrates/
Serikagni
47 75 Kifl Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale  
49 75 Kifl Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Mbr Shale  
58 75 Kifl Najmah/Sargelu Late-Middle Carbonate Gotnia Evaporite  
Jurassic
12 40 Kor Mor Jeribe/Euphrates/ Miocene-Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
Kirkuk
44 87 Kumait Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Arg limestone  
47 87 Kumait Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale  
118 Kurdamir Kirkuk Group Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite Press Releases
118 Kurdamir Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Shale Press Releases
9 98 Majnoon Ghar Miocene Sandstone Fatha Evaporite-marl  
8 98 Majnoon Fatha Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite-marl  
40 98 Majnoon Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Shale  
41 98 Majnoon Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Shiranish Marl  
42 98 Majnoon Sadi Late Cretaceous Carbonate Hartha Arg limestone  
43 98 Majnoon Khasib Late Cretaceous Carbonate Tanuma Shale  
44 98 Majnoon Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Arg limestone  
46 98 Majnoon Ahmadi Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ahmadi Shale  
47 98 Majnoon Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale  
48 98 Majnoon Shuaiba Early Cretaceous Carbonate Nahr Umr Shale  
49 98 Majnoon Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Mbr Shale  
51 98 Majnoon Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale  
12 25 Makhmour Jeribe/Euphrates Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
41 25 Makhmour Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Hartha Arg limestone  
10 60 Mansuriya Fatha Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
12 60 Mansuriya Jeribe Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
14 60 Mansuriya Dhiban Miocene Carbonate Dhiban Evaporite  
41 77 Merjan Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Hartha Arg limestone  
117 Miran West Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Shiranish Marl Press Releases
117 Miran West Kometan Late Cretaceous Carbonate     Press Releases
117 Miran West Up Qamchuqa Late Cretaceous Carbonate Tanuma Shale Press Releases
8 91 Nahr Umr/ Dibdibba Miocene Sandstone Dibdibba Marl  
Bin Umar
9 91 Nahr Umr/ Fatha/Ghar Miocene Carbonate/ Fatha Marl  
Bin Umar Sandstone
43 91 Nahr Umr/ Khasib/Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Tanuma Shale  
Bin Umar
47 91 Nahr Umr/ Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale  
Bin Umar
 Iraq 397

Age Field Reservoir Seal Strata

Sort # Field Name Reservoir Name Reservoir Age Strata Type Seal Name Type Comments
49 91 Nahr Umr/ Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Mbr Shale  
Bin Umar
51 91 Nahr Umr/ Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale  
Bin Umar
41 64 Nahrawan Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Hartha Arg limestone  
44 64 Nahrawan Tanuma Late Cretaceous Carbonate Sadi Arg limestone  
45 64 Nahrawan Khasib Late Cretaceous Carbonate Tanuma Shale  
20 22 Najmah Jeribe/Euphrates Miocene-Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
41 22 Najmah Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Shiranish Marl  
44 91 Nasiriyah Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Arg limestone  
47 91 Nasiriyah Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale  
50 91 Nasiriyah Ratawi Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale  
51 91 Nasiriyah Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale  
12 58 Nau Doman Jeribe Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
44 81 Noor Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Arg limestone  
47 81 Noor Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale  
12 42 Pulkhana Jeribe Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
20 42 Pulkhana Euphrates Oligocene Carbonate Dhiban Evaporite  
40 42 Pulkhana Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Marl  
12 53 Qumar Jeribe Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
46 35 Qara Chauq Mauddud/Jawan Early Cretaceous Carbonate Dokan Arg limestone  
51 35 Qara Chauq Lower Sarmord Early Cretaceous Carbonate Lower Sarmord shale  
61 35 Qara Chauq Gotnia Late Jurassic Carbonate Gotnia Evaporite-marl  
68 35 Qara Chauq Butmah Early Jurassic - Late Carbonate Adaiyah Evaporite  
Triassic
12 20 Qasab Jeribe Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
20 20 Qasab Euphrates Oligocene Carbonate Dhiban Evaporite  
41 20 Qasab Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Shiranish Marl  
47 112 Rachi Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale  
49 112 Rachi Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Mbr Shale  
51 112 Rachi Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale  
44 89 Rafidain Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Arg limestone  
46 89 Rafidain Mauddud Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ahmadi Shale  
47 89 Rafidain Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale  
49 89 Rafidain Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Mbr Shale  
50 89 Rafidain Ratawi Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale  
51 89 Rafidain Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale  
44 108 Ratawi Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Arg limestone  
45 108 Ratawi Ahmadi Late Cretaceous Carbonate Ahmadi Shale  
46 108 Ratawi Mauddud Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ahmadi Shale  
47 108 Ratawi Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale  
51 108 Ratawi Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale  
51 85 Rifaee Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale  
41 13 Sarjoon Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Shiranish Marl  
44 13 Sarjoon Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Mushorah Arg limestone  
116 Shaikan Sarmord Early Cretaceous Carbonate     Press Releases

Continued
398 Grabowski

Table 4. Continued

Age Field Reservoir Seal Strata

Sort # Field Name Reservoir Name Reservoir Age Strata Type Seal Name Type Comments
116 Shaikan Barsarin-Mus Late-Early Jurassic Carbonate     Press Releases
116 Shaikan Butmah-Baluti Early Jurassic - Late Carbonate Adaiyah Evaporite Press Releases
Triassic
116 Shaikan Kurra Chine Late Triassic Carbonate     Press Releases
200 Shakal Jaddala Late-Middle Eocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite Press Releases
49 101 Siba Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Mbr Shale  
51 101 Siba Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale  
30 30 Taq Taq Pila Spi Late-Middle Eocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite-marl  
40 30 Taq Taq Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Shale  
43 30 Taq Taq Lower Kometan Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Kometan Arg limestone  
48 30 Taq Taq Qamchuqa Early Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Sarmord Arg limestone  
12 61 Tel Ghazal Jeribe Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
14 61 Tel Ghazal Dhiban Miocene Carbonate Dhiban Evaporite  
20 61 Tel Ghazal Euphrates Oligocene Carbonate Dhiban Evaporite  
10 105 Tuba Fatha Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite-marl “First Pay”
44 105 Tuba Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Arg limestone “Second Pay”
47 105 Tuba Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Nahr Umr Shale  
49 105 Tuba Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Mbr Shale “Third Pay”
49 105 Tuba Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Middle Zubair Shale “Fourth Pay”
51 105 Tuba Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale  

Table 5. List of reservoir name, age, and strata type, and seal name and strata type, for wells with reported oil and/or gas
shows. Reservoir strata type: carbonate and sandstone. Seal strata type: evaporite, argillaceous limestone (arg limestone),
shale, marl, and evaporite-marl. Comment field indicates where information comes from Jassim and Goff (2006). Field
number refers to locations shown in Figure 3.

Age Show Show Reservoir Seal Strata

Sort # Structure Reservoir Name Reservoir Age Strata Type Seal Name Type Comments
10 5 Abtakh Fatha Miocene Carbonate     Jassim & Goff, 2006
12 5 Abtakh Jeribe Miocene Carbonate     Jassim & Goff, 2006
40 5 Abtakh Shiranish/Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate     Jassim & Goff, 2006
42 5 Abtakh Mushorah Late Cretaceous Carbonate     Jassim & Goff, 2006
64 5 Abtakh Mus Early Jurassic Carbonate     Jassim & Goff, 2006
68 5 Abtakh Butmah Early Jurassic - Carbonate     Jassim & Goff, 2006
Late Triassic
70 5 Abtakh Kurra Chine Late Triassic Carbonate     Jassim & Goff, 2006
75 5 Abtakh Geli Khana Middle Triassic Carbonate     Jassim & Goff, 2006
22 69 Abu Jir Kirkuk Group Oligocene Carbonate Euphrates Arg limestone  
50 115 Abu Kheima Ratawi Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale  
51 115 Abu Kheima Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale  
55 115 Abu Kheima Gotnia Late Jurassic Carbonate Chia Gara Arg limestone  
58 115 Abu Kheima Najmah Late-Middle Carbonate Gotnia Evaporite  
Jurassic
68 18 Adaiyah Butmah/Kurra Early Jurassic - Carbonate Butmah Shale  
Chine Late Triassic
20 73 Afaq Jeribe/Euphrates Miocene Carbonate Fatha Marl  
 Iraq 399

Age Show Show Reservoir Seal Strata

Sort # Structure Reservoir Name Reservoir Age Strata Type Seal Name Type Comments
41 73 Afaq Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Hartha Arg limestone  
45 73 Afaq Ahmadi Late Cretaceous Carbonate Ahmadi Shale  
46 73 Afaq Mauddud Early Cretaceous Carbonate Mauddud Arg limestone  
12 14 Ain Ghazal Jeribe Miocene Carbonate     Jassim & Goff, 2006
20 14 Ain Ghazal Euphrates Oligocene Carbonate     Jassim & Goff, 2006
60 12 Alan Sargelu Middle Jurassic Carbonate Sarmord Marl  
70 12 Alan Kurra Chine Late Triassic Carbonate Kurra Chine Evaporite-marl  
42 50 Anah Mushorah Late Cretaceous Carbonate      
68 50 Anah Alan/Mus/ Early Jurassic - Carbonate Alan Evaporite  
Adaiyah/Butmah Late Triassic
65 17 Atshan Adaiyah Early Jurassic Carbonate Adaiyah Evaporite  
70 17 Atshan Kurra Chine/ Late-Middle Carbonate Baluti Shale  
Geli Khana Triassic
47 68 Awasil Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Mauddud Shale  
55 68 Awasil Gotnia Late Jurassic Carbonate Sarmord Shale  
41 65 Fallujah Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Shiranish Marl  
44 65 Fallujah Maotsi Late Cretaceous Carbonate Maotsi Evaporite-marl  
55 65 Fallujah Najmah Late Jurassic Carbonate Gotnia Evaporite  
47 94 Ghalaisan Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale  
8 54 Gilabat Injana Miocene Sandstone Injana Shale  
10 54 Gilabat Fatha Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite-marl  
12 7 Gullar Jeribe Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite-marl  
42 7 Gullar Mushorah Late Cretaceous Carbonate Shiranish Marl  
15 24 Hibbarah Jeribe/Euphrates Miocene- Carbonate Fatha Evaporite-marl  
Oligocene
41 24 Hibbarah Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Shiranish Arg limestone  
46 24 Hibbarah Jawan Early Cretaceous Carbonate Jawan Evaporite-marl  
22 67 Hit Euphrates/Kirkuk Oligocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite-marl  
Group
41 67 Hit Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Shiranish Marl  
70 16 Ibrahim Kurra Chine Late Triassic Carbonate Kurra Chine Arg limestone  
40 9 Jabal Kand Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Shale  
40 104 Jabel Sanam Ahmadi Late Cretaceous Carbonate     Jassim & Goff, 2006
44 104 Jabel Sanam Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate     Jassim & Goff, 2006
47 104 Jabel Sanam Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone     Jassim & Goff, 2006
49 104 Jabel Sanam Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone     Jassim & Goff, 2006
43 113 Jerishan Khasib Late Cretaceous Carbonate     Jassim & Goff, 2006
44 113 Jerishan Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate     Jassim & Goff, 2006
46 113 Jerishan Mauddud Early Cretaceous Carbonate     Jassim & Goff, 2006
47 113 Jerishan Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone     Jassim & Goff, 2006
48 113 Jerishan Shuaibia Early Cretaceous Carbonate     Jassim & Goff, 2006
50 113 Jerishan Ratawi/Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate     Jassim & Goff, 2006
52 113 Jerishan Sulaiy Early Cretaceous Carbonate     Jassim & Goff, 2006
45 114 Khidr Al Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Arg limestone  
Maa
47 114 Khidr Al Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale  
Maa
Continued
400 Grabowski

Table 5. Continued

Age Show Show Reservoir Seal Strata

Sort # Structure Reservoir Name Reservoir Age Strata Type Seal Name Type Comments
49 114 Khidr Al Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Shale Mbr Shale  
Maa
51 114 Khidr Al Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale  
Maa
58 114 Khidr Al Najmah Late-Middle Carbonate Gotnia Evaporite  
Maa Jurassic
90 49 Khleisia Khabour Ordovician Sandstone Akkas Shale  
63 39 Makhul Mus Early Jurassic Carbonate Alan Evaporite  
55 48 Mileh Gotnia Late Jurassic Carbonate Gotnia Evaporite  
Tharthar
44 86 Muhainya Mishrif Early Cretaceous Carbonate      
41 74 Musaiyib Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Hartha Arg limestone  
50 74 Musaiyib Ratawi Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale  
46 3 Mushorah Mushorah/ Late-Early Carbonate Shiranish Dense  
Mauddud Cretaceous limestone
47 66 Nafatah Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale  
70 19 Qalian Kurra Chine Late Triassic Carbonate Baluti Shale  
20 28 Quwair Kirkuk Group Oligocene Carbonate     Jassim & Goff, 2006
30 28 Quwair Pila Spi Late-Middle Carbonate     Jassim & Goff, 2006
Eocene
40 10 Raffan Shiranish Late Cretaceous Carbonate Aaliji Shale  
60 10 Raffan Sargelu Middle Jurassic Carbonate     Jassim & Goff, 2006
66 10 Raffan Adaiyah Early Jurassic Carbonate     Jassim & Goff, 2006
12 37 Sadid Jeribe Miocene Carbonate Fatha Evaporite  
44 37 Sadid Jawan Late Cretaceous Carbonate Jawan Marl  
51 96 Safawi Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale  
41 47 Samarra Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Hartha Arg limestone  
45 47 Samarra Maotsi Late Cretaceous Carbonate Tanuma Shale  
49 47 Samarra Garagu Early Cretaceous Carbonate Garagu shale  
52 47 Samarra Chia Gara Early Cretaceous Carbonate Sarmord Shale  
- Late Jurassic
49 92 Samawa Ratawi/Yamama Early Cretaceous Carbonate Ratawi Shale  
58 92 Samawa Najmah Late-Middle Carbonate Gotnia Evaporite  
Jurassic
62 92 Samawa Alan/Mus Early Jurassic Carbonate Alan Evaporite  
40 95 Shawiyah Kifl/Rumaila Late Cretaceous Carbonate Khasib Shale  
47 95 Shawiyah Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale  
9 100 Sindibad Ghar Miocene Sandstone     Jassim & Goff, 2006
21 15 Tel Hajar Euphrates/ Oligocene Carbonate     Jassim & Goff, 2006
Serikagni
47 97 Ubaid Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone Upper Nahr Umr Shale  
44 102 Umm Qasr Mishrif Late Cretaceous Carbonate     Jassim & Goff, 2006
47 102 Umm Qasr Nahr Umr Early Cretaceous Sandstone     Jassim & Goff, 2006
49 102 Umm Qasr Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone     Jassim & Goff, 2006
41 76 West Kifl Hartha Late Cretaceous Carbonate Upper Hartha Arg limestone  
58 76 West Kifl Najmah/Sargelu Late-Middle Carbonate Gotnia Evaporite  
Jurassic
49 110 West Luhais Zubair Early Cretaceous Sandstone     Jassim & Goff, 2006
 Iraq 401

Table 6. List of major source rocks sorted by age, with the youngest at the top. Maximum and average weight percent of total
organic carbon values (max and avg TOC wt %) and hydrogen index from Rock Eval pyrolysis, in mg of hydrocarbons per g
of TOC (HI, mg HC/g rock) age given from data from the location indicated, from the specific references cited.

TOC (wt %) HI

Source (mg HC/g

Formation Rock Age Location Max Avg TOC) References
Maastrichtian -
Shiranish   Pulkhana 5 1.4 1.1 315 PGA Ltd et al., 1985
Campanian
Kometan Campanian -
Kometan Pulkhana 5 3.1 1.8 145 PGA Ltd et al., 1985
Shale Turonian
Gulneri   Turonian Pulkhana 5 4.0 2.5 139 PGA Ltd et al., 1985
Al-Ameri et al., 2006;
Lower Albian -
  northern Iraq wells 3.0 0.9 400 to 500 Al-Ameri, Markarian
Balambo Valanginian
and Naser, 2008
Aptian -
Zubair   southern Iraq wells 6.5 1.14 159 Al-Ameri et al., 2010c
Barremian
Hauterivian -
Ratawi   southern Iraq wells 1.5 0.74 128 Al-Ameri et al., 2010b
Valanginian

Kirkuk 109 6.9 2.3 100 to 200 Al Habba and

Lower
Abdullah, 1989; Al-
Shale Berriasian -
Chia Gara southern Iraq wells 2.84 2.7 140 Ameri and Al Khafaji,
(“Phacoid Tithonian
2008; Al Musawi and
Beds”)
central Iraq wells 5.58 2.5 550 Al-Ameri, 2008

southern Iraq wells 20 to 25 7.5 125

Jamil and Ali, 1977;
“Coal Oxfordian -
Naokelekan central Iraq wells 20 to 25 12 675 Odisho and Othman,
Horizon” Callovian
1992
northern Iraq outcrops 45 2 to 11  

northern Iraq wells 3.84 3.0 525

Bathonian - Al-Ameri et al., 2006;
Sargelu  
Bajocian Al-Ameri et al., 2009a
northern Iraq outcrops 50 16 440

Kurra Norian -
  Atshan 1 5.5 1.0 220 Al-Ameri et al., 2009
Chine Carnian

Akkas 1   1.48  
Aqrawi, 1998; Al-Haba
Ora   Tournasian
et al., 1994
Khleisia 1   3.45  

Upper Hot
Telychian 14.1 7.3 300 to 550 Aqrawi, 1998; Al
Shale
Akkas Akkas 1 Ameri and Zine, 2006;
Lower Hot
Rhuddanian 10.2 6.8 300 to 550 Grabowski, 2005a
Shale

the Eurasian tectonic plate and the coeval separation of
Arabia from Africa to form the Red-Sea.
With its central position on the Arabian tectonic
plate, Iraq was dominated by non-marine, marginal-
marine, and shallow-marine (neritic) deposition in the
Paleozoic and Triassic. Sedimentation occurred when
Arabia was flooded by seas during periods of relatively
high sea level. The resulting transgressive-highstand
sequences and sequence sets are separated by
sequence boundaries representing either widespread
erosional unconformities or hiatuses in deposition.
Lowstand deposition did not occur until water depths
increased in the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Bathyal
water depths are interpreted during the Cretaceous in
the proto-Mesopotamian Basin, where some deepwa-
ter lowstand clastics were deposited.
402 Grabowski
Arabia was located at high southern latitudes dur-
ing the Paleozoic, and so Iraq is dominated by silici-
clastic sediments with only minor amounts of shelfal
carbonates in the Late Devonian and earliest Carbon-
iferous. In the Late Permian and Triassic, the Afro-
Arabian plate moved to lower latitudes, and warm but
arid conditions supported widespread carbonate and,
at times, evaporite deposition.
Early and Middle Cretaceous uplift of the western
part of the Afro-Arabian plate, including the Rut-
bah High in western Iraq, was the source for silici-
clastic sediments deposited in eastern Iraq. This also
occurred in the Oligocene and Early Miocene when
the western Arabian shield was again uplifted and
tilted to the east.
In the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene, deep-marine
flysch sediments derived from obducted Tethyan oce-
anic domains were deposited in northeastern Iraq.
From the Miocene to the Recent, thick, syntectonic,
non-marine siliciclastics have been deposited in a
foreland basin system associated with the Zagros fold-
thrust (Figure 6).
PALEOZOIC
Sedimentation during the Paleozoic was widespread
across Iraq and the northern part of the African-
Arabian tectonic plate. Prominent depositional
sub-basins were absent, and depositional patterns
were relatively stable. Land was located to the south-
west and west, and shelfal water depths generally
increased toward the northeast and east.
Cambrian-Ordovician
The oldest sedimentary rocks in outcrops or pen-
etrated in wells are part of the Khabour Formation
(Figures 7, 8). There is an additional sedimentary sec-
tion seen on seismic lines below the deepest penetra-
tion in the Akkas 1 well, and these undrilled rocks
are ascribed to the Cambrian (Figure 5). A prominent
reflection on seismic lines is interpreted as the equiva-
lent of the Cambrian Burj Limestone, which is known
from wells and outcrops in adjacent parts of Jordan,
Syria, and Turkey. The Khabour Formation is inter-
preted to underlie most of Iraq (Figure 9).
The Khabour Formation extends up to the top
of the Ordovician. The drilled section at Akkas field
and at Khleisia 1 is divided into seven members
(Figure 10), with members K2 through K7 composed
of nearshore to shallow-marine sandstone, siltstone,
and shale (Figure 11), arranged in multiple sequences
dominated by transgressive and highstand systems
tracts composed of marine shale and siltstone (Al-
Hadidy, 2007). Relatively thin sandstones with sharp
bases and fining-upward patterns are mainly fluvial,
and nearshore-marine lowstand deposits that overlie
sequence boundaries are slightly erosive. These rocks
in turn are overlain by transgressive marine shales.
The rocks in Akkas 1 are equivalent to the Qali-
bah Group in Saudi Arabia. Two intervals of marine
shale (K2-K4 and K7 members of Al-Juboury and
Al-Hadidy, 2008) are dated and correlated as equiva-
lents of the Ra’an and Hanadir Formations of the Qali-
bah Group, respectively.
Akkas 1 penetrated 1911 m (6269 ft) of the Khabour
Formation. The base of the Khabour Formation has not
been observed in wells or outcrops in Iraq. The oldest
part of the Khabour Formation penetrated in Akkas 1
may be equivalent to the upper part of the Saq Group
of Saudi Arabia.
At the top of the Khabour Formation are two rela-
tively thin sequences of sandstone and shale deposited
in non-marine to shallow-marine glacial settings (K1
member of Al-Hadidy, 2007). These sandstones are
interpreted as Hirnantian in age, correlative with gla-
cial deposits found elsewhere on the Arabian plate (the
Sarah, Zarqa, and Uqlah Formations of Saudi Arabia).
Two sequences with basal sandstone above erosive
sequence boundaries can be correlated across Akkas
field (Figure 12). These sandstones are blocky at the
base and become fining upward and are interpreted as
fluvial to nearshore-marine channels (Figure 11). The
upper parts of these sequences contain more siltstone
and shale and are separated by intervals of shale and
siltstone. The thickness of this interval varies by onlap
onto an erosional unconformity that truncates part of
the underlying Khabour Formation. The glacial inter-
val is 82 m (269 ft) thick at Qaim 1, 48 m (157 ft) thick at
Akkas 1, and 34 m (111 ft) thick at Khleisia 1. The top of
the Khabour Formation is an unconformity and major
flooding surface overlain by Silurian or younger strata.
Silurian
The base of the Silurian is a major flooding event, and
water depths throughout the Silurian are deeper than
Figure 7. Regional chronostratigraphic chart of Iraq,
showing the age and lithology, play elements, depositional
environments, cycles and facies tracts, and tectonic setting
of lithostratigraphic units from northwest to southeast
across Iraq. Approximate location of the transect is shown
in Figure 3. Legend is shown in Figure 9.