Q3:

(a) A weak electrolyte only partially ionizes when dissolved in water. CH3COOH is an example of a weak
electrolyte.

HCl + NaOH → H₂O + NaCl

(b) A Bronsted-Lowry acid is a molecule that donates a proton when it encounters a base (proton
acceptor). By this definition, HCl can be a Bronsted-Lowry acid.

(c) The conjugate acid of a Bronsted-Lowry base is the potential proton donator formed when a
Brønsted-Lowry base accepts a proton. For example, NaOH is a base, so its conjugate acid is water.

(d) Neutralization, according to the Brønsted-Lowry concept, occurs when a reaction involving an acid
and its conjugate base is combined with a second reaction involving a base and its conjugate acid.

NH3 + H2O ↔ NH4+ + OH-

In the example, NH3 is a base with NH4+ as its conjugate acid. H2O is an acid with OH- as its conjugate
base.

(e) An amphiprotic solvent can act either as an acid or a base depending on the solute. Water is an
example of an amphiprotic chemical species.

(f) A zwitterion is a chemical species that bears both positive and negative charges. Free amino acids,
such as glycine, can exist as zwitterions in solution. For example:

H2NCH2COOH ↔ NH3+CH2COO-

(g) Autoprotolysis is the act of self-ionization to produce both a conjugate acid and a conjugate base.
Example:

2H2O → H O + OH
3
+ -

(h) A strong acid dissociates completely such that no undissociated molecules are left in aqueous
solution. H2SO4 is an example of a strong acid.

(i) The Le Chatelier principle states that the position of an equilibrium always shifts in such a direction
that it relieves the stress.

Le Chatelier's principle states that when a system experiences a disturbance (such as concentration,
temperature, or pressure changes), it will respond to restore a new equilibrium state.

N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) ↔ 2NH3 (g)

For example, if increasing the pressure in this reaction, Le Chatelier's principle predicts that the reaction
will shift to the direction that will relieve the pressure to offset the change and restore equilibrium by
the reaction shift from left to right.

(j) The common-ion effect is responsible for the reduced solubility of an ionic precipitate when one of
the soluble components reacting to form the precipitate is added to the solution in equilibrium with the
precipitate. Sulfate ion added to a Ba2SO4 solution decreases the solubility of Ba2+ because of the
common ion effect.